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Chin KY. Letter to Editor about "Lower risk of low bone mineral density in high vitamin E level in older people: A cross-sectional study". Clin Nutr ESPEN 2024; 63:595-596. [PMID: 39043268 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2024.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Kok-Yong Chin
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 56000 Cheras, Malaysia.
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Peng YL, Wang ZY, Wang XJ, Ji YT, Wen Y, Mai Y. Lower risk of low bone mineral density in high vitamin E level in older people: A cross-sectional study. Clin Nutr ESPEN 2024; 61:316-321. [PMID: 38777450 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2024.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Osteoporosis and osteopenia, together known as low bone mineral density (LBMD), are common problems in the elderly. LBMD may cause fragility fractures in the elderly. The relationship between Vitamin E and LBMD in old Americans is still unclear. In this study, we investigated the relationship between serum Vitamin E levels and LBMD in the elderly. METHODS We utilized data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2017-2018 and ultimately included 378 participants aged 50 to 79. Multivariable logistic or linear regression models were applied to examine the associations between serum Vitamin E levels and LBMD, total femur or lumbar spine BMD after adjusting for covariates. RESULTS After adjusting for all covariates, higher serum Vitamin E levels reduced the risk of LBMD (OR 0.76; 95% CI 0.58-1.00) and were positively associated with total femur BMD (β: 0.02; 95% CI: 0.01-0.03), after adjusting for all covariates. In the subgroup analysis, for the BMI normal group (BMI<25), the serum Vitamin E levels were positively associated with the total femur (β: 0.03; 95% CI: 0.01-0.05) and lumbar spine BMD (β: 0.04; 95% CI: 0.01-0.07). In the BMI normal group, people with high serum Vitamin E levels have a lower incidence of LBMD (OR:0.43; 95% CI: 0.21-0.88). Though the P for interaction was larger than 0.05. CONCLUSION This study found serum Vitamin E levels were negatively associated with LBMD in older Americans. Serum Vitamin E levels were positively associated with femur BMD in older Americans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Long Peng
- School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Zi-Yan Wang
- The First Clinical School, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Xuan-Jia Wang
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Yu-Tong Ji
- School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yaqing Wen
- School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yanpei Mai
- School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
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Skalny AV, Aschner M, Tsatsakis A, Rocha JB, Santamaria A, Spandidos DA, Martins AC, Lu R, Korobeinikova TV, Chen W, Chang JS, Chao JC, Li C, Tinkov AA. Role of vitamins beyond vitamin D 3 in bone health and osteoporosis (Review). Int J Mol Med 2024; 53:9. [PMID: 38063255 PMCID: PMC10712697 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2023.5333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of the present review was to summarize the molecular mechanisms associated with the effects of the vitamins A, C, E and K, and group B vitamins on bone and their potential roles in the development of osteoporosis. Epidemiological findings have demonstrated an association between vitamin deficiency and a higher risk of developing osteoporosis; vitamins are positively related to bone health upon their intake at the physiological range. Excessive vitamin intake can also adversely affect bone formation, as clearly demonstrated for vitamin A. Vitamins E (tocopherols and tocotrienols), K2 (menaquinones 4 and 7) and C have also been shown to promote osteoblast development through bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)/Smad and Wnt/β‑catenin signaling, as well as the TGFβ/Smad pathway (α‑tocopherol). Vitamin A metabolite (all‑trans retinoic acid) exerts both inhibitory and stimulatory effects on BMP‑ and Wnt/β‑catenin‑mediated osteogenesis at the nanomolar and micromolar range, respectively. Certain vitamins significantly reduce receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa‑B ligand (RANKL) production and RANKL/RANK signaling, while increasing the level of osteoprotegerin (OPG), thus reducing the RANKL/OPG ratio and exerting anti‑osteoclastogenic effects. Ascorbic acid can both promote and inhibit RANKL signaling, being essential for osteoclastogenesis. Vitamin K2 has also been shown to prevent vascular calcification by activating matrix Gla protein through its carboxylation. Therefore, the maintenance of a physiological intake of vitamins should be considered as a nutritional strategy for the prevention of osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anatoly V. Skalny
- Department of Medical Elementology, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Moscow 117198, Russia
- Center of Bioelementology and Human Ecology, IM Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow 119146, Russia
| | - Michael Aschner
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Aristidis Tsatsakis
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Forensic Sciences, Division of Morphology, Medical School, University of Crete, 70013 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Joao B.T. Rocha
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, CCNE, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Abel Santamaria
- Faculty of Science, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Demetrios A. Spandidos
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Medical School, University of Crete, 70013 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Airton C. Martins
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Rongzhu Lu
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health Laboratory Science, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, P.R. China
| | - Tatiana V. Korobeinikova
- Department of Medical Elementology, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Moscow 117198, Russia
- Center of Bioelementology and Human Ecology, IM Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow 119146, Russia
| | - Wen Chen
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Jung-Su Chang
- College of Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Jane C.J. Chao
- College of Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chong Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Kunshan Hospital of Jiangsu University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215300, P.R. China
| | - Alexey A. Tinkov
- Department of Medical Elementology, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Moscow 117198, Russia
- Center of Bioelementology and Human Ecology, IM Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow 119146, Russia
- Laboratory of Ecobiomonitoring and Quality Control, Yaroslavl State University, Yaroslavl 150003, Russia
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Saud Gany SL, Chin KY, Tan JK, Aminuddin A, Makpol S. Preventative and therapeutic potential of tocotrienols on musculoskeletal diseases in ageing. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1290721. [PMID: 38146461 PMCID: PMC10749321 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1290721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Musculoskeletal health is paramount in an ageing population susceptible to conditions such as osteoporosis, arthritis and fractures. Age-related changes in bone, muscle, and joint function result in declining musculoskeletal health, reduced mobility, increased risk of falls, and persistent discomfort. Preserving musculoskeletal wellbeing is essential for maintaining independence and enhancing the overall quality of life for the elderly. The global burden of musculoskeletal disorders is significant, impacting 1.71 billion individuals worldwide, with age-related muscle atrophy being a well-established phenomenon. Tocotrienols, a unique type of vitamin E found in various sources, demonstrate exceptional antioxidant capabilities compared to tocopherols. This characteristic positions them as promising candidates for addressing musculoskeletal challenges, particularly in mitigating inflammation and oxidative stress underlying musculoskeletal disorders. This review paper comprehensively examines existing research into the preventive and therapeutic potential of tocotrienols in addressing age-related musculoskeletal issues. It sheds light on the promising role of tocotrienols in enhancing musculoskeletal health and overall wellbeing, emphasizing their significance within the broader context of age-related health concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siti Liyana Saud Gany
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Kok-Yong Chin
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Jen Kit Tan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Amilia Aminuddin
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Suzana Makpol
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Pang KL, Mai CW, Chin KY. Molecular Mechanism of Tocotrienol-Mediated Anticancer Properties: A Systematic Review of the Involvement of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Unfolded Protein Response. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15081854. [PMID: 37111076 PMCID: PMC10145773 DOI: 10.3390/nu15081854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tocotrienol, a type of vitamin E, is well known for its anti-cancer and other biological activities. This systematic review aims to summarize the involvement of endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) and subsequent unfolded protein response (UPR) as the underlying molecular mechanisms for the anticancer properties of tocotrienol. METHOD A comprehensive literature search was performed in March 2023 using the PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and EMBASE databases. In vitro, in vivo, and human studies were considered. RESULT A total of 840 articles were retrieved during the initial search, and 11 articles that fit the selection criteria were included for qualitative analysis. The current mechanistic findings are based solely on in vitro studies. Tocotrienol induces cancer cell growth arrest, autophagy, and cell death primarily through apoptosis but also through paraptosis-like cell death. Tocotrienol-rich fractions, including α-, γ- and δ-tocotrienols, induce ERS, as evidenced by upregulation of UPR markers and/or ERS-related apoptosis markers. Early endoplasmic reticulum calcium ion release, increased ceramide level, proteasomal inhibition, and upregulation of microRNA-190b were suggested to be essential in modulating tocotrienol-mediated ERS/UPR transduction. Nevertheless, the upstream molecular mechanism of tocotrienol-induced ERS is largely unknown. CONCLUSION ERS and UPR are essential in modulating tocotrienol-mediated anti-cancer effects. Further investigation is needed to elucidate the upstream molecular mechanism of tocotrienol-mediated ERS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kok-Lun Pang
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bandar Tun Razak, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
- Newcastle University Medicine Malaysia, Iskandar Puteri 79200, Malaysia
| | - Chun-Wai Mai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UCSI University, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
| | - Kok-Yong Chin
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bandar Tun Razak, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
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Transcriptomic Analysis of the Anticancer Effects of Annatto Tocotrienol, Delta-Tocotrienol and Gamma-Tocotrienol on Chondrosarcoma Cells. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14204277. [PMID: 36296960 PMCID: PMC9611384 DOI: 10.3390/nu14204277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated the anticancer activities of tocotrienol on several types of cancer, but its effects on chondrosarcoma have never been investigated. Therefore, this study aims to determine the anticancer properties of annatto tocotrienol (AnTT), γ-tocotrienol (γ-T3) and δ-tocotrienol (δ-T3) on human chondrosarcoma SW1353 cells. Firstly, the MTT assay was performed to determine the half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of tocotrienol on SW1353 cells after 24 h treatment. The mode of cell death, cell cycle analysis and microscopic observation of tocotrienol-treated SW1353 cells were then conducted according to the respective IC50 values. Subsequently, RNAs were isolated from tocotrienol-treated cells and subjected to RNA sequencing and transcriptomic analysis. Differentially expressed genes were identified and then verified with a quantitative PCR. The current study demonstrated that AnTT, γ-T3 and δ-T3 induced G1 arrest on SW1353 cells in the early phase of treatment (24 h) which progressed to apoptosis upon 48 h of treatment. Furthermore, tocotrienol-treated SW1353 cells also demonstrated large cytoplasmic vacuolation. The subsequent transcriptomic analysis revealed upregulated signalling pathways in endoplasmic reticulum stress, unfolded protein response, autophagy and transcription upon tocotrienol treatment. In addition, several cell proliferation and cancer-related pathways, such as Hippo signalling pathway and Wnt signalling pathway were also significantly downregulated upon treatment. In conclusion, AnTT, γ-T3 and δ-T3 possess promising anticancer properties against chondrosarcoma cells and further study is required to confirm their effectiveness as adjuvant therapy for chondrosarcoma.
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Tang C, Liang D, Qiu Y, Zhu J, Tang G. Omentin‑1 induces osteoblast viability and differentiation via the TGF‑β/Smad signaling pathway in osteoporosis. Mol Med Rep 2022; 25:132. [PMID: 35179221 PMCID: PMC8867465 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2022.12648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis is a bone-related disease that results from impaired bone formation and excessive bone resorption. The potential value of adipokines has been investigated previously, due to their influence on osteogenesis. However, the osteogenic effects induced by omentin-1 remain unclear. The aim of the present study was to determine the regulatory effects of omentin-1 on osteoblast viability and differentiation, as well as to explore the underlying molecular mechanism. The present study investigated the effects of omentin-1 on the viability and differentiation of mouse pre-osteoblast cells (MC3T3-E1) using quantitative and qualitative measures. A Cell Counting Kit-8 assay was used to assess the viability of MC3T3-E1 cells following treatment with different doses of omentin-1. Omentin-1 and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) inhibitor were added to osteogenic induction mediums in different ways to assess their effect. The alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and Alizarin Red S (ARS) staining of MC3T3-E1 cells treated with omentin-1 and/or BMP inhibitor were used to examine the effects of omentin-1 on differentiation and mineralization. Western blotting was used to further explore its potential mechanism, and to study the role of omentin-1 on the viability and differentiation of osteoblasts. The results showed that omentin-1 altered the viability of MC3T3-E1 cells in a dose-dependent manner. Omentin-1 treatment significantly increased the expression of members of the TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway. In the omentin-1 group, the ALP activity of the MC3T3-E1 cells was increased, and the ARS staining area was also increased. The mRNA and protein expression levels of BMP2, Runt-related transcription factor 2, collagen1, osteopontin, osteocalcin and osterix in the omentin-1 group were also significantly upregulated. All these effects were reversed following treatment with SIS3 HCl. These results demonstrated that omentin-1 can significantly promote osteoblast viability and differentiation via the TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway, thereby promoting bone formation and preventing osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuisong Tang
- Department of Radiology, Clinical Medical College of Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Shanghai 200072, P.R. China
| | - Dengpan Liang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan 610500, P.R. China
| | - Yuyou Qiu
- Department of Radiology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, P.R. China
| | - Jingqi Zhu
- Department of Radiology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, P.R. China
| | - Guangyu Tang
- Department of Radiology, Clinical Medical College of Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Shanghai 200072, P.R. China
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Xu W, Li Y, Feng R, He P, Zhang Y. γ-Tocotrienol induced the proliferation and differentiation of MC3T3-E1 cells through the stimulation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Food Funct 2022; 13:398-410. [PMID: 34908071 DOI: 10.1039/d1fo02583j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
γ-Tocotrienol (γ-T3), an isoprenoid phytochemical, has shown the promotion of osteoblast proliferation and differentiation in our previous study. In this study, its underlying mechanism was investigated through regulating the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in MC3T3-E1 cells. Comparative experiment results showed that γ-T3, not α-tocopherol (α-TOC) increased more significantly the viability and differentiation in MC3T3-E1 cells. After that, the cells were incubated with 10 mM LiCl, or 4 μM γ-T3 with or without 1 μM XAV-939. γ-T3 at 4 μM stimulated the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway by increasing the expression and nuclear accumulation of β-catenin, and the expressions of their downstream factors, such as cyclin-D1, c-Myc, BMP2 and BMP-4 in MC3T3-E1 cells. γ-T3 not only upregulated the viability, induced G0/G1 to the S phase, and promoted the expressions of PCNA (Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen) and Ki-67, but also increased ALP activity and the expressions of ON, OPN and OCN. Moreover, the effects of γ-T3 on the MC3T3-E1 cells resembled the actions of LiCl, an activator of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Notably, all these effects of γ-T3 on the MC3T3-E1 cells were completely blocked by the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway inhibitor XAV-939. Our data demonstrated that γ-T3 can target β-catenin to enhance the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, which led to increased expressions of the downstream cell proliferation and cell cycle-associated (cyclin D1 and c-myc), and cell differentiation-associated (BMP-2 and BMP-4) target genes, and ultimately promoted MC3T3-E1 cell proliferation and differentiation. Therefore, γ-T3 may be a potential agent to prevent and reverse osteoporosis due to its safety and powerful abilities of osteogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weili Xu
- Innovation Research Center for Special Food-Medicine and Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, 92 Xidazhi Street, Nangang District, Harbin, China.
| | - Yutong Li
- Innovation Research Center for Special Food-Medicine and Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, 92 Xidazhi Street, Nangang District, Harbin, China.
| | - Rennan Feng
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Public Health College, Harbin Medical University, 157 Baojian Road, Nangang District, Harbin, China
| | - Pan He
- Innovation Research Center for Special Food-Medicine and Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, 92 Xidazhi Street, Nangang District, Harbin, China.
| | - Yuqi Zhang
- Innovation Research Center for Special Food-Medicine and Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, 92 Xidazhi Street, Nangang District, Harbin, China.
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Ibrahim N'I, Mohd Noor H'I, Shuid AN, Mohamad S, Abdul Malik MM, Jayusman PA, Shuid AN, Naina Mohamed I. Osteoprotective Effects in Postmenopausal Osteoporosis Rat Model: Oral Tocotrienol vs. Intraosseous Injection of Tocotrienol-Poly Lactic-Co-Glycolic Acid Combination. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:706747. [PMID: 34867320 PMCID: PMC8637158 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.706747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis, the most common bone disease, is associated with compromised bone strength and increased risk of fracture. Previous studies have shown that oxidative stress contributes to the progression of osteoporosis. Specifically, for postmenopausal osteoporosis, the reduction in estrogen levels leads to increased oxidative stress in bone remodeling. Tocotrienol, a member of vitamin E that exhibits antioxidant activities, has shown potential as an agent for the treatment of osteoporosis. Most studies on the osteoprotective effects of tocotrienols had used the oral form of tocotrienols, despite their low bioavailability due the lack of transfer proteins and high metabolism in the liver. Several bone studies have utilized tocotrienol combined with a nanocarrier to produce a controlled release of tocotrienol particles into the system. However, the potential of delivering tocotrienol-nanocarrier combination through the intraosseous route has never been explored. In this study, tocotrienol was combined with a nanocarrier, poly lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA), and injected intraosseously into the bones of ovariectomized rats to produce targeted and controlled delivery of tocotrienol into the bone microenvironment. This new form of tocotrienol delivery was compared with the conventional oral delivery in terms of their effects on bone parameters. Forty Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into five groups. The first group was sham operated, while other groups were ovariectomized (OVX). Following 2 months, the right tibiae of all the rats were drilled at the metaphysis region to provide access for intraosseous injection. The estrogen group (OVX + ESTO) and tocotrienol group (OVX + TTO) were given daily oral gavages of Premarin (64.5 mg/kg) and annatto-tocotrienol (60 mg/kg), respectively. The locally administered tocotrienol group (OVX + TTL) was given a single intraosseous injection of tocotrienol-PLGA combination. After 8 weeks of treatment, both OVX + TTO and OVX + TTL groups have significantly lower bone markers and higher bone mineral content than the OVX group. In terms of bone microarchitecture, both groups demonstrated significantly higher trabecular separation and connectivity density than the OVX group (p < 0.05). Both groups also showed improvement in bone strength by the significantly higher stress, strain, stiffness, and Young's modulus parameters. In conclusion, daily oral tocotrienol and one-time intraosseous injection of tocotrienol-PLGA combination were equally effective in offering protection against ovariectomy-induced bone changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurul 'Izzah Ibrahim
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Hasnul 'Iffah Mohd Noor
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Ahmad Naqib Shuid
- Advanced Medical & Dental Institute (AMDI), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kepala Batas, Malaysia
| | - Sharlina Mohamad
- Advanced Medical & Dental Institute (AMDI), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kepala Batas, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Maaruf Abdul Malik
- Centre of Preclinical Science Studies, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh Campus, Jalan Hospital, Sungai Buloh, Malaysia
| | - Putri Ayu Jayusman
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Ahmad Nazrun Shuid
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh Campus, Jalan Hospital, Sungai Buloh, Malaysia
| | - Isa Naina Mohamed
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Influence of gellan gum-hydroxyapatite spongy-like hydrogels on human osteoblasts under long-term osteogenic differentiation conditions. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2021; 129:112413. [PMID: 34579922 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2021.112413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The scientific community has been doing significant efforts towards engineering new 3D bone models in recent years. Osteocytes are mechanosensitive cells that play significant roles in the maintenance of bone homeostasis. Currently, as far as we know, there are no 3D models that faithfully recapitulate a bone microenvironment capable of promoting the differentiation of osteoblasts towards osteocytes. Besides, in the existing models, the use of human cells does not prevail over the animal cell lines. For so, we propose a 3D model that may have important implications for ongoing efforts towards a better understanding of bone physiology and disease. The main aim of the current work was the promotion of an effective differentiation of osteoblasts into osteocytes by mean of using a 3D model composed of primary human osteoblasts (hOBs) cultured on Gellan Gum-Hydroxyapatite (GG-HAp) matrix under a long-term osteogenic culture. The results revealed that GG-HAp matrix stimulated a fast cell migration/entrapment, attachment, spreading, and mineralization. Moreover, the transition process from osteoblasts to osteocytes was confirmed by the expression of the osteogenic-related (ALP, Runx2, COL I, OC, OPN and OSX) and osteocyte-related (hPDPN) marker throughout the culture time. Overall, the developed 3D model holds a great promise for the treatment of various bone diseases, namely on diagnostic applications and for bone regeneration purposes.
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Pang KL, Chow YY, Leong LM, Law JX, Ghafar NA, Soelaiman IN, Chin KY. Establishing SW1353 Chondrocytes as a Cellular Model of Chondrolysis. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:272. [PMID: 33805920 PMCID: PMC8064306 DOI: 10.3390/life11040272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common degenerative joint disease characterised by chondrocyte cell death. An in vitro model of chondrocyte cell death may facilitate drug discovery in OA management. In this study, the cytotoxicity and mode of cell death of SW1353 chondrocytes treated with 24 h of OA inducers, including interleukin-1β (IL-1β), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and monosodium iodoacetate (MIA), were investigated. The microscopic features, oxidative (isoprostane) and inflammatory markers (tumour necrosis factor-alpha; TNF-α) for control and treated cells were compared. Our results showed that 24 h of H2O2 and MIA caused oxidative stress and a concentration-dependent reduction of SW1353 cell viability without TNF-α level upregulation. H2O2 primarily induced chondrocyte apoptosis with the detection of blebbing formation, cell shrinkage and cellular debris. MIA induced S-phase arrest on chondrocytes with a reduced number of attached cells but without significant cell death. On the other hand, 24 h of IL-1β did not affect the cell morphology and viability of SW1353 cells, with a significant increase in intracellular TNF-α levels without inducing oxidative stress. In conclusion, each OA inducer exerts differential effects on SW1353 chondrocyte cell fate. IL-1β is suitable in the inflammatory study but not for chondrocyte cell death. H2O2 and MIA are suitable for inducing chondrocyte cell death and growth arrest, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kok-Lun Pang
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia; (K.-L.P.); (I.N.S.)
| | - Yoke Yue Chow
- Department of Orthopaedic and Trauma Medicine, Deanery of Clinical Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK;
| | - Lek Mun Leong
- Prima Nexus Sdn. Bhd., Kuala Lumpur 50470, Malaysia;
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Science, Lincoln University College, Petaling Jaya 47301, Malaysia
| | - Jia Xian Law
- Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia;
| | - Norzana Abd Ghafar
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia;
| | - Ima Nirwana Soelaiman
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia; (K.-L.P.); (I.N.S.)
| | - Kok-Yong Chin
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia; (K.-L.P.); (I.N.S.)
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12
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Sharifi S, Moghaddam FA, Abedi A, Maleki Dizaj S, Ahmadian S, Abdolahinia ED, Khatibi SMH, Samiei M. Phytochemicals impact on osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells. Biofactors 2020; 46:874-893. [PMID: 33037744 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Medicinal plants have always been utilized for the prevention and treatment of the spread of different diseases all around the world. To name some traditional medicine that has been used over centuries, we can refer to phytochemicals such as naringin, icariin, genistein, and resveratrol gained from plants. Osteogenic differentiation and mineralization of stem cells can be the result of specific bioactive compounds from plants. One of the most appealing choices for therapy can be mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) because it has a great capability of self-renewal and differentiation into three descendants, namely, endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm. Stem cell gives us the glad tidings of great advances in tissue regeneration and transplantation field for treatment of diseases. Using plant bioactive phytochemicals also holds tremendous promises in treating diseases such as osteoporosis. The purpose of the present review article thus is to investigate what are the roles and consequences of phytochemicals on osteogenic differentiation of MSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simin Sharifi
- Dental and Periodontal Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Atefeh Abedi
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Solmaz Maleki Dizaj
- Dental and Periodontal Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Shahin Ahmadian
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Elaheh Dalir Abdolahinia
- Research Center of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Mohammad Samiei
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Badran SA, Atia-tul-Wahab, Fayyaz S, Muhammad BT, Choudhary MI. Effect of Steroidal Hormone Pregnenolone on Proliferation and Differentiation of MC3T3-E1 Osteoblast like Cells. LETT DRUG DES DISCOV 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/1570180817666200204110859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Bone remodeling is a complex process that includes continuous resorption
by osteoclast cells and bone formation by osteoblast cells. Bone fragility is a common health issue
of the elderly population, particularly in postmenopausal women. It has been established that steroidal
hormones have an important role in bone homeostasis. Therefore hormone replacement therapy
could have beneficial effects on bone health as compared to other treatments.
Objectives:
An imbalance between the rate of bone formation and bone resorption leads to the fragility
of bones. During the current study, we aimed to explore the ability of pregnenolone (1) (PRE),
on proliferation and differentiation of MC3T3-E1 cells. We further aimed to investigate the underlying
mechanism of action for the anabolic effect of PRE (1).
Methods:
The effects of pregnenolone (1) on proliferation, differentiation, and mineralization of
MC3T3 osteoblast-like cells were determined. Cell viability was analyzed using MTT assay and
flow cytometry. ALP activity and alizarin staining were employed to evaluate the effect of pregnenolone
on osteoblast differentiation. Moreover, western blot for analysis of certain important proteins,
crucial for the regulation of bone homeostasis, such as BMP2 and RANKL, was also performed.
Results:
Our results showed that pregnenolone (1) at a concentration of 5 μM
caused a significant (p< 0.05) rise in the growth of MC3T3-E1 cells, whereas a comparable effect
was observed in osteoblast differentiating assays. A significant decrease in RANKL expression was
observed at (0.04 – 1 .M). Our results, therefore, indicated the possible role of pregnenolone (1) in
positive regulation of bone homeostasis by suppressing RANKL expression.
Conclusion:
Taken together, our results indicate that pregnenolone (1) has the potential to enhance
osteoblast proliferation, as inferred from the increased number of cells. These results demonstrated that
pregnenolone (1) could be a potential anabolic agent for the treatment of fragility related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serene Adnan Badran
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Jordan, Amman-11942, Jordan
| | - Atia-tul-Wahab
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi-75270, Pakistan
| | - Sharmeen Fayyaz
- H. E. J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi-75270, Pakistan
| | - Bushra Taj Muhammad
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi-75270, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Iqbal Choudhary
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi-75270, Pakistan
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Chin KY, Thong BKS, Kamalulloh RF, Mohamad NV, Wong SK, Mohd Arlamsyah A, Triliana R, Soelaiman IN. Effects of Calcium and Annatto Tocotrienol Supplementation on Bone Loss Induced by Pantoprazole in Male Rats. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2020; 14:2561-2572. [PMID: 32753839 PMCID: PMC7342557 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s260565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Prolonged use of proton pump inhibitors may cause bone loss, and limited therapeutic agents are available to prevent this skeletal side effect. The combination of annatto tocotrienol, a bone anabolic agent, with calcium presents a novel strategy to prevent bone loss caused by proton pump inhibitors. This study aims to compare the effects of calcium alone and in combination with annatto tocotrienol or vitamin D3 (Caltrate Plus) in preventing bone loss caused by pantoprazole. Methods Three-month-old Sprague Dawley male rats (n=30) were randomised into five groups (n=6/group). Bone loss was induced by pantoprazole (3 mg/kg p.o.) in four groups, and they were treated concurrently with either calcium carbonate (77 mg p.o.), calcium carbonate (77 mg p.o.) plus annatto tocotrienol (60 mg/kg p.o.) or Caltrate Plus (31 mg p.o.) for 60 days. The rats were euthanised at the end of the experiment, and their femurs were harvested for X-ray micro-computed tomography, bone cellular histomorphometry and bone mechanical strength analysis. Results Pantoprazole caused significant deterioration of trabecular bone microstructures but did not affect other skeletal indices. Calcium supplementation with or without annatto tocotrienol prevented the deterioration of trabecular microstructures at the femur but did not improve other skeletal indices. Annatto tocotrienol did not enhance the skeletal actions of calcium, whereas Caltrate Plus did not affect the bone health indices in these rats. Conclusion Calcium supplementation per se can prevent the deterioration of bone trabecular microstructures in rats receiving long-term treatment of pantoprazole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kok-Yong Chin
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Cheras 56000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Benjamin Ka Seng Thong
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Cheras 56000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | | - Nur Vaizura Mohamad
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Cheras 56000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Sok Kuan Wong
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Cheras 56000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Azlan Mohd Arlamsyah
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Cheras 56000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Rahma Triliana
- Faculty of Medicine, Islamic University of Malang, Kota Malang 65144, Malang, Indonesia
| | - Ima Nirwana Soelaiman
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Cheras 56000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Effect of Vitamins D and E on the Proliferation, Viability, and Differentiation of Human Dental Pulp Stem Cells: An In Vitro Study. Int J Dent 2020; 2020:8860840. [PMID: 32676112 PMCID: PMC7350167 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8860840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The aim of the present study was to determine the effects of vitamins D and E on the proliferation, morphology, and differentiation of human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs). Methods In this in vitro experimental study, hDPSCs were isolated, characterized, and treated with vitamins D and E, individually and in combination, utilizing different doses and treatment periods. Changes in morphology and cell proliferation were evaluated using light microscopy and the resazurin assay, respectively. Osteoblast differentiation was evaluated with alizarin red S staining and expression of RUNX2, Osterix, and Osteocalcin genes using real-time RT-PCR. Results Compared with untreated cells, the number of cells significantly reduced following treatment with vitamin D (49%), vitamin E (35%), and vitamins D + E (61%) after 144 h. Compared with cell cultures treated with individual vitamins, cells treated with vitamins D + E demonstrated decreased cell confluence, with more extensive and flatter cytoplasm that initiated the formation of a significantly large number of calcified nodules after 7 days of treatment. After 14 days, treatment with vitamins D, E, and D + E increased the transcription of RUNX2, Osterix, and Osteocalcin genes. Conclusions Vitamins D and E induced osteoblastic differentiation of hDPSCs, as evidenced by the decrease in cell proliferation, morphological changes, and the formation of calcified nodules, increasing the expression of differentiation genes. Concurrent treatment with vitamins D + E induces a synergistic effect in differentiation toward an osteoblastic lineage.
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Food for Bone: Evidence for a Role for Delta-Tocotrienol in the Physiological Control of Osteoblast Migration. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21134661. [PMID: 32629979 PMCID: PMC7370057 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21134661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone remodeling and repair require osteogenic cells to reach the sites that need to be rebuilt, indicating that stimulation of osteoblast migration could be a promising osteoanabolic strategy. We showed that purified δ-tocotrienol (δ-TT, 10 μg/mL), isolated from commercial palm oil (Elaeis guineensis) fraction, stimulates the migration of both MC3T3-E1 osteoblast-like cells and primary human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSC) as detected by wound healing assay or Boyden chamber assay respectively. The ability of δ-TT to promote MC3T3-E1 cells migration is dependent on Akt phosphorylation detected by Western blotting and involves Wnt/β-catenin signalling pathway activation. In fact, δ-TT increased β-catenin transcriptional activity, measured using a Nano luciferase assay and pretreatment with procaine (2 µM), an inhibitor of the Wnt/β-catenin signalling pathway, reducing the wound healing activity of δ-TT on MC3T3-E1 cells. Moreover, δ-TT treatment increased the expression of β-catenin specific target genes, such as Osteocalcin and Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2, involved in osteoblast differentiation and migration, and increased alkaline phosphatase and collagen content, osteoblast differentiation markers. The ability of δ-TT to enhance the recruitment of BMSC, and to promote MC3T3-E1 differentiation and migratory behavior, indicates that δ-TT could be considered a promising natural anabolic compound.
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Wan Hasan WN, Chin KY, Abd Ghafar N, Soelaiman IN. Annatto-Derived Tocotrienol Promotes Mineralization of MC3T3-E1 Cells by Enhancing BMP-2 Protein Expression via Inhibiting RhoA Activation and HMG-CoA Reductase Gene Expression. Drug Des Devel Ther 2020; 14:969-976. [PMID: 32184566 PMCID: PMC7060796 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s224941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Annatto-derived tocotrienol (AnTT) has been shown to improve bone formation in animal models of osteoporosis and promote differentiation of pre-osteoblastic cells. However, the mechanism of action of AnTT in achieving these effects is unclear. This study aims to investigate the mechanism of action of AnTT on MC3T3-E1 pre-osteoblasts via the mevalonate pathway. METHODS Murine pre-osteoblastic cells, MC3T3-E1, were cultured with the density of 1 × 104 cells/mL and treated with 4 concentrations of AnTT (0.001-1 µg/mL). Expression of HMG-CoA reductase (HMGR) gene was carried out using qPCR after treatment with AnTT for 21 days. RhoA activation and bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) were measured using immunoassay after 9 and 15 days of AnTT treatment. Lovastatin was used as the positive control. Mineralized nodules were detected using Von Kossa staining after 21 days of AnTT treatment. RESULTS The results showed that HMGR was up-regulated in the lovastatin group on day 9 and 21 compared to the control. Lovastatin also inhibited RhoA activation (day 9 and 15) and increased BMP-2 protein (day 15). On the other hand, AnTT at 0.001 μg/mL (day 3) and 0.1 μg/mL (day 21) significantly down-regulated HMGR gene expression compared to the control. On day 21, HMGR gene expression was significantly reduced in all groups compared to day 15. AnTT at 0.1 μg/mL significantly decreased RhoA activation on day 9 compared to the control. AnTT at 1 μg/mL significantly increased BMP-2 protein on day 15 compared to the control (P<0.05). Mineralized calcium nodules were more abundant in AnTT treated groups compared to the control on day 21. CONCLUSION AnTT suppresses the mevalonate pathway by downregulating HMGR gene expression and inhibiting RhoA activation, leading to increased BMP-2 protein in MC3T3-E1 cells. This explains the stimulating effects of AnTT on osteoblast mineralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan Nuraini Wan Hasan
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM Medical Centre (UKMMC), Kuala Lumpur56000, Malaysia
| | - Kok-Yong Chin
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM Medical Centre (UKMMC), Kuala Lumpur56000, Malaysia
| | - Norzana Abd Ghafar
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM Medical Centre (UKMMC), Kuala Lumpur56000, Malaysia
| | - Ima Nirwana Soelaiman
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM Medical Centre (UKMMC), Kuala Lumpur56000, Malaysia
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18
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Yang S, Zhu B, Yin P, Zhao L, Wang Y, Fu Z, Dang R, Xu J, Zhang J, Wen N. Integration of Human Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cells-Derived Exosomes with Hydroxyapatite-Embedded Hyaluronic Acid-Alginate Hydrogel for Bone Regeneration. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2020; 6:1590-1602. [PMID: 33455380 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.9b01363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The treatment of bone defects has plagued clinicians. Exosomes, the naturally secreted nanovesicles by cells, exhibit great potential in bone defect regeneration to realize cell-free therapy. In this work, we successfully revealed that human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells-derived exosomes could effectively promote the proliferation, migration, and osteogenic differentiation of a murine calvariae preosteoblast cell line in vitro. Considering the long period of bone regeneration, to effectively exert the reparative effect of exosomes, we synthesized an injectable hydroxyapatite (HAP)-embedded in situ cross-linked hyaluronic acid-alginate (HA-ALG) hydrogel system to durably retain exosomes at the defect sites. Then, we combined the exosomes with the HAP-embedded in situ cross-linked HA-ALG hydrogel system to repair bone defects in rats in vivo. The results showed that the combination of exosomes and composite hydrogel could significantly enhance bone regeneration. Our experiment provides a new strategy for exosome-based therapy, which shows great potential in future tissue and organ repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Yang
- Department of Stomatology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Biao Zhu
- Department of Stomatology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Peng Yin
- College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Lisheng Zhao
- Department of Stomatology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Yizhu Wang
- Department of Stomatology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Zhiguang Fu
- Department of Stomatology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Ruijie Dang
- Department of Stomatology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Juan Xu
- Department of Stomatology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Jianjun Zhang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Ning Wen
- Department of Stomatology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
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Wong SK, Kamisah Y, Mohamed N, Muhammad N, Masbah N, Mohd Fahami NA, Mohamed IN, Shuid AN, Mohd Saad Q, Abdullah A, Mohamad NV, Ibrahim NI, Pang KL, Chow YY, Thong BKS, Subramaniam S, Chan CY, Ima-Nirwana S, Chin KY. Potential Role of Tocotrienols on Non-Communicable Diseases: A Review of Current Evidence. Nutrients 2020; 12:E259. [PMID: 31963885 PMCID: PMC7019837 DOI: 10.3390/nu12010259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Tocotrienol (T3) is a subfamily of vitamin E known for its wide array of medicinal properties. This review aimed to summarize the health benefits of T3, particularly in prevention or treatment of non-communicable diseases (NCDs), including cardiovascular, musculoskeletal, metabolic, gastric, and skin disorders, as well as cancers. Studies showed that T3 could prevent various NCDs, by suppressing 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase (HMGCR) in the mevalonate pathway, inflammatory response, oxidative stress, and alternating hormones. The efficacy of T3 in preventing/treating these NCDs is similar or greater compared to tocopherol (TF). TF may lower the efficacy of T3 because the efficacy of the combination of TF and T3 was lower than T3 alone in some studies. Data investigating the effects of T3 on osteoporosis, arthritis, and peptic ulcers in human are limited. The positive outcomes of T3 treatment obtained from the preclinical studies warrant further validation from clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Kok-Yong Chin
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Bandar Tun Razak, Cheras 56000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; (S.K.W.); (Y.K.); (N.M.); (N.M.); (N.M.); (N.A.M.F.); (I.N.M.); (A.N.S.); (Q.M.S.); (A.A.); (N.-V.M.); (N.I.I.); (K.-L.P.); (Y.Y.C.); (B.K.S.T.); (S.S.); (C.Y.C.); (S.I.-N.)
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20
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Meister ML, Mo H, Ji X, Shen CL. Tocotrienols in Bone Protection: Evidence from Preclinical Studies. EFOOD 2020. [DOI: 10.2991/efood.k.200427.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
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Shah AK, Yeganehjoo H. The stimulatory impact of d-δ-Tocotrienol on the differentiation of murine MC3T3-E1 preosteoblasts. Mol Cell Biochem 2019; 462:173-183. [PMID: 31620952 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-019-03620-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Osteoblasts and osteoclasts play essential and opposite roles in maintaining bone homeostasis. Osteoblasts fill cavities excavated by osteoclasts. The mevalonate pathway provides essential prenyl pyrophosphates for the activities of GTPases that promote differentiation of osteoclasts but suppress that of osteoblasts. Preclinical and clinical studies suggest that mevalonate suppressors such as statins increase bone mineral density and reduce risk of bone fracture. Tocotrienols down-regulate 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG CoA) reductase, the rate-limiting enzyme in the mevalonate pathway. In vivo studies have shown the bone-protective activity of tocotrienols. We hypothesize that d-δ-tocotrienol, a mevalonate suppressor, induces differentiation of murine MC3T3-E1 preosteoblasts. Alizarin staining showed that d-δ-tocotrienol (0-25 μmol/L) induced mineralized nodule formation in a concentration-dependent manner in MC3T3-E1 preosteoblasts. d-δ-Tocotrienol (0-25 μmol/L), but not D-α-tocopherol (25 μmol/L), significantly induced alkaline phosphatase activity, an indicator of preosteoblast differentiation. The expression of differentiation marker genes including BMP-2 and VEGFα was stimulated dose dependently by d-δ-tocotrienol (0-25 μmol/L). Concomitantly, Western blot analysis showed that d-δ-tocotrienol down-regulated HMG CoA reductase. d-δ-Tocotrienol (0-25 μmol/L) had no impact on the viability of MC3T3-E1 preosteoblasts following 48-h incubation, suggesting lack of cytotoxicity at these doses. Tocotrienols and other mevalonate suppressors have potential in maintaining bone health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anureet Kaur Shah
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas Woman's University, Denton, TX, USA. .,Department of Kinesiology and Nutritional Science, California State University, Los Angeles, USA. .,School of Kinesiology and Nutritional Science, California State University, Los Angeles, USA.
| | - Hoda Yeganehjoo
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas Woman's University, Denton, TX, USA.,Department of Clinical Nutrition, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
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22
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Chin KY, Wong SK, Japar Sidik FZ, Abdul Hamid J, Abas NH, Mohd Ramli ES, Afian Mokhtar S, Rajalingham S, Ima Nirwana S. The Effects of Annatto Tocotrienol Supplementation on Cartilage and Subchondral Bone in an Animal Model of Osteoarthritis Induced by Monosodium Iodoacetate. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16162897. [PMID: 31412648 PMCID: PMC6720523 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16162897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis is a degenerative joint disease which primarily affects the articular cartilage and subchondral bones. Since there is an underlying localized inflammatory component in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis, compounds like tocotrienol with anti-inflammatory properties may be able to retard its progression. This study aimed to determine the effects of oral tocotrienol supplementation on the articular cartilage and subchondral bone in a rat model of osteoarthritis induced by monosodium iodoacetate (MIA). Thirty male Sprague-Dawley rats (three-month-old) were randomized into five groups. Four groups were induced with osteoarthritis (single injection of MIA at week 0) and another served as the sham group. Three of the four groups with osteoarthritis were supplemented with annatto tocotrienol at 50, 100 and 150 mg/kg/day orally for five weeks. At week 5, all rats were sacrificed, and their tibial-femoral joints were harvested for analysis. The results indicated that the groups which received annatto tocotrienol at 100 and 150 mg/kg/day had lower histological scores and cartilage remodeling markers. Annatto tocotrienol at 150 mg/kg/day significantly lowered the osteocalcin levels and osteoclast surface of subchondral bone. In conclusion, annatto tocotrienol may potentially retard the progression of osteoarthritis. Future studies to confirm its mechanism of joint protection should be performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kok-Yong Chin
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Cheras 56000, Malaysia.
| | - Sok Kuan Wong
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Cheras 56000, Malaysia
| | | | - Juliana Abdul Hamid
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Cheras 56000, Malaysia
| | - Nurul Hafizah Abas
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Cheras 56000, Malaysia
| | - Elvy Suhana Mohd Ramli
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Cheras 56000, Malaysia
| | - Sabarul Afian Mokhtar
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Cheras 56000, Malaysia
| | - Sakthiswary Rajalingham
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Cheras 56000, Malaysia
| | - Soelaiman Ima Nirwana
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Cheras 56000, Malaysia
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23
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Beneficial effects of δ-tocotrienol against oxidative stress in osteoblastic cells: studies on the mechanisms of action. Eur J Nutr 2019; 59:1975-1987. [PMID: 31280345 PMCID: PMC7351870 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-019-02047-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Natural antioxidants are considered as promising compounds in the prevention/treatment of osteoporosis. We studied the ability of purified δ-tocotrienol (δ-TT) isolated from a commercial palm oil (Elaeis guineensis) fraction to protect osteoblast MC3T3-E1 and osteocyte MLO-Y4 cells against tert-butyl hydroperoxide (t-BHP)-induced oxidative damage and the mechanisms involved in its protective action in MC3T3-E1. Methods MC3T3-E1 and MLO-Y4 cells were treated with δ-TT (1.25–20 µg/ml for 2 h) followed by t-BHP at 250 µM or 125 µM for 3 h, respectively. MTT test was used to measure cell viability. Apoptotic cells were stained with Hoechst-33258 dye. Intracellular ROS levels were measured by dichlorofluorescein CM-DCFA. The OPT fluorimetric assay was used to detect the reduced glutathione to oxidized glutathione ratio (GSH/GSSG) contents. Results δ-TT significantly prevented the effects of t-BHP on cell viability and apoptosis reaching a maximum protective activity at 10 and 5 µg/ml in MC3T3-E1 and MLO-Y4 cells, respectively. This protective effect was due to a reduction of intracellular ROS levels and an increase in the defense systems shown by the increase in the GSH/GSSG. GSH loss induced by an inhibitor of GSH synthesis significantly reduced the δ-TT-positive effect on ROS levels. δ-TT prevention of oxidative damage was completely removed by combined treatment with the specific inhibitors of PI3K/AKT (LY294002) and Nrf2 (ML385). Conclusions The δ-TT protective effect against oxidative damage in MC3T3-E1 cells is due to a reduction of intracellular ROS levels and an increase of the GSH/GSSG ratio, and involves an interaction between the PI3K/Akt–Nrf2 signaling pathways.
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The Molecular Mechanism of Vitamin E as a Bone-Protecting Agent: A Review on Current Evidence. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20061453. [PMID: 30909398 PMCID: PMC6471965 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20061453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone remodelling is a tightly-coordinated and lifelong process of replacing old damaged bone with newly-synthesized healthy bone. In the bone remodelling cycle, bone resorption is coupled with bone formation to maintain the bone volume and microarchitecture. This process is a result of communication between bone cells (osteoclasts, osteoblasts, and osteocytes) with paracrine and endocrine regulators, such as cytokines, reactive oxygen species, growth factors, and hormones. The essential signalling pathways responsible for osteoclastic bone resorption and osteoblastic bone formation include the receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B (RANK)/receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL)/osteoprotegerin (OPG), Wnt/β-catenin, and oxidative stress signalling. The imbalance between bone formation and degradation, in favour of resorption, leads to the occurrence of osteoporosis. Intriguingly, vitamin E has been extensively reported for its anti-osteoporotic properties using various male and female animal models. Thus, understanding the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms contributing to the skeletal action of vitamin E is vital to promote its use as a potential bone-protecting agent. This review aims to summarize the current evidence elucidating the molecular actions of vitamin E in regulating the bone remodelling cycle.
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