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Li X, Fu J, Guan M, Shi H, Pan W, Lou X. Biochanin A attenuates spinal cord injury in rats during early stages by inhibiting oxidative stress and inflammasome activation. Neural Regen Res 2024; 19:2050-2056. [PMID: 38227535 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.390953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024] Open
Abstract
JOURNAL/nrgr/04.03/01300535-202409000-00038/figure1/v/2024-01-16T170235Z/r/image-tiff Previous studies have shown that Biochanin A, a flavonoid compound with estrogenic effects, can serve as a neuroprotective agent in the context of cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury; however, its effect on spinal cord injury is still unclear. In this study, a rat model of spinal cord injury was established using the heavy object impact method, and the rats were then treated with Biochanin A (40 mg/kg) via intraperitoneal injection for 14 consecutive days. The results showed that Biochanin A effectively alleviated spinal cord neuronal injury and spinal cord tissue injury, reduced inflammation and oxidative stress in spinal cord neurons, and reduced apoptosis and pyroptosis. In addition, Biochanin A inhibited the expression of inflammasome-related proteins (ASC, NLRP3, and GSDMD) and the Toll-like receptor 4/nuclear factor-κB pathway, activated the Nrf2/heme oxygenase 1 signaling pathway, and increased the expression of the autophagy markers LC3 II, Beclin-1, and P62. Moreover, the therapeutic effects of Biochanin A on early post-spinal cord injury were similar to those of methylprednisolone. These findings suggest that Biochanin A protected neurons in the injured spinal cord through the Toll-like receptor 4/nuclear factor κB and Nrf2/heme oxygenase 1 signaling pathways. These findings suggest that Biochanin A can alleviate post-spinal cord injury at an early stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xigong Li
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jing Fu
- Department of Stomatology, Xixi Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Ming Guan
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Haifei Shi
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Wenming Pan
- Department of Orthopedics, and Spine Surgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical School, the Second People's Hospital of Changshu, Changshu, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xianfeng Lou
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
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2
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Wang F, Zhang S, Xu Y, He W, Wang X, He Z, Shang J, Zhenyu Z. Mapping the landscape: A bibliometric perspective on autophagy in spinal cord injury. Medicine (Baltimore) 2024; 103:e38954. [PMID: 39029042 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000038954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/21/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a severe condition that often leads to persistent damage of nerve cells and motor dysfunction. Autophagy is an intracellular system that regulates the recycling and degradation of proteins and lipids, primarily through lysosomal-dependent organelle degradation. Numerous publications have highlighted the involvement of autophagy in the secondary injury of SCI. Therefore, gaining a comprehensive understanding of autophagy research is crucial for designing effective therapies for SCI. METHODS Dates were obtained from Web of Science, including articles and article reviews published from its inception to October 2023. VOSviewer, Citespace, and SCImago were used to visualized analysis. Bibliometric analysis was conducted using the Web of Science data, focusing on various categories such as publications, authors, journals, countries, organizations, and keywords. This analysis was aimed to summarize the knowledge map of autophagy and SCI. RESULTS From 2009 to 2023, the number of annual publications in this field exhibited wave-like growth, with the highest number of publications recorded in 2020 (44 publications). Our analysis identified Mei Xifan as the most prolific author, while Kanno H emerged as the most influential author based on co-citations. Neuroscience Letters was found to have published the largest number of papers in this field. China was the most productive country, contributing 232 publications, and Wenzhou Medical University was the most active organization, publishing 39 papers. CONCLUSION We demonstrated a comprehensive overview of the relationship between autophagy and SCI utilizing bibliometric tools. This article could help to enhance the understanding of the field about autophagy and SCI, foster collaboration among researchers and organizations, and identify potential therapeutic targets for treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Wang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shaoxing People's Hospital, Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Shaoxing, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Songou Zhang
- Ningbo University, School of Medicine, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yangjun Xu
- School of Medicine, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing City, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Wei He
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shaoxing People's Hospital, Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Shaoxing, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xiang Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shaoxing People's Hospital, Shaoxing, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Zhongwei He
- School of Medicine, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing City, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jinxiang Shang
- Department of Orthopedic, Affiliated Hospital of Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Zhang Zhenyu
- School of Medicine, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing City, Zhejiang Province, China
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Teng X, Wang Z, Wang X. Enhancing angiogenesis and inhibiting apoptosis: evaluating the therapeutic efficacy of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes in a DHEA-induced PCOS mouse model. J Ovarian Res 2024; 17:121. [PMID: 38840218 PMCID: PMC11151599 DOI: 10.1186/s13048-024-01445-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is a widespread endocrine disorder among women, characterized by symptoms like ovarian cysts, hormonal imbalance, and metabolic issues. This research evaluates the therapeutic potential of Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cell-derived exosomes (BMSC-Exo) in treating PCOS symptoms within a mouse model. METHODS BMSC-Exo were isolated from NMRI mice, characterized using Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis (NTA), and administered to a PCOS mouse model induced by dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA). The efficacy of BMSC-Exo was assessed in three groups of mice: a control group, a PCOS group, and a PCOS group treated with intravenous BMSC-Exo. Morphological changes in ovarian tissue were examined by Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) staining, apoptosis was determined using the TUNEL assay, and CD31 expression was analyzed through immunofluorescent staining to assess angiogenic activity. RESULTS The existence of BMSCs-Exo was confirmed via TEM and NTA, revealing their distinct cup-shaped morphology and a size range of 30 to 150 nanometers. H&E staining revealed that BMSCs-Exo treatment improved ovarian morphology in PCOS models, increasing corpora lutea and revitalizing granulosa cell layers, suggesting a reversal of PCOS-induced damage. TUNEL assays showed that BMSCs-Exo treatment significantly reduced apoptosis in PCOS-affected ovarian cells to levels comparable with the control group, highlighting its role in mitigating PCOS-induced cellular apoptosis. Immunofluorescence for CD31 indicated that BMSCs-Exo treatment normalized endothelial marker expression and angiogenic activity in PCOS models, suggesting its effectiveness in modulating the vascular irregularities of PCOS. Collectively, these findings demonstrate the therapeutic potential of BMSCs-Exo in addressing ovarian dysfunction, cellular apoptosis, and aberrant angiogenesis associated with PCOS. CONCLUSION The study substantiates the role of BMSC-Exo in mitigating the deleterious effects of PCOS on ovarian tissue, with implications for enhanced follicular development and reduced cellular stress. The modulation of CD31 by BMSC-Exo further highlights their potential in normalizing PCOS-induced vascular anomalies. These findings propel the need for clinical investigations to explore BMSC-Exo as a promising therapeutic avenue for PCOS management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojing Teng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhiyi Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Hangzhou Women's Hospital (Hangzhou Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital), No. 369, Kunpeng Road, Shangcheng District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310008, China.
| | - Xiaolei Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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Ding Z, Greenberg ZF, Serafim MF, Ali S, Jamieson JC, Traktuev DO, March K, He M. Understanding molecular characteristics of extracellular vesicles derived from different types of mesenchymal stem cells for therapeutic translation. EXTRACELLULAR VESICLE 2024; 3:100034. [PMID: 38957857 PMCID: PMC11218754 DOI: 10.1016/j.vesic.2024.100034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been studied for decades as candidates for cellular therapy, and their secretome, including secreted extracellular vesicles (EVs), has been identified to contribute significantly to regenerative and reparative functions. Emerging evidence has suggested that MSC-EVs alone, could be used as therapeutics that emulate the biological function of MSCs. However, just as with MSCs, MSC-EVs have been shown to vary in composition, depending on the tissue source of the MSCs as well as the protocols employed in culturing the MSCs and obtaining the EVs. Therefore, the importance of careful choice of cell sources and culture environments is receiving increasing attention. Many factors contribute to the therapeutic potential of MSC-EVs, including the source tissue, isolation technique, and culturing conditions. This review illustrates the molecular landscape of EVs derived from different types of MSC cells along with culture strategies. A thorough analysis of publicly available omic datasets was performed to advance the precision understanding of MSC-EVs with unique tissue source-dependent molecular characteristics. The tissue-specific protein and miRNA-driven Reactome ontology analysis was used to reveal distinct patterns of top Reactome ontology pathways across adipose, bone marrow, and umbilical MSC-EVs. Moreover, a meta-analysis assisted by an AI technique was used to analyze the published literature, providing insights into the therapeutic translation of MSC-EVs based on their source tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuo Ding
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Zachary F. Greenberg
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Maria Fernanda Serafim
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Samantha Ali
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Julia C. Jamieson
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Dmitry O. Traktuev
- UF Center for Regenerative Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Keith March
- UF Center for Regenerative Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Mei He
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
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Jenkner S, Clark JM, Gronthos S, O’Hare Doig RL. Molars to Medicine: A Focused Review on the Pre-Clinical Investigation and Treatment of Secondary Degeneration following Spinal Cord Injury Using Dental Stem Cells. Cells 2024; 13:817. [PMID: 38786039 PMCID: PMC11119219 DOI: 10.3390/cells13100817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) can result in the permanent loss of mobility, sensation, and autonomic function. Secondary degeneration after SCI both initiates and propagates a hostile microenvironment that is resistant to natural repair mechanisms. Consequently, exogenous stem cells have been investigated as a potential therapy for repairing and recovering damaged cells after SCI and other CNS disorders. This focused review highlights the contributions of mesenchymal (MSCs) and dental stem cells (DSCs) in attenuating various secondary injury sequelae through paracrine and cell-to-cell communication mechanisms following SCI and other types of neurotrauma. These mechanistic events include vascular dysfunction, oxidative stress, excitotoxicity, apoptosis and cell loss, neuroinflammation, and structural deficits. The review of studies that directly compare MSC and DSC capabilities also reveals the superior capabilities of DSC in reducing the effects of secondary injury and promoting a favorable microenvironment conducive to repair and regeneration. This review concludes with a discussion of the current limitations and proposes improvements in the future assessment of stem cell therapy through the reporting of the effects of DSC viability and DSC efficacy in attenuating secondary damage after SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Jenkner
- School of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide 5000, Australia; (S.J.); (S.G.)
- Neil Sachse Centre for Spinal Cord Research, Lifelong Health Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, North Terrace, Adelaide 5000, Australia;
| | - Jillian Mary Clark
- Neil Sachse Centre for Spinal Cord Research, Lifelong Health Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, North Terrace, Adelaide 5000, Australia;
- Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide 5000, Australia
| | - Stan Gronthos
- School of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide 5000, Australia; (S.J.); (S.G.)
- Mesenchymal Stem Cell Laboratory, Precision Medicine Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, North Terrace, Adelaide 5000, Australia
| | - Ryan Louis O’Hare Doig
- Neil Sachse Centre for Spinal Cord Research, Lifelong Health Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, North Terrace, Adelaide 5000, Australia;
- Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide 5000, Australia
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6
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Cheng LF, You CQ, Peng C, Ren JJ, Guo K, Liu TL. Mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes as a new drug carrier for the treatment of spinal cord injury: A review. Chin J Traumatol 2024; 27:134-146. [PMID: 38570272 PMCID: PMC11138942 DOI: 10.1016/j.cjtee.2024.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating traumatic disease seriously impairing the quality of life in patients. Expectations to allow the hopeless central nervous system to repair itself after injury are unfeasible. Developing new approaches to regenerate the central nervous system is still the priority. Exosomes derived from mesenchymal stem cells (MSC-Exo) have been proven to robustly quench the inflammatory response or oxidative stress and curb neuronal apoptosis and autophagy following SCI, which are the key processes to rescue damaged spinal cord neurons and restore their functions. Nonetheless, MSC-Exo in SCI received scant attention. In this review, we reviewed our previous work and other studies to summarize the roles of MSC-Exo in SCI and its underlying mechanisms. Furthermore, we also focus on the application of exosomes as drug carrier in SCI. In particular, it combs the advantages of exosomes as a drug carrier for SCI, imaging advantages, drug types, loading methods, etc., which provides the latest progress for exosomes in the treatment of SCI, especially drug carrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Fei Cheng
- Medical College, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, 232000, Anhui province, China
| | - Chao-Qun You
- Department of Orthopaedic Oncology, Changzheng Hospital, Navy Medical University, Shanghai, 200003, China
| | - Cheng Peng
- Department of Orthopaedic Oncology, Changzheng Hospital, Navy Medical University, Shanghai, 200003, China
| | - Jia-Ji Ren
- Department of Orthopaedic Oncology, Changzheng Hospital, Navy Medical University, Shanghai, 200003, China
| | - Kai Guo
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Central Hospital of Shanghai Putuo District, Shanghai, 200333, China
| | - Tie-Long Liu
- Medical College, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, 232000, Anhui province, China.
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Singh G, Mehra A, Arora S, Gugulothu D, Vora LK, Prasad R, Khatri DK. Exosome-mediated delivery and regulation in neurological disease progression. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 264:130728. [PMID: 38467209 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Exosomes (EXOs), membranous structures originating from diverse biological sources, have recently seized the attention of researchers due to their theranostic potential for neurological diseases. Released actively by various cells, including stem cells, adipose tissue, and immune cells, EXOs wield substantial regulatory influence over the intricate landscape of neurological complications, exhibiting both positive and negative modulatory effects. In AD, EXOs play a pivotal role in disseminating and breaking down amyloid-β protein. Moreover, EXOs derived from mesenchymal stem cells showcase a remarkable capacity to mitigate pro-inflammatory phenotypes by regulating miRNAs in neurodegenerative diseases. These vesicles possess the unique ability to traverse the blood-brain barrier, governing the aggregation of mutant huntingtin protein. Understanding the exosomal functions within the CNS holds significant promise for enhancing treatment efficacy in neurological diseases. This review intricately examines the regulatory mechanisms involving EXOs in neurological disease development, highlighting therapeutic prospects and exploring their utility in exosome-based nanomedicine for various neurological complications. Additionally, the review highlights the challenges associated with drug delivery to the brain, emphasizing the complexities inherent in this critical aspect of neurotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gurpreet Singh
- Molecular and cellular neuroscience lab, Department of pharmacology and toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Hyderabad, India
| | - Ankit Mehra
- Molecular and cellular neuroscience lab, Department of pharmacology and toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Hyderabad, India
| | - Sanchit Arora
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Delhi Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research (DIPSAR), Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University (DPSRU), M.B. Road, Pushp Vihar, Sector-3, New Delhi 110017, India
| | - Dalapathi Gugulothu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Delhi Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research (DIPSAR), Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University (DPSRU), M.B. Road, Pushp Vihar, Sector-3, New Delhi 110017, India.
| | - Lalitkumar K Vora
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, BT9 7BL, UK.
| | - Renuka Prasad
- Department of Anatomy, Korea University College of Medicine, Moonsuk Medical Research Building, 516, 5th floor, 73 Inchon-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Dharmendra Kumar Khatri
- Molecular and cellular neuroscience lab, Department of pharmacology and toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Hyderabad, India; Department of Pharmacology, Shobhaben Pratapbai Patel School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM's Narsee Monjee Institute of Management Studies (NMIMS) Deemed-to-University, Mumbai 400056, India.
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8
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Gu J, Wu J, Wang C, Xu Z, Jin Z, Yan D, Chen S. BMSCs-derived exosomes inhibit macrophage/microglia pyroptosis by increasing autophagy through the miR-21a-5p/PELI1 axis in spinal cord injury. Aging (Albany NY) 2024; 16:5184-5206. [PMID: 38466640 PMCID: PMC11006467 DOI: 10.18632/aging.205638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) results in a diverse range of disabilities and lacks effective treatment options. In recent years, exosomes derived from bone mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) have emerged as a promising cell-free therapeutic approach for treating ischemic brain injury and other inflammatory conditions. Macrophage/microglial pyroptosis has been identified as a contributing factor to neuroinflammation following SCI. The therapeutic potential of BMSC-derived exosomes in macrophage/microglia pyroptosis-induced neuroinflammation, however, has to be determined. Our findings demonstrate that exosomes derived from BMSCs can enhance motor function recovery and mitigate neuroinflammation subsequent to SCI by upregulating the expression of autophagy-related proteins and inhibiting the activation of NLRP3 inflammasomes in macrophage/microglia. Moreover, miR-21a-5p is markedly increased in BMSCs-derived exosomes, and knocking down miR-21a-5p in BMSCs-derived exosomes eliminates the beneficial effects of administration; upregulation of miR-21a-5p in BMSCs-derived exosomes enhances the beneficial effects of administration. Mechanistically, miR-21a-5p positively regulates the autophagy of macrophage/microglia by reducing PELI1 expression, which in turn inhibits their pyroptosis. This research provides novel evidence that exosomes derived from BMSCs can effectively suppress macrophage/microglia pyroptosis through the miR-21a-5p/PELI1 axis-mediated autophagy pathway, ultimately facilitating functional restoration following SCI. In particular, our constructed miR-21a-5p overexpression exosomes greatly improved the efficacy of BMSCs-derived exosomes in treating spinal cord injury. These results establish a foundation for the prospective utilization of exosomes derived from BMSCs as a novel biological intervention for spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Gu
- The Affiliated Jiangsu Shengze Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jingyi Wu
- The Affiliated Jiangsu Shengze Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, China
| | - Chunming Wang
- The Affiliated Jiangsu Shengze Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, China
| | - Zhenwei Xu
- The Affiliated Jiangsu Shengze Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, China
| | - Zhengshuai Jin
- The Affiliated Jiangsu Shengze Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, China
| | - Donghua Yan
- The Affiliated Jiangsu Shengze Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, China
| | - Sheng Chen
- The Affiliated Jiangsu Shengze Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, China
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Chai M, Su G, Chen W, Gao J, Wu Q, Song J, Zhang Z. Effects of Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes in Central Nervous System Diseases. Mol Neurobiol 2024:10.1007/s12035-024-04032-8. [PMID: 38393450 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-04032-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) diseases are one of the diseases that threaten human health. The delivery of drugs targeting the CNS has always been a significant challenge; the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is the main obstacle that must be overcome. The rise of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell (BMSC) therapy has brought hope for the treatment of CNS diseases. However, the problems of low homing rate, susceptibility differentiation into astrocytes, immune rejection, and formation of iatrogenic tumors of transplanted BMSCs limit their clinical application. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes (BMSC-Exos) have become a hot research topic in the treatment of CNS diseases in recent years because of their excellent histocompatibility, low immunogenicity, ease of crossing the BBB, and their ability to serve as natural carriers for treatment. This article reviews the mechanisms of BMSC-Exos in CNS diseases and provides direction for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Chai
- Department of Neurology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, 730030, Gansu, China
| | - Gang Su
- Institute of Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730030, Gansu, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Neurology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, 730030, Gansu, China
| | - Juan Gao
- Department of Neurology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, 730030, Gansu, China
| | - Qionghui Wu
- Department of Neurology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, 730030, Gansu, China
| | - Jinyang Song
- Department of Neurology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, 730030, Gansu, China
| | - Zhenchang Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, 730030, Gansu, China.
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10
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Miron RJ, Estrin NE, Sculean A, Zhang Y. Understanding exosomes: Part 2-Emerging leaders in regenerative medicine. Periodontol 2000 2024; 94:257-414. [PMID: 38591622 DOI: 10.1111/prd.12561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2024] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Exosomes are the smallest subset of extracellular signaling vesicles secreted by most cells with the ability to communicate with other tissues and cell types over long distances. Their use in regenerative medicine has gained tremendous momentum recently due to their ability to be utilized as therapeutic options for a wide array of diseases/conditions. Over 5000 publications are currently being published yearly on this topic, and this number is only expected to dramatically increase as novel therapeutic strategies continue to be developed. Today exosomes have been applied in numerous contexts including neurodegenerative disorders (Alzheimer's disease, central nervous system, depression, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, post-traumatic stress disorders, traumatic brain injury, peripheral nerve injury), damaged organs (heart, kidney, liver, stroke, myocardial infarctions, myocardial infarctions, ovaries), degenerative processes (atherosclerosis, diabetes, hematology disorders, musculoskeletal degeneration, osteoradionecrosis, respiratory disease), infectious diseases (COVID-19, hepatitis), regenerative procedures (antiaging, bone regeneration, cartilage/joint regeneration, osteoarthritis, cutaneous wounds, dental regeneration, dermatology/skin regeneration, erectile dysfunction, hair regrowth, intervertebral disc repair, spinal cord injury, vascular regeneration), and cancer therapy (breast, colorectal, gastric cancer and osteosarcomas), immune function (allergy, autoimmune disorders, immune regulation, inflammatory diseases, lupus, rheumatoid arthritis). This scoping review is a first of its kind aimed at summarizing the extensive regenerative potential of exosomes over a broad range of diseases and disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Miron
- Department of Periodontology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Nathan E Estrin
- Advanced PRF Education, Venice, Florida, USA
- School of Dental Medicine, Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Bradenton, Florida, USA
| | - Anton Sculean
- Department of Periodontology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Yufeng Zhang
- Department of Oral Implantology, University of Wuhan, Wuhan, China
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Nazerian Y, Nazerian A, Mohamadi-Jahani F, Sodeifi P, Jafarian M, Javadi SAH. Hydrogel-encapsulated extracellular vesicles for the regeneration of spinal cord injury. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1309172. [PMID: 38156267 PMCID: PMC10752990 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1309172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a critical neurological condition that may impair motor, sensory, and autonomous functions. At the cellular level, inflammation, impairment of axonal regeneration, and neuronal death are responsible for SCI-related complications. Regarding the high mortality and morbidity rates associated with SCI, there is a need for effective treatment. Despite advances in SCI repair, an optimal treatment for complete recovery after SCI has not been found so far. Therefore, an effective strategy is needed to promote neuronal regeneration and repair after SCI. In recent years, regenerative treatments have become a potential option for achieving improved functional recovery after SCI by promoting the growth of new neurons, protecting surviving neurons, and preventing additional damage to the spinal cord. Transplantation of cells and cells-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) can be effective for SCI recovery. However, there are some limitations and challenges related to cell-based strategies. Ethical concerns and limited efficacy due to the low survival rate, immune rejection, and tumor formation are limitations of cell-based therapies. Using EVs is a helpful strategy to overcome these limitations. It should be considered that short half-life, poor accumulation, rapid clearance, and difficulty in targeting specific tissues are limitations of EVs-based therapies. Hydrogel-encapsulated exosomes have overcome these limitations by enhancing the efficacy of exosomes through maintaining their bioactivity, protecting EVs from rapid clearance, and facilitating the sustained release of EVs at the target site. These hydrogel-encapsulated EVs can promote neuroregeneration through improving functional recovery, reducing inflammation, and enhancing neuronal regeneration after SCI. This review aims to provide an overview of the current research status, challenges, and future clinical opportunities of hydrogel-encapsulated EVs in the treatment of SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasaman Nazerian
- Brain and Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Fereshteh Mohamadi-Jahani
- Brain and Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parastoo Sodeifi
- School of Medicine, Islamic Azad University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Jafarian
- Brain and Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Amir Hossein Javadi
- Brain and Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Neurosurgery, Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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12
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Li K, Liu Z, Wu P, Chen S, Wang M, Liu W, Zhang L, Guo S, Liu Y, Liu P, Zhang B, Tao L, Ding H, Qian H, Fu Q. Micro electrical fields induced MSC-sEVs attenuate neuronal cell apoptosis by activating autophagy via lncRNA MALAT1/miR-22-3p/SIRT1/AMPK axis in spinal cord injury. J Nanobiotechnology 2023; 21:451. [PMID: 38012570 PMCID: PMC10680254 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-023-02217-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a traumatic condition of the central nervous system that causes paralysis of the limbs. Micro electric fields (EF) have been implicated in a novel therapeutic approach for nerve injury repair and regeneration, but the effects of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell-derived small extracellular vesicles that are induced by micro electric fields (EF-sEVs) stimulation on SCI remain unknown. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether EF-sEVs have therapeutic effects a rat model of SCI. EF-sEVs and normally conditioned human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells-derived small extracellular vesicles (CON-sEVs) were collected and injected intralesionally into SCI model rats to evaluate the therapeutic effects. We detect the expression of candidate long noncoding RNA metastasis-associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1 (lncRNA-MALAT1) in EF-sEVs and CON-sEVs. The targets and downstream effectors of lncRNA-MALAT1 were investigated using luciferase reporter assays. Using both in vivo and in vitro experiments, we demonstrated that EF-sEVs increased autophagy and decreased apoptosis after SCI, which promoted the recovery of motor function. We further confirmed that the neuroprotective effects of EF-sEVs in vitro and in vivo correlated with the presence of encapsulated lncRNA-MALAT1 in sEVs. lncRNA-MALAT1 targeted miR-22-3p via sponging, reducing miR-22-3p's suppressive effects on its target, SIRT1, and this translated into AMPK phosphorylation and increased levels of the antiapoptotic protein Bcl-2. Collectively, the present study identified that the lncRNA-MALAT1 in EF-sEVs plays a neuroprotective role via the miRNA-22-3p/SIRT1/AMPK axis and offers a fresh perspective and a potential therapeutic approach using sEVs to improve SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kewei Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Zhong Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Peipei Wu
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine of Jiangsu Province, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230001, Anhui, China
| | - Shenyuan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine of Jiangsu Province, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Min Wang
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine of Jiangsu Province, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wenhui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine of Jiangsu Province, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Leilei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine of Jiangsu Province, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Song Guo
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Yanbin Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Pengcheng Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Beiting Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Lin Tao
- Department of Orthopaedics, Dehong Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dehong, 678400, Yunnan, China
| | - Hua Ding
- Department of Orthopaedics, Affiliated People's Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212002, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Hui Qian
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine of Jiangsu Province, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Qiang Fu
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200080, China.
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13
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Yang Z, Liang Z, Rao J, Lin F, Lin Y, Xu X, Wang C, Chen C. Mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles therapy in traumatic central nervous system diseases: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Neural Regen Res 2023; 18:2406-2412. [PMID: 37282470 PMCID: PMC10360088 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.371376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Although there are challenges in treating traumatic central nervous system diseases, mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles (MSC-EVs) have recently proven to be a promising non-cellular therapy. We comprehensively evaluated the efficacy of mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles in traumatic central nervous system diseases in this meta-analysis based on preclinical studies. Our meta-analysis was registered at PROSPERO (CRD42022327904, May 24, 2022). To fully retrieve the most relevant articles, the following databases were thoroughly searched: PubMed, Web of Science, The Cochrane Library, and Ovid-Embase (up to April 1, 2022). The included studies were preclinical studies of mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles for traumatic central nervous system diseases. The Systematic Review Centre for Laboratory Animal Experimentation (SYRCLE)'s risk of bias tool was used to examine the risk of publication bias in animal studies. After screening 2347 studies, 60 studies were included in this study. A meta-analysis was conducted for spinal cord injury (n = 52) and traumatic brain injury (n = 8). The results indicated that mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles treatment prominently promoted motor function recovery in spinal cord injury animals, including rat Basso, Beattie and Bresnahan locomotor rating scale scores (standardized mean difference [SMD]: 2.36, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.96-2.76, P < 0.01, I2 = 71%) and mouse Basso Mouse Scale scores (SMD = 2.31, 95% CI: 1.57-3.04, P = 0.01, I2 = 60%) compared with controls. Further, mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles treatment significantly promoted neurological recovery in traumatic brain injury animals, including the modified Neurological Severity Score (SMD = -4.48, 95% CI: -6.12 to -2.84, P < 0.01, I2 = 79%) and Foot Fault Test (SMD = -3.26, 95% CI: -4.09 to -2.42, P = 0.28, I2 = 21%) compared with controls. Subgroup analyses showed that characteristics may be related to the therapeutic effect of mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles. For Basso, Beattie and Bresnahan locomotor rating scale scores, the efficacy of allogeneic mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles was higher than that of xenogeneic mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles (allogeneic: SMD = 2.54, 95% CI: 2.05-3.02, P = 0.0116, I2 = 65.5%; xenogeneic: SMD: 1.78, 95%CI: 1.1-2.45, P = 0.0116, I2 = 74.6%). Mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles separated by ultrafiltration centrifugation combined with density gradient ultracentrifugation (SMD = 3.58, 95% CI: 2.62-4.53, P < 0.0001, I2 = 31%) may be more effective than other EV isolation methods. For mouse Basso Mouse Scale scores, placenta-derived mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles worked better than bone mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles (placenta: SMD = 5.25, 95% CI: 2.45-8.06, P = 0.0421, I2 = 0%; bone marrow: SMD = 1.82, 95% CI: 1.23-2.41, P = 0.0421, I2 = 0%). For modified Neurological Severity Score, bone marrow-derived MSC-EVs worked better than adipose-derived MSC-EVs (bone marrow: SMD = -4.86, 95% CI: -6.66 to -3.06, P = 0.0306, I2 = 81%; adipose: SMD = -2.37, 95% CI: -3.73 to -1.01, P = 0.0306, I2 = 0%). Intravenous administration (SMD = -5.47, 95% CI: -6.98 to -3.97, P = 0.0002, I2 = 53.3%) and dose of administration equal to 100 μg (SMD = -5.47, 95% CI: -6.98 to -3.97, P < 0.0001, I2 = 53.3%) showed better results than other administration routes and doses. The heterogeneity of studies was small, and sensitivity analysis also indicated stable results. Last, the methodological quality of all trials was mostly satisfactory. In conclusion, in the treatment of traumatic central nervous system diseases, mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles may play a crucial role in promoting motor function recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhelun Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Zeyan Liang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Jian Rao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Fabin Lin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Yike Lin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Xiongjie Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Chunhua Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Chunmei Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
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Xue H, Ran B, Li J, Wang G, Chen B, Mao H. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell exosomes-derived microRNA-216a-5p on locomotor performance, neuronal injury, and microglia inflammation in spinal cord injury. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1227440. [PMID: 37766965 PMCID: PMC10520706 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1227440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: MicroRNA-216a-5p (miR-216a-5p) mediates inflammatory responses and neuronal injury to participate in the pathology of spinal cord injury (SCI). This study intended to explore the engagement of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell exosomes (BMSC-Exo)-derived miR-216a-5p in locomotor performance, neuronal injury, and microglia-mediated inflammation in SCI rats. Methods: Rat BMSC or BMSC-Exo was injected into SCI rats. GW4869 treatment was adopted to suppress the exosome secretion from BMSC. Subsequently, miR-216a-5p-overexpressed BMSC-Exo (BMSC-miR-Exo) or negative-control-overexpressed BMSC-Exo (BMSC-NC-Exo) were injected into SCI rats. Results: The injection of BMSC or BMSC-Exo enhanced locomotor performance reflected by Basso, Beattie & Bresnahan score (p < 0.001), and neuronal viability reflected by NeuN+ cells (p < 0.01), but attenuated neuronal apoptosis reflected by TUNEL positive rate, cleaved-caspase-3 expression, and B-cell leukemia/lymphoma-2 expression (p < 0.05). Additionally, the injection of BMSC or BMSC-Exo suppressed microglia M1 polarization-mediated inflammation reflected by IBA1+iNOS+ cells, tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-6 (p < 0.01). Notably, the effect of BMSC on the above functions was retarded by the GW4869 treatment (most p < 0.05). Subsequently, the injection of BMSC-miR-Exo further improved locomotor performance (p < 0.05), while inhibiting neuronal apoptosis (p < 0.05) and microglia M1 polarization-mediated inflammation (p < 0.05) compared to BMSC-NC-Exo. Interestingly, the injection of BMSC-miR-Exo reduced toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) (p < 0.01), myeloid differentiation factor 88 (p < 0.05), and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) (p < 0.05) expressions versus BMSC-NC-Exo. Conclusion: BMSC-Exo-derived miR-216a-5p enhances functional recovery by attenuating neuronal injury and microglia-mediated inflammation in SCI, which may be attributable to its inhibition of the TLR4/NF-κB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Xue
- Department of Orthopaedic Medicine, Inner Mongolia Baogang Hospital, Baotou, Mongolia, China
| | - Bo Ran
- Department of Orthopaedic Medicine, Inner Mongolia Baogang Hospital, Baotou, Mongolia, China
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Orthopaedic Medicine, Inner Mongolia Baogang Hospital, Baotou, Mongolia, China
| | - Guorui Wang
- Orthopaedic Research, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, Mongolia, China
| | - Baolin Chen
- Trauma Orthopedics, Baotou Medical College, Baotou, Mongolia, China
| | - Honggang Mao
- Department of Orthopaedic Medicine, Inner Mongolia Baogang Hospital, Baotou, Mongolia, China
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Hwang J, Jang S, Kim C, Lee S, Jeong HS. Role of Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes and microRNAs in Spinal Cord Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13849. [PMID: 37762150 PMCID: PMC10530823 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241813849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurological disorders represent a global health problem. Current pharmacological treatments often lead to short-term symptomatic relief but have dose-dependent side effects, such as inducing orthostatic arterial hypotension due to the blockade of alpha receptors, cardiotoxic effects due to impaired repolarization, and atrioventricular block and tachycardia, including ventricular fibrillation. These challenges have driven the medical community to seek effective treatments for this serious global health threat. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are pluripotent cells with anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, and immunomodulatory properties, providing a promising alternative due to their ability to differentiate, favorable culture conditions, in vitro manipulation ability, and robust properties. Although MSCs themselves rarely differentiate into neurons at the site of injury after transplantation in vivo, paracrine factors secreted by MSCs can create environmental conditions for cell-to-cell communication and have shown therapeutic effects. Recent studies have shown that the pleiotropic effects of MSCs, particularly their immunomodulatory potential, can be attributed primarily to these paracrine factors. Exosomes derived from MSCs are known to play an important role in these effects. Many studies have evaluated the potential of exosome-based therapies for the treatment of various neurological diseases. In addition to exosomes, various miRNAs derived from MSCs have been identified to regulate genes and alleviate neuropathological changes in neurodegenerative diseases. This review explores the burgeoning field of exosome-based therapies, focusing on the effects of MSC-derived exosomes and exosomal miRNAs, and summarizes recent findings that shed light on the potential of exosomes in the treatment of neurological disorders. The insights gained from this review may pave the way for innovative and effective treatments for these complex conditions. Furthermore, we suggest the therapeutic effects of exosomes and exosomal miRNAs from MSCs, which have a rescue potential in spinal cord injury via diverse signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinsu Hwang
- Department of Physiology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun 58128, Republic of Korea; (J.H.); (S.J.)
| | - Sujeong Jang
- Department of Physiology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun 58128, Republic of Korea; (J.H.); (S.J.)
| | - Choonghyo Kim
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea;
| | - Sungjoon Lee
- Department of Neurosurgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06351, Republic of Korea;
| | - Han-Seong Jeong
- Department of Physiology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun 58128, Republic of Korea; (J.H.); (S.J.)
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Shao Y, Wang Q, Liu L, Wang J, Wu M. Exosomes from microRNA 146a overexpressed bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells protect against spinal cord injury in rats. J Orthop Sci 2023; 28:1149-1156. [PMID: 35985935 DOI: 10.1016/j.jos.2022.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to investigate the effect of microRNA 146a (miR-146a) overexpressed bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMMSCs) exosomes on spinal cord injury (SCI) recovery. METHODS Rat BMMSCs were isolated and transfected with miR-146a mimic (miR-mimic) and control mimic (NC-mimic), after which their exosomes were isolated. Afterward, SCI rat models were constructed, then treated with phosphate buffer saline (PBS), NC BMMSCs exosomes (separated from the culture medium of BMMSCs with NC-mimic), and miR-146a overexpressed BMMSCs exosomes (isolated from the culture medium of BMMSCs with miR-mimic), respectively; additionally, rats underwent sham surgery were treated with PBS as controls. RESULTS MiR-146a was upregulated in BMMSCs, and BMMSCs derived exosomes post miR-mimic transfection. Then in SCI rats, BMMSCs exosomes elevated the Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan (BBB) score and reduced hematoxylin&eosin-reflected spinal cord tissue injury. In addition, BMMSCs exosomes did not affect TUNEL positive cells rate while increased NeuN(+) cells/field in spinal cord tissue from SCI rats. As for inflammation, BMMSCs exosomes repressed pro-inflammatory cytokine expressions, including interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, in spinal cord tissue from SCI rats. Furthermore, miR-146a overexpressed BMMSCs exosomes presented with notably better effects regarding elevating BBB score in SCI rats and reducing tissue injury, neuron apoptosis, and inflammation while enhancing neuron viability in spinal cord tissue from SCI rats. CONCLUSIONS MiR-146a overexpressed BMMSCs exosomes enhance locomotor capacity and neuron viability while reducing neuron apoptosis and spinal cord tissue inflammation in SCI rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Shao
- Department of Sports Medicine, Wuxi Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Wuxi, China.
| | - Qiubo Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Wuxi 9th Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Wuxi, China; Department of Clinical Laboratory, Wuxi 9th People's Hospital, Wuxi, China
| | - Lei Liu
- Department of Sports Medicine, Wuxi Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Wuxi, China
| | - Jianwei Wang
- Department of Joint Orthopedics, Wuxi Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Wuxi, China
| | - Mao Wu
- Department of Traumatic Orthopedics, Wuxi Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Wuxi, China.
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Xiao Y, Hu X, Jiang P, Qi Z. Thermos-responsive hydrogel system encapsulated engineered exosomes attenuate inflammation and oxidative damage in acute spinal cord injury. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1216878. [PMID: 37614633 PMCID: PMC10442716 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1216878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a serious and disabling condition, and the effectiveness of conventional treatment is limited, such as supportive treatment and emergency surgery. Exosomes derived from umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (UCMSC-Exos) have potential therapeutic effects on SCI but are limited by delivery efficiency. Our study aimed to further investigate the therapeutic effects of miR-138-modified UCMSC-exosomes (Exos-138) following SCI. Methods: We developed an injectable triblock polymer of polyglycolic acid copolymer and polyethylene glycol (PLGA-PEG-PLGA)-loaded temperature-sensitive hydrogel of miR-138-modified stem cell exosomes and characterised its biocompatibility in vitro. In Sprague-Dawley rats with SCI, the hydrogel was injected into the injury site, behavioural scores were measured, and pathological analysis was conducted postoperatively to assess neurological recovery. Results: In vitro, our data demonstrated that miR-138-5p-modified UCMSC-Exos can reduce inflammation levels in BV-2 cells through the NLRP3-caspase1 signalling pathway and reduce neuronal apoptosis by downregulating intracellular reactive oxygen species levels through the Nrf2-keap1 signalling cascade. The results of in vivo experiments showed that the P-Exos-138 hydrogel promoted neurological recovery in rats with SCI. Discussion: Our study explored a novel exosome delivery system that can be a potential therapeutic strategy for SCI. Our study, currently, has theoretical value; however, it can serve as a basis for further investigations on the treatment approaches at various stages of SCI development in inflammation-dependent injury of the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Zhongquan Qi
- Medical College of Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
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18
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Ou YC, Huang CC, Kao YL, Ho PC, Tsai KJ. Stem Cell Therapy in Spinal Cord Injury-Induced Neurogenic Lower Urinary Tract Dysfunction. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2023; 19:1691-1708. [PMID: 37115409 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-023-10547-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating condition that enormously affects an individual's health and quality of life. Neurogenic lower urinary tract dysfunction (NLUTD) is one of the most important sequelae induced by SCI, causing complications including urinary tract infection, renal function deterioration, urinary incontinence, and voiding dysfunction. Current therapeutic methods for SCI-induced NLUTD mainly target on the urinary bladder, but the outcomes are still far from satisfactory. Stem cell therapy has gained increasing attention for years for its ability to rescue the injured spinal cord directly. Stem cell differentiation and their paracrine effects, including exosomes, are the proposed mechanisms to enhance the recovery from SCI. Several animal studies have demonstrated improvement in bladder function using mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and neural stem cells (NSCs). Human clinical trials also provide promising results in urodynamic parameters after MSC therapy. However, there is still uncertainty about the ideal treatment window and application protocol for stem cell therapy. Besides, data on the therapeutic effects regarding NSCs and stem cell-derived exosomes in SCI-related NLUTD are scarce. Therefore, there is a pressing need for further well-designed human clinical trials to translate the stem cell therapy into a formal therapeutic option for SCI-induced NLUTD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin-Chien Ou
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, No. 1, University Road, Tainan, 701, Taiwan
- Department of Urology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Chen Huang
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, No. 1, University Road, Tainan, 701, Taiwan
- Section of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yao-Lin Kao
- Department of Urology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Chuan Ho
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, No. 1, University Road, Tainan, 701, Taiwan
| | - Kuen-Jer Tsai
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, No. 1, University Road, Tainan, 701, Taiwan.
- Research Center of Clinical Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital , College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
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Yuan YG, Wang JL, Zhang YX, Li L, Reza AMMT, Gurunathan S. Biogenesis, Composition and Potential Therapeutic Applications of Mesenchymal Stem Cells Derived Exosomes in Various Diseases. Int J Nanomedicine 2023; 18:3177-3210. [PMID: 37337578 PMCID: PMC10276992 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s407029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are nanovesicles with a wide range of chemical compositions used in many different applications. Mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes (MSCs-EXOs) are spherical vesicles that have been shown to mediate tissue regeneration in a variety of diseases, including neurological, autoimmune and inflammatory, cancer, ischemic heart disease, lung injury, and liver fibrosis. They can modulate the immune response by interacting with immune effector cells due to the presence of anti-inflammatory compounds and are involved in intercellular communication through various types of cargo. MSCs-EXOs exhibit cytokine storm-mitigating properties in response to COVID-19. This review discussed the potential function of MSCs-EXOs in a variety of diseases including neurological, notably epileptic encephalopathy and Parkinson's disease, cancer, angiogenesis, autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. We provided an overview of exosome biogenesis and factors that regulate exosome biogenesis. Additionally, we highlight the functions and potential use of MSCs-EXOs in the treatment of the inflammatory disease COVID-19. Finally, we covered a strategies and challenges of MSCs-EXOs. Finally, we discuss conclusion and future perspectives of MSCs-EXOs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Guo Yuan
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jia-Lin Wang
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ya-Xin Zhang
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ling Li
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Abu Musa Md Talimur Reza
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Gebze Technical University, Gebze, Kocaeli, Türkiye
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Zhang X, Jiang W, Lu Y, Mao T, Gu Y, Ju D, Dong C. Exosomes combined with biomaterials in the treatment of spinal cord injury. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1077825. [PMID: 36994357 PMCID: PMC10040754 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1077825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a serious and disabling disease with a high mortality rate. It often leads to complete or partial sensory and motor dysfunction and is accompanied by a series of secondary outcomes, such as pressure sores, pulmonary infections, deep vein thrombosis in the lower extremities, urinary tract infections, and autonomic dysfunction. Currently, the main treatments for SCI include surgical decompression, drug therapy, and postoperative rehabilitation. Studies have shown that cell therapy plays a beneficial role in the treatment of SCI. Nonetheless, there is controversy regarding the therapeutic effect of cell transplantation in SCI models. Meanwhile exosomes, as a new therapeutic medium for regenerative medicine, possess the advantages of small size, low immunogenicity, and the ability to cross the blood-spinal cord barrier. Certain studies have shown that stem cell-derived exosomes have anti-inflammatory effects and can play an irreplaceable role in the treatment of SCI. In this case, it is difficult for a single treatment method to play an effective role in the repair of neural tissue after SCI. The combination of biomaterial scaffolds and exosomes can better transfer and fix exosomes to the injury site and improve their survival rate. This paper first reviews the current research status of stem cell-derived exosomes and biomaterial scaffolds in the treatment of SCI respectively, and then describes the application of exosomes combined with biomaterial scaffolds in the treatment of SCI, as well as the challenges and prospects.
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Shao Y, Wang Q, Liu L, Wang J, Wu M. Alleviation of Spinal Cord Injury by MicroRNA 137-Overexpressing Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes. TOHOKU J EXP MED 2023; 259:237-246. [PMID: 36596504 DOI: 10.1620/tjem.2022.j118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell (BMMSC) is reported to promote spinal cord injury (SCI) recovery via secreting exosomes to deliver RNAs, proteins, lipids, etc. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of microRNA 137 (miR-137)-overexpressing BMMSC exosomes on SCI rats. BMMSCs were extracted from Sprague-Dawley (SD) rat hind leg bone marrow, and then BMMSC-secreted exosomes were collected. MiR-137 mimic and negative control (NC) mimic were transfected into BMMSCs, and then the corresponding exosomes were collected. Subsequently, SD rats were treated with sham operation + phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), SCI operation + PBS, SCI operation + NC mimic BMMSC exosomes, or SCI operation + miR-137-overexpressing BMMSC exosomes. MiR-137 was downregulated in the spinal cord tissue of SCI rats compared to sham rats. Furthermore, BMMSC exosome injection elevated the Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan (BBB) scores and neuronal viability and reduced tissue injury and proinflammatory cytokine expression in the spinal cord tissue of SCI rats compared to PBS treatment. Subsequently, miR-137-overexpressing BMMSC exosome injection improved the BBB score and neuron viability, and decreased tissue injury as well as proinflammatory cytokine expression in SCI rats compared to NC-overexpressing BMMSC exosomes. Additionally, miR-137-overexpressing BMMSC exosomes also diminished neuronal apoptosis in the spinal cord tissue of SCI rats compared to NC-overexpressing BMMSC exosomes. In conclusion, miR-137-overexpressing BMMSC exosomes reduce tissue injury and inflammation while improving locomotor capacity and neuronal viability in SCI rats. These findings suggest that miR-137-overexpressing BMMSC exosomes may serve as a treatment option for SCI recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Shao
- Department of Sports Medicine, Wuxi Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital
| | - Qiubo Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Wuxi 9th People's Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University
| | - Lei Liu
- Department of Sports Medicine, Wuxi Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital
| | - Jianwei Wang
- Department of Joint Orthopedics, Wuxi Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital
| | - Mao Wu
- Department of Traumatic Orthopedics, Wuxi Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital
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22
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Li RY, Hu Q, Shi X, Luo ZY, Shao DH. Crosstalk between exosomes and autophagy in spinal cord injury: fresh positive target for therapeutic application. Cell Tissue Res 2023; 391:1-17. [PMID: 36380098 PMCID: PMC9839811 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-022-03699-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a very serious clinical traumatic illness with a very high disability rate. It not only causes serious functional disorders below the injured segment, but also causes unimaginable economic burden to social development. Exosomes are nano-sized cellular communication carriers that exist stably in almost all organisms and cell types. Because of their capacity to transport proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids, they affect various physiological and pathological functions of recipient cells and parental cells. Autophagy is a process that relies on the lysosomal pathway to degrade cytoplasmic proteins and organelles and involves a variety of pathophysiological processes. Exosomes and autophagy play critical roles in cellular homeostasis following spinal cord injury. Presently, the coordination mechanism of exosomes and autophagy has attracted much attention in the early efficacy of spinal cord injury. In this review, we discussed the interaction of autophagy and exosomes from the perspective of molecular mechanisms, which might provide novel insights for the early therapeutic application of spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-yu Li
- Anqing First People’s Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Anqing, 246000 Anhui Province, China
| | - Qi Hu
- Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212001 Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xu Shi
- Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212001 Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zhen-yu Luo
- Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212001 Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Dong-hua Shao
- Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212001 Jiangsu Province, China
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23
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Gong W, Zhang T, Che M, Wang Y, He C, Liu L, Lv Z, Xiao C, Wang H, Zhang S. Recent advances in nanomaterials for the treatment of spinal cord injury. Mater Today Bio 2022; 18:100524. [PMID: 36619202 PMCID: PMC9813796 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2022.100524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injuries (SCIs) are devastating. In SCIs, a powerful traumatic force impacting the spinal cord results in the permanent loss of nerve function below the injury level, leaving the patient paralyzed and wheelchair-bound for the remainder of his/her life. Unfortunately, clinical treatment that depends on surgical decompression appears to be unable to handle damaged nerves, and high-dose methylprednisolone-based therapy is also associated with problems, such as infection, gastrointestinal bleeding, femoral head necrosis, obesity, and hyperglycemia. Nanomaterials have opened new avenues for SCI treatment. Among them, performance-based nanomaterials derived from a variety of materials facilitate improvements in the microenvironment of traumatic injury and, in some cases, promote neuron regeneration. Nanoparticulate drug delivery systems enable the optimization of drug effects and drug bioavailability, thus contributing to the development of novel treatments. The improved efficiency and accuracy of gene delivery will also benefit the exploration of SCI mechanisms and the understanding of key genes and signaling pathways. Herein, we reviewed different types of nanomaterials applied to the treatment of SCI and summarized their functions and advantages to provide new perspectives for future clinical therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiquan Gong
- Department of Spine Surgery, Orthopedics Center, First Hospital of Jilin University, No. 1 Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021, China,Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, China,Jilin Engineering Research Center for Spine and Spinal Cord Injury, China
| | - Tianhui Zhang
- Department of Spine Surgery, Orthopedics Center, First Hospital of Jilin University, No. 1 Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021, China,Jilin Engineering Research Center for Spine and Spinal Cord Injury, China
| | - Mingxue Che
- Department of Spine Surgery, Orthopedics Center, First Hospital of Jilin University, No. 1 Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021, China,Jilin Engineering Research Center for Spine and Spinal Cord Injury, China
| | - Yongjie Wang
- Department of Spine Surgery, Orthopedics Center, First Hospital of Jilin University, No. 1 Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021, China,Jilin Engineering Research Center for Spine and Spinal Cord Injury, China
| | - Chuanyu He
- Department of Spine Surgery, Orthopedics Center, First Hospital of Jilin University, No. 1 Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021, China,Jilin Engineering Research Center for Spine and Spinal Cord Injury, China
| | - Lidi Liu
- Department of Spine Surgery, Orthopedics Center, First Hospital of Jilin University, No. 1 Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021, China,Jilin Engineering Research Center for Spine and Spinal Cord Injury, China
| | - Zhenshan Lv
- Department of Spine Surgery, Orthopedics Center, First Hospital of Jilin University, No. 1 Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021, China,Jilin Engineering Research Center for Spine and Spinal Cord Injury, China
| | - Chunsheng Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, China,Corresponding author.
| | - Shaokun Zhang
- Department of Spine Surgery, Orthopedics Center, First Hospital of Jilin University, No. 1 Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021, China,Jilin Engineering Research Center for Spine and Spinal Cord Injury, China,Corresponding author. Department of Spine Surgery, Orthopedics Center, First Hospital of Jilin University, No. 1 Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021, China.
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Yang Z, Rao J, Liang Z, Xu X, Lin F, Lin Y, Wang C, Chen C. Efficacy of miRNA-modified mesenchymal stem cell extracellular vesicles in spinal cord injury: A systematic review of the literature and network meta-analysis. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:989295. [PMID: 36278023 PMCID: PMC9581233 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.989295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundAlthough some previous studies have indicated that extracellular vesicles (EVs) secreted from miRNA-modified mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) may be more effective as compared with control EVs in the treatment of rats with spinal cord injuries (SCI), the efficacy of this treatment modality remains controversial.ObjectivesThe current study comprehensively evaluated the efficacy of different administered doses of EVs, including miRNA-overexpressing MSCs-derived EVs, among SCI rats. The efficacy of EVs' treatment was evaluated in different SCI models to provide evidence for preclinical trials.MethodsWe extensively searched the following databases to identify relevant studies: PubMed, Embase, Scopus, The Cochrane Library, and Web of Science (from inception to July 20, 2022). Two trained investigators independently screened literature, extracted the data, and evaluated literature quality.ResultsThirteen studies were included in this network meta-analysis. The results demonstrated that miRNA-overexpressing MSCs-derived EVs (100 and 200 μg of total protein of EVs) significantly improved hind limb motor function in rats at early stages of SCI (i.e., at 3 days after injury) as compared with EVs (100 and 200 μg of total protein of EVs, respectively). However, in the middle and late stages (14 and 28 days), there were no statistically significant differences between EVs with 200 μg dosages and miRNA-loaded EVs with 100 μg dosages. In the late stages (28 days), there were no statistically significant differences between EVs with 100 μg dosages and miRNA-loaded EVs with 200 μg dosages. We found that miRNA-overexpressing MSCs-derived EVs significantly improved motor function among early-stage SCI rats in a compression and contusion model (3 days) as compared with MSCs-derived EVs and miRNA-overexpressing MSCs-derived EVs likewise significantly improved motor function among SCI rats in a contusion model at middle and late stages (14 and 28 days).ConclusionOur results suggest that miRNA-overexpressing MSCs-derived EVs (200 μg of total protein of EVs) may be the best choice for the effective treatment of SCI, and miRNA-overexpressing MSCs-derived EVs may likewise be the best choice for treating contusions. However, there are some risks of bias in our included studies, and the mechanisms underlying the efficacy of EVs remain unclear.Systematic review registration:https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?RecordID=282051, identifier: CRD42021282051.
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Jahangiri B, Saei AK, Obi PO, Asghari N, Lorzadeh S, Hekmatirad S, Rahmati M, Velayatipour F, Asghari MH, Saleem A, Moosavi MA. Exosomes, autophagy and ER stress pathways in human diseases: Cross-regulation and therapeutic approaches. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2022; 1868:166484. [PMID: 35811032 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2022.166484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Exosomal release pathway and autophagy together maintain homeostasis and survival of cells under stressful conditions. Autophagy is a catabolic process through which cell entities, such as malformed biomacromolecules and damaged organelles, are degraded and recycled via the lysosomal-dependent pathway. Exosomes, a sub-type of extracellular vesicles (EVs) formed by the inward budding of multivesicular bodies (MVBs), are mostly involved in mediating communication between cells. The unfolded protein response (UPR) is an adaptive response that is activated to sustain survival in the cells faced with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress through a complex network that involves protein synthesis, exosomes secretion and autophagy. Disruption of the critical crosstalk between EVs, UPR and autophagy may be implicated in various human diseases, including cancers and neurodegenerative diseases, yet the molecular mechanism(s) behind the coordination of these communication pathways remains obscure. Here, we review the available information on the mechanisms that control autophagy, ER stress and EV pathways, with the view that a better understanding of their crosstalk and balance may improve our knowledge on the pathogenesis and treatment of human diseases, where these pathways are dysregulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babak Jahangiri
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Medical Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran, P.O Box 14965/161, Iran
| | - Ali Kian Saei
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Medical Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran, P.O Box 14965/161, Iran
| | - Patience O Obi
- Applied Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg R3T 2N2, Canada; Faculty of Kinesiology and Recreation Management, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg R3T 2N2, Canada; Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg R3E 3P4, Canada
| | - Narjes Asghari
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Medical Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran, P.O Box 14965/161, Iran
| | - Shahrokh Lorzadeh
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada
| | - Shirin Hekmatirad
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Student Research Committee, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Marveh Rahmati
- Cancer Biology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Velayatipour
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Medical Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran, P.O Box 14965/161, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hosseni Asghari
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Student Research Committee, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Ayesha Saleem
- Applied Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg R3T 2N2, Canada; Faculty of Kinesiology and Recreation Management, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg R3T 2N2, Canada; Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg R3E 3P4, Canada.
| | - Mohammad Amin Moosavi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Medical Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran, P.O Box 14965/161, Iran.
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Yari H, Mikhailova MV, Mardasi M, Jafarzadehgharehziaaddin M, Shahrokh S, Thangavelu L, Ahmadi H, Shomali N, Yaghoubi Y, Zamani M, Akbari M, Alesaeidi S. Emerging role of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs)-derived exosome in neurodegeneration-associated conditions: a groundbreaking cell-free approach. Stem Cell Res Ther 2022; 13:423. [PMID: 35986375 PMCID: PMC9389725 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-022-03122-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractAccumulating proofs signify that pleiotropic effects of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are not allied to their differentiation competencies but rather are mediated mainly by the releases of soluble paracrine mediators, making them a reasonable therapeutic option to enable damaged tissue repair. Due to their unique immunomodulatory and regenerative attributes, the MSC-derived exosomes hold great potential to treat neurodegeneration-associated neurological diseases. Exosome treatment circumvents drawbacks regarding the direct administration of MSCs, such as tumor formation or reduced infiltration and migration to brain tissue. Noteworthy, MSCs-derived exosomes can cross the blood–brain barrier (BBB) and then efficiently deliver their cargo (e.g., protein, miRNAs, lipid, and mRNA) to damaged brain tissue. These biomolecules influence various biological processes (e.g., survival, proliferation, migration, etc.) in neurons, oligodendrocytes, and astrocytes. Various studies have shown that the systemic or local administration of MSCs-derived exosome could lead to the favored outcome in animals with neurodegeneration-associated disease mainly by supporting BBB integrity, eliciting pro-angiogenic effects, attenuating neuroinflammation, and promoting neurogenesis in vivo. In the present review, we will deliver an overview of the therapeutic benefits of MSCs-derived exosome therapy to ameliorate the pathological symptoms of acute and chronic neurodegenerative disease. Also, the underlying mechanism behind these favored effects has been elucidated.
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Exosomes Released from Bone-Marrow Stem Cells Ameliorate Hippocampal Neuronal Injury Through transferring miR-455-3p. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2022; 31:106142. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2021.106142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
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Yang ZL, Rao J, Lin FB, Liang ZY, Xu XJ, Lin YK, Chen XY, Wang CH, Chen CM. The Role of Exosomes and Exosomal Noncoding RNAs From Different Cell Sources in Spinal Cord Injury. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:882306. [PMID: 35518647 PMCID: PMC9062236 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.882306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) not only affects the quality of life of patients but also poses a heavy burden on their families. Therefore, it is essential to prevent the occurrence of SCI; for unpreventable SCI, it is critical to develop effective treatments. In recent years, various major breakthroughs have been made in cell therapy to protect and regenerate the damaged spinal cord via various mechanisms such as immune regulation, paracrine signaling, extracellular matrix (ECM) modification, and lost cell replacement. Nevertheless, many recent studies have shown that the cell therapy has many disadvantages, such as tumorigenicity, low survival rate, and immune rejection. Because of these disadvantages, the clinical application of cell therapy is limited. In recent years, the role of exosomes in various diseases and their therapeutic potential have attracted much attention. The same is true for exosomal noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs), which do not encode proteins but affect transcriptional and translational processes by targeting specific mRNAs. This review focuses on the mechanism of action of exosomes obtained from different cell sources in the treatment of SCI and the regulatory role and therapeutic potential of exosomal ncRNAs. This review also discusses the future opportunities and challenges, proposing that exosomes and exosomal ncRNAs might be promising tools for the treatment of SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Chun-Hua Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Chun-Mei Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
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29
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Li S, Liao X, He Y, Chen R, Zheng WV, Tang M, Guo X, Chen J, Hu S, Sun J. Exosomes derived from NGF-overexpressing bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell sheet promote spinal cord injury repair in a mouse model. Neurochem Int 2022; 157:105339. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2022.105339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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30
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The role of autophagy in the metabolism and differentiation of stem cells. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2022; 1868:166412. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2022.166412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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31
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Zhang C, Deng R, Zhang G, He X, Chen H, Chen B, Wan L, Kang X. Therapeutic Effect of Exosomes Derived From Stem Cells in Spinal Cord Injury: A Systematic Review Based on Animal Studies. Front Neurol 2022; 13:847444. [PMID: 35356459 PMCID: PMC8959939 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.847444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
ObjectiveA systematic review of the role of stem cell-derived exosomes in repairing spinal cord injury (SCI) and the existing problems in animal experiments to provide a reference for better animal experiments and clinical studies in the future.MethodThree electronic databases, namely PubMed, Web of Science, and Ovid-Embase were searched. The studies were retrieved from inception to October 2021. Two researchers independently screened the literature, extracted data, and evaluated the methodological quality based on the inclusion criteria.Results and DiscussionThirty-two studies were incorporated into the final analyses. Exosomes derived from stem cells could not only significantly improve the motor function of animals with SCI, but also significantly increase the expression of anti-inflammatory factors IL-4 and IL-10 and anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2, while significantly lowering the pro-inflammatory factor IL-1β and TNF-α and the expression of the apoptotic protein BAX. However, the mechanism of exosome-mediated SCI repair, as well as the best source and dosage remain unknown. In addition, there are still some issues with the design, implementation, and reporting of animal experiments in the included studies. Therefore, future research should further standardize the implementation and reporting of animal studies and fully explore the best strategies for exosomes to repair SCI so as to promote the translation of preclinical research results to clinical research better and faster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cangyu Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Osteoarthritis of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China
| | - Rongrong Deng
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Guangzhi Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Osteoarthritis of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xuegang He
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Osteoarthritis of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China
| | - Haiwei Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Osteoarthritis of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China
| | - Bao Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Osteoarthritis of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China
| | - Lin Wan
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Osteoarthritis of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xuewen Kang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Osteoarthritis of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Xuewen Kang
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Zhang Y, Tu B, Sha Q, Qian J. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells-derived exosomes suppress miRNA-5189-3p to increase fibroblast-like synoviocyte apoptosis via the BATF2/JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway. Bioengineered 2022; 13:6767-6780. [PMID: 35246006 PMCID: PMC8973596 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2022.2045844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is characterized by inflammation of the sacroiliac joint and the attachment point of the spine. Herein, we aimed to investigate the effect of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs)-derived exosomes on apoptosis of fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLSs) and explored its molecular mechanism. Exosomes were isolated from BMSCs and verified by transmission electron microscope and nanoparticle tracking analysis. FLSs were isolated and co-incubated with BMSC exosomes. Cell apoptosis was assessed using terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling analysis and flow cytometry. The results showed that BMSC exosomes increased apoptosis of FLSs. MiR-5189-3p was downregulated, while basic leucine zipper transcription factor ATF-like 2 (BATF2) was upregulated in FLSs by treatment of BMSC exosomes. As a direct target of miR-5189-3p, BATF2 inactivates the JAK2/STAT3 pathway. MiR-5189-3p suppressed apoptosis of FLSs and BATF2 exerted an opposite effect. In conclusion, BMSCs-derived exosomes suppress miR-5189-3p to facilitate the apoptosis of FLSs via the BATF2/JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway, which facilitates the understanding of the therapeutic effect of BMSCs on AS and the underlying molecular mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqun Zhang
- Department of Spine Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Bizhi Tu
- Department of Spine Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Qi Sha
- Department of Spine Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Jun Qian
- Department of Spine Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
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All-Trans Retinoic Acid-Preconditioned Mesenchymal Stem Cells Improve Motor Function and Alleviate Tissue Damage After Spinal Cord Injury by Inhibition of HMGB1/NF-κB/NLRP3 Pathway Through Autophagy Activation. J Mol Neurosci 2022; 72:947-962. [PMID: 35147911 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-022-01977-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a significant public health issue that imposes numerous burdens on patients and society. Uncontrolled excessive inflammation in the second pathological phase of SCI can aggravate the injury. In this paper, we hypothesized that suppressing inflammatory pathways via autophagy could aid functional recovery, and prevent spinal cord tissue degeneration following SCI. To this end, we examined the effects of intrathecal injection of all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA)-preconditioned bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) (ATRA-MSCs) on autophagy activity and the HMGB1/NF-κB/NLRP3 inflammatory pathway in an SCI rat model. This study demonstrated that SCI increased the expression of Beclin-1 (an autophagy-related gene) and NLRP3 inflammasome components such as NLRP3, ASC, Caspase-1, and pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-18, IL-6, and TNF-α. Additionally, following SCI, the protein levels of key autophagy factors (Beclin-1 and LC3-II) and HMGB1/NF-κB/NLRP3 pathway factors (HMGB1, p-NF-κB, NLRP3, IL-1β, and TNF-α) increased. Our findings indicated that ATRA-MSCs enhanced Beclin-1 and LC3-II levels, regulated the HMGB1/NF-κB/NLRP3 pathway, and inhibited pro-inflammatory cytokines. These factors improved hind limb motor activity and aided in the survival of neurons. Furthermore, ATRA-MSCs demonstrated greater beneficial effects than MSCs in treating spinal cord injury. Overall, ATRA-MSC treatment revealed beneficial effects on the damaged spinal cord by suppressing excessive inflammation and activating autophagy. Further research and investigation of the pathways involved in SCI and the use of amplified stem cells may be beneficial for future clinical use.
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34
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Flack JA, Sharma KD, Xie JY. Delving into the recent advancements of spinal cord injury treatment: a review of recent progress. Neural Regen Res 2022; 17:283-291. [PMID: 34269189 PMCID: PMC8463999 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.317961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) research is a very complex field lending to why reviews of SCI literatures can be beneficial to current and future researchers. This review focuses on recent articles regarding potential modalities for the treatment and management of SCI. The modalities were broken down into four categories: neuroprotection-pharmacologic, neuroprotection-non-pharmacologic, neuroregeneration-pharmacologic, neuroregeneration-non-pharmacologic. Peer-reviewed articles were found using PubMed with search terms: "spinal cord injury", "spinal cord injury neuroregeneration", "olfactory ensheathing cells spinal cord injury", "rho-rock inhibitors spinal cord injury", "neural stem cell", "scaffold", "neural stem cell transplantation", "exosomes and SCI", "epidural stimulation SCI", "brain-computer interfaces and SCI". Most recent articles spanning two years were chosen for their relevance to the categories of SCI management and treatment. There has been a plethora of pre-clinical studies completed with their results being difficult to replicate in clinical studies. Therefore, scientists should focus on understanding and applying the results of previous research to develop more efficacious preclinical studies and clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A Flack
- Department of Basic Sciences, New York Institute of Technology College of Osteopathic Medicine at Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, AR, USA
| | - Krishna Deo Sharma
- Department of Biological Sciences and Arkansas Biosciences Institute, Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, AR, USA
| | - Jennifer Yanhua Xie
- Department of Basic Sciences, New York Institute of Technology College of Osteopathic Medicine at Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, AR, USA
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Sheng X, Zhao J, Li M, Xu Y, Zhou Y, Xu J, He R, Lu H, Wu T, Duan C, Cao Y, Hu J. Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes Accelerate Functional Recovery After Spinal Cord Injury by Promoting the Phagocytosis of Macrophages to Clean Myelin Debris. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:772205. [PMID: 34820385 PMCID: PMC8606563 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.772205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophage phagocytosis contributes predominantly to processing central nervous system (CNS) debris and further facilitates neurological function restoration after CNS injury. The aims of this study were to evaluate the effect of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSC)-derived exosomes (BMSC-Exos) on the phagocytic capability of macrophages to clear myelin debris and to investigate the underlying molecular mechanism during the spinal cord injury (SCI) process. This work reveals that monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) infiltrating into the SCI site could efficiently engulf myelin debris and process phagocytic material. However, the phagocytic ability of macrophages to clear tissue debris is compromised after SCI. The administration of BMSC-Exos as an approach for SCI treatment could rescue macrophage normal function by improving the phagocytic capability of myelin debris internalization, which is beneficial for SCI repair, as evidenced by better axon regrowth and increased hindlimb locomotor functional recovery in a rodent model. Examination of macrophage treatment with BMSC-Exos revealed that BMSC-Exos could promote the capacity of macrophages to phagocytose myelin debris in vitro and could create a regenerative microenvironment for axon regrowth. In addition, we confirmed that BMSC-Exo treatment resulted in improved phagocytosis of engulfed myelin debris by promoting the expression of macrophage receptor with collagenous structure (MARCO) in macrophages. The inhibition of MARCO with PolyG (a MARCO antagonist) impaired the effect of BMSC-Exos on the phagocytic capacity of macrophages and resulted in compromised myelin clearance at the lesion site, leading to further tissue damage and impaired functional healing after SCI. In conclusion, these data indicated that targeting the phagocytic ability of macrophages may have therapeutic potential for the improvement in functional healing after SCI. The administration of BMSC-Exos as a cell-free immune therapy strategy has wide application prospects for SCI treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Sheng
- Department of Spine Surgery and Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province, Changsha, China.,Hunan Engineering Research Center of Sports and Health, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jinyun Zhao
- Department of Spine Surgery and Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province, Changsha, China.,Hunan Engineering Research Center of Sports and Health, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Miao Li
- Department of Spine Surgery and Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province, Changsha, China.,Hunan Engineering Research Center of Sports and Health, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Department of Orthopedics, Hunan Children's Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Yan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province, Changsha, China.,Hunan Engineering Research Center of Sports and Health, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Department of Sports Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yi Zhou
- Department of Spine Surgery and Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province, Changsha, China.,Hunan Engineering Research Center of Sports and Health, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Department of Pain, Institute of Pain Medicine, Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jiaqi Xu
- Department of Spine Surgery and Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province, Changsha, China.,Hunan Engineering Research Center of Sports and Health, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Rundong He
- Department of Spine Surgery and Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province, Changsha, China.,Hunan Engineering Research Center of Sports and Health, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Hongbin Lu
- Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province, Changsha, China.,Hunan Engineering Research Center of Sports and Health, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Department of Sports Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Tianding Wu
- Department of Spine Surgery and Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province, Changsha, China.,Hunan Engineering Research Center of Sports and Health, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Chunyue Duan
- Department of Spine Surgery and Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province, Changsha, China.,Hunan Engineering Research Center of Sports and Health, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yong Cao
- Department of Spine Surgery and Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province, Changsha, China.,Hunan Engineering Research Center of Sports and Health, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jianzhong Hu
- Department of Spine Surgery and Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province, Changsha, China.,Hunan Engineering Research Center of Sports and Health, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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Potential of different cells-derived exosomal microRNA cargos for treating spinal cord injury. J Orthop Translat 2021; 31:33-40. [PMID: 34760623 PMCID: PMC8560648 DOI: 10.1016/j.jot.2021.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a disastrous situation that affects many patients worldwide. A profound understanding of the pathology and etiology of SCI is of great importance in inspiring new therapeutic concepts and treatment. In recent years, exosomes, which are complex lipid membrane structures secreted nearly by all kinds of plants and animal cells, can transport their valuable cargoes (e.g., proteins, lipids, RNAs) to the targeted cells and exert their communication and regulation functions, which open up a new field of treatment of SCI. Notably, the exosome's advantage is transporting the carried material to the target cells across the blood-brain barrier and exerting regulatory functions. Among the cargoes of exosomes, microRNAs, through the modulation of their mRNA targets, emerges with great potentiality in the pathological process, diagnosis and treatment of SCI. In this review, we discuss the role of miRNAs transported by different cell-derived exosomes in SCI that are poised to enhance SCI-specific therapeutic capabilities of exosomes.
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Huang W, Lin M, Yang C, Wang F, Zhang M, Gao J, Yu X. Rat Bone Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes Loaded with miR-494 Promoting Neurofilament Regeneration and Behavioral Function Recovery after Spinal Cord Injury. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:1634917. [PMID: 34635862 PMCID: PMC8501401 DOI: 10.1155/2021/1634917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes (Exo) exhibit numerous advantages (e.g., good encapsulation, high targeting efficiency, and easy to penetrate the blood-brain barrier to the central nervous system). Exosomes are recognized as prominent carriers of mRNAs, siRNAs, miRNAs, proteins, and other bioactive molecules. As confirmed by existing studies, miR-494 is important to regulate the occurrence, progression, and repair of spinal cord injury (SCI). We constructed miR-494-modified exosomes (Exo-miR-494). As indicated from related research in vitro and vivo, Exo-miR-494 is capable of effectively inhibiting the inflammatory response and neuronal apoptosis in the injured area, as well as upregulating various anti-inflammatory factors and miR-494 to protect neurons. Moreover, it can promote the regeneration of the neurofilament and improve the recovery of behavioral function of SCI rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Huang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian 116001, China
- Department of Orthopaedics, Dongguan Tungwah Hospital, Dongguan 523000, China
| | - Miaoman Lin
- Department of Orthopaedics, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian 116001, China
| | - Cunheng Yang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian 116001, China
| | - Fumin Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian 116001, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian 116001, China
| | - Junxiao Gao
- Department of Orthopaedics, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian 116001, China
| | - Xiaobing Yu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian 116001, China
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Jia Y, Yang J, Lu T, Pu X, Chen Q, Ji L, Luo C. Repair of spinal cord injury in rats via exosomes from bone mesenchymal stem cells requires sonic hedgehog. Regen Ther 2021; 18:309-315. [PMID: 34522723 PMCID: PMC8416644 DOI: 10.1016/j.reth.2021.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The loss of neural ability leading to subsequent diminishing of motor function and the impairment below the location of the injury is a result of the SCI (Spinal Cord Injury). Among the many therapeutic agents for SCI, the exosomes considered as extracellular vesicles seem to be the most promising. Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) is an exosome-carrying protein. This Study's purpose was to identify whether Shh is required for exosomes from BMSCs (mesenchymal stem cells of the bone) and plays a protective effect on SCI. Methods Spinal cord injection with shRNA Shh-adeno associated virus (sh-Shh-AAV) were used to silence Shh. Exosomes were extracted from BMSCs. Rats that had suffered SCI were given intravenous injections of exosomes through the veins of the tail. Immunohistochemistry was used to identify the expression of Shh glycoprotein molecule as well as the expression of Gli-1 (glioma-associated oncogene homolog 1) in the rat spinal cord tissues. Western blot was performed to measure the levels of growth associated protein-43 (GAP-43). The BBB (Basso Beattie Bresnahan) score was used to assess the motor functions of the hind legs. In the same manner, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling or TUNEL and Nissl Staining was deployed to assess the level of regeneration of neurons and assess the level of histopathological damage in the tissues of the Spinal Cord. Results In the case of the rats with SCI, the levels of display of Gli-1 and Shh showed dramatic improvement after the BMSCs exosome injections. In comparison to rats with SCI, the subjects of BMSCs exosomes group showed an improvement in their SCI, including a higher BBB score and Nissl body count, increasing GAP-43 expression, along with a much-decreased number of cells that suffered apoptosis. While the exosome effect on Spinal Cord Injury was completely ineffective in rats that had Shh silencing. Conclusions Exosomes secreted from BMSCs showed great effectiveness in the SCI healing with a vital involvement of Shh in this repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijia Jia
- Department of Spine Surgery, Guizhou Province Osteological Hospital, Guiyang, 550002, China
| | - Jianwen Yang
- Department of Spine Surgery, Guizhou Province Osteological Hospital, Guiyang, 550002, China
| | - Tingsheng Lu
- Department of Spine Surgery, Guizhou Province Osteological Hospital, Guiyang, 550002, China
| | - Xingwei Pu
- Department of Spine Surgery, Guizhou Province Osteological Hospital, Guiyang, 550002, China
| | - Qiling Chen
- Department of Spine Surgery, Guizhou Province Osteological Hospital, Guiyang, 550002, China
| | - Linsong Ji
- Department of Spine Surgery, Guizhou Province Osteological Hospital, Guiyang, 550002, China
| | - Chunshan Luo
- Department of Spine Surgery, Guizhou Province Osteological Hospital, Guiyang, 550002, China
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Mousa AH, Agha Mohammad S, Rezk HM, Muzaffar KH, Alshanberi AM, Ansari SA. Nanoparticles in traumatic spinal cord injury: therapy and diagnosis. F1000Res 2021. [DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.55472.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanotechnology has been previously employed for constructing drug delivery vehicles, biosensors, solar cells, lubricants and as antimicrobial agents. The advancement in synthesis procedure makes it possible to formulate nanoparticles (NPs) with precise control over physico-chemical and optical properties that are desired for specific clinical or biological applications. The surface modification technology has further added impetus to the specific applications of NPs by providing them with desirable characteristics. Hence, nanotechnology is of paramount importance in numerous biomedical and industrial applications due to their biocompatibility and stability even in harsh environments. Traumatic spinal cord injuries (TSCIs) are one of the major traumatic injuries that are commonly associated with severe consequences to the patient that may reach to the point of paralysis. Several processes occurring at a biochemical level which exacerbate the injury may be targeted using nanotechnology. This review discusses possible nanotechnology-based approaches for the diagnosis and therapy of TSCI, which have a bright future in clinical practice.
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Jia Y, Lu T, Chen Q, Pu X, Ji L, Yang J, Luo C. Exosomes secreted from sonic hedgehog-modified bone mesenchymal stem cells facilitate the repair of rat spinal cord injuries. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2021; 163:2297-2306. [PMID: 33821317 PMCID: PMC8270837 DOI: 10.1007/s00701-021-04829-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spinal cord injuries (SCIs) can cause a loss of neurons and associated sensory and motor functionality below the injured site. No approaches to treating SCIs in humans have been developed to date. Exosomes are extracellular vesicles that hold promise as a potential therapeutic modality when treating such injuries. The present study was thus designed to determine whether sonic hedgehog (Shh)-overexpressing bone mesenchymal stem cell (BMSC)-derived exosomes were protective in the context of SCIs. METHODS Exosomes were extracted from control or Shh lentivirus-transduced BMSCs, yielding respective BMSC-Exo and BMSC-Shh-Exo preparations which were intravenously injected into SCI model rats. Shh expression in spinal cord tissues in these animals was then assessed via immunohistochemical staining, while Basso-Beattie-Bresnahan (BBB) scores were utilized to measure high limb motor function. Neuronal damage and regeneration within the spinal cord were additionally evaluated via terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL), Nissl, hematoxylin and eosin, and immunofluorescent staining. RESULTS Both BMSC-Exo and BMSC-Shh-Exo preparations significantly increased Shh expression in the spinal cord of SCI model rats and improved BBB scores in these treated animals, while also increasing the frequencies of Nissl- and NeuN-positive neurons are reducing the numbers of apoptotic and GFAP-positive neurons. While both treatments yielded some degree of benefit to treated animals relative to untreated controls, BMSC-Shh-Exos were more beneficial than were control BMSC-Exos. CONCLUSIONS Shh-overexpressing BMSC-derived exosomes represent an effective treatment that can facilitate SCI repair in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijia Jia
- Department of Spine Surgery, Guizhou Province Osteological Hospital, 123 Shachong South Street, Nanming District, Guiyang, 550002, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Tingsheng Lu
- Department of Spine Surgery, Guizhou Province Osteological Hospital, 123 Shachong South Street, Nanming District, Guiyang, 550002, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Qiling Chen
- Department of Spine Surgery, Guizhou Province Osteological Hospital, 123 Shachong South Street, Nanming District, Guiyang, 550002, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Xingwei Pu
- Department of Spine Surgery, Guizhou Province Osteological Hospital, 123 Shachong South Street, Nanming District, Guiyang, 550002, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Linsong Ji
- Department of Spine Surgery, Guizhou Province Osteological Hospital, 123 Shachong South Street, Nanming District, Guiyang, 550002, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Jianwen Yang
- Department of Spine Surgery, Guizhou Province Osteological Hospital, 123 Shachong South Street, Nanming District, Guiyang, 550002, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Chunshan Luo
- Department of Spine Surgery, Guizhou Province Osteological Hospital, 123 Shachong South Street, Nanming District, Guiyang, 550002, Guizhou Province, China.
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Feng J, Zhang Y, Zhu Z, Gu C, Waqas A, Chen L. Emerging Exosomes and Exosomal MiRNAs in Spinal Cord Injury. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:703989. [PMID: 34307384 PMCID: PMC8299525 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.703989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute spinal cord injury (SCI) is a serious traumatic event to the spinal cord with considerable morbidity and mortality. This injury leads to short- and long-term variations in the spinal cord, and can have a serious effect on the patient's sensory, motor, or autonomic functions. Due to the complicated pathological process of SCI, there is currently no successful clinical treatment strategy. Exosomes, extracellular vesicles (EVs) with a double-layer membrane structure of 30-150 nm diameter, have recently been considered as critical mediators for communication between cells and tissues by transferring proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. Further studies verified that exosomes participate in the pathophysiological process of several diseases, including cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, and cardiovascular diseases, and could have a significant impact in their treatment. As natural carriers of biologically active cargos, exosomes have emerged as pathological mediators of SCI. In this review article, we critically discuss the functions of exosomes as intracellular mediators and potential treatments in SCI and provide an outlook on future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Feng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neuroscience Center, Cancer Center, Integrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yifan Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neuroscience Center, Cancer Center, Integrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhihan Zhu
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chenyang Gu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neuroscience Center, Cancer Center, Integrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ahmed Waqas
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lukui Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neuroscience Center, Cancer Center, Integrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Huang W, Qu M, Li L, Liu T, Lin M, Yu X. SiRNA in MSC-derived exosomes silences CTGF gene for locomotor recovery in spinal cord injury rats. Stem Cell Res Ther 2021; 12:334. [PMID: 34112262 PMCID: PMC8193895 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-021-02401-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND How to obtain a small interfering RNA (siRNA) vector has become a moot point in recent years. Exosomes (Exo) show advantages of long survival time in vivo, high transmission efficiency, and easy penetration across the blood-spinal cord barrier, renowned as excellent carriers of bioactive substances. METHODS We applied mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-derived exosomes as the delivery of synthesized siRNA, which were extracted from rat bone marrow. We constructed exosomes-siRNA (Exo-siRNA) that could specifically silence CTGF gene in the injury sites by electroporation. During the administration, we injected Exo-siRNA into the tail vein of SCI rats, RESULTS: In vivo and in vitro experiments showed that Exo-siRNA not only effectively inhibited the expressions of CTGF gene, but quenched inflammation, and thwarted neuronal apoptosis and reactive astrocytes and glial scar formation. Besides, it significantly upregulated several neurotrophic factors and anti-inflammatory factors, acting as a facilitator of locomotor recovery of rats with spinal cord injury (SCI). CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, this study has combined the thoroughness of gene therapy and the excellent drug-loading characteristics of Exo for the precise treatment of SCI, which will shed new light on the drug-loading field of Exo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Huang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, No. 6 Jiefang Street, Dalian, 116001, Liaoning Province, China
- Department of Orthopaedics, Dongguan Tungwah Hospital, No.1 Dongcheng East Road, Dongcheng District, Dongguan, 523000, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Mingjia Qu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, No. 6 Jiefang Street, Dalian, 116001, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Lu Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, No. 6 Jiefang Street, Dalian, 116001, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Tao Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, No. 6 Jiefang Street, Dalian, 116001, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Miaoman Lin
- Department of Orthopaedics, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, No. 6 Jiefang Street, Dalian, 116001, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Xiaobing Yu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, No. 6 Jiefang Street, Dalian, 116001, Liaoning Province, China.
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Khalatbary AR. Stem cell-derived exosomes as a cell free therapy against spinal cord injury. Tissue Cell 2021; 71:101559. [PMID: 34052745 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2021.101559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Revised: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests that stem cell therapy has beneficial effects on spinal cord injury. It was subsequently established that these beneficial effects may be mediated through release of paracrine factors, a kind of extracellular vesicle known as exosomes. Stem cell-secreted nano-sized exosomes have shown great potential to reduce apoptosis and inflammation, enhance angiogenesis, and improve functional behavioral recovery following spinal cord injury. This review summarizes current knowledge about the influence of exosomes derived from stem cells on spinal cord protection and regeneration with their molecular mechanisms after injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Reza Khalatbary
- Molecular and Cell Biology Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
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Liu WZ, Ma ZJ, Li JR, Kang XW. Mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes: therapeutic opportunities and challenges for spinal cord injury. Stem Cell Res Ther 2021; 12:102. [PMID: 33536064 PMCID: PMC7860030 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-021-02153-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) often leads to serious motor and sensory dysfunction of the limbs below the injured segment. SCI not only results in physical and psychological harm to patients but can also cause a huge economic burden on their families and society. As there is no effective treatment method, the prevention, treatment, and rehabilitation of patients with SCI have become urgent problems to be solved. In recent years, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have attracted more attention in the treatment of SCI. Although MSC therapy can reduce injured volume and promote axonal regeneration, its application is limited by tumorigenicity, a low survival rate, and immune rejection. Accumulating literature shows that exosomes have great potential in the treatment of SCI. In this review, we summarize the existing MSC-derived exosome studies on SCI and discuss the advantages and challenges of treating SCI based on exosomes derived from MSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Zhao Liu
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730030, Gansu, China
- Department of Orthopedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, No.82 Cuiyingmen Street, Lanzhou, 730030, Gansu, China
| | - Zhan-Jun Ma
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730030, Gansu, China
- Department of Orthopedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, No.82 Cuiyingmen Street, Lanzhou, 730030, Gansu, China
| | - Jie-Ru Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, China
| | - Xue-Wen Kang
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730030, Gansu, China.
- Department of Orthopedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, No.82 Cuiyingmen Street, Lanzhou, 730030, Gansu, China.
- The International Cooperation Base of Gansu Province for the Pain Research in Spinal Disorders, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, China.
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Xing H, Tan J, Miao Y, Lv Y, Zhang Q. Crosstalk between exosomes and autophagy: A review of molecular mechanisms and therapies. J Cell Mol Med 2021; 25:2297-2308. [PMID: 33506641 PMCID: PMC7933923 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.16276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Revised: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are extracellular vesicles that primarily exist in bodily fluids such as blood. Autophagy is an intracellular degradation process, which, along with exosomes, can significantly influence human health and has therefore attracted considerable attention in recent years. Exosomes have been shown to regulate the intracellular autophagic process, which, in turn, affects the circulating exosomes. However, crosstalk between exosomal and autophagic pathways is highly complex, depends primarily on the environment, and varies greatly in different diseases. In addition, studies have demonstrated that exosomes, from specific cell, can mitigate several diseases by regulating autophagy, which can also affect the excessive release of some harmful exosomes. This phenomenon lays a theoretical foundation for the improvement of many diseases. Herein, we review the mechanisms and clinical significance of the association and regulation of exosomes and autophagy, in order to provide a new perspective for the prevention and treatment of associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huifang Xing
- Department of Geriatrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin Geriatrics Institute, Tianjin, China
| | - Jin Tan
- Department of Geriatrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin Geriatrics Institute, Tianjin, China
| | | | - Yingmei Lv
- Department of Geriatrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin Geriatrics Institute, Tianjin, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Department of Geriatrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin Geriatrics Institute, Tianjin, China
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Ren Z, Qi Y, Sun S, Tao Y, Shi R. Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes: Hope for Spinal Cord Injury Repair. Stem Cells Dev 2020; 29:1467-1478. [PMID: 33045910 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2020.0133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating medical condition with profound social and economic impacts. Although research is ongoing, current treatment options are limited and do little to restore functionality. However, recent studies suggest that mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes (MSC-exosomes) may hold the key to exciting new treatment options for SCI patients. MSCs are self-renewing multipotent stem cells with multi-directional differentiation and can secrete a large number of exosomes (vesicles secreted into the extracellular environment through endocytosis, called MSC-exosomes). These MSC-exosomes play a critical role in repairing SCI through promoting angiogenesis and axonal growth, regulating inflammation and the immune response, inhibiting apoptosis, and maintaining the integrity of the blood-spinal cord barrier. Furthermore, they can be utilized to transport genetic material or drugs to target cells, and their relatively small size makes them able to permeate the blood-brain barrier. In this review, we summarize recent advances in MSC-exosome themed SCI treatments and cell-free therapies to better understand this newly emerging methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihua Ren
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan, China
| | - Yao Qi
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan, China
| | - Siyuan Sun
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA.,Department of Orthopedics, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanyuan Tao
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan, China
| | - Riyi Shi
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
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