Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Curcumin in the Inflammatory Diseases: Status, Limitations and Countermeasures

Drug-Loaded Hybrid Tissue Engineered Heart Valve with Antithrombosis and Immunomodulation Performance

High thrombogenicity and shortened lifespan have limited the application of mechanical valves and bioprosthetic valves, respectively. Tissue engineering heart valve (TEHV) holds significant potential as a favorable prosthetic valve to overcome the limitations of the current prosthetic valves, featuring the capabilities of self-pairing and adaptive remodeling. However, TEHVs, mainly fabricated from decellularized xenogeneic heart valves (DHV), still have challenges such as thrombosis, inferior endothelialization, and immune responses. Herein, a drug-loaded glycoprotein-like network hybrid TEHV (OHSC-V) was engineered through the one-pot hybridization of DHV, oxidized HA (OHA), phenylboronic acid grafted silk fibroin (SF-PBA), and curcumin (Cur), where OHA served as a biocompatible backbone to cross-link the DHV and the conjugate of SF-PBA and Cur. With the introduction of the multifunctional drug-loaded glycoprotein-like network, OHSC-V not only effectively inhibited the adsorption of plasma proteins, blood cells, platelets, and thrombosis but also facilitated the endothelialization of TEHV. Furthermore, the OHSC-V eliminated the reactive oxygen species and responsively released Cur to modulate the immune responses. Moreover, the calcification degree of hybrid TEHVs was markedly lower than that of glutaraldehyde cross-linked DHV after 90 days of implantation. Overall, OHSC-V demonstrated enhanced performance of antithrombosis, endothelialization, immunomodulation, and anticalcification, showcasing the further potential for application exploration.

Investigation into Alzheimer's-related amyloid-β conformational transformations and stability influenced by green iron oxide nanoparticles (GIONP)

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is popularly believed to be triggered by the aggregation of amyloid beta 1-42 (Aβ - 42) peptides, eventually leading to neurodegeneration. Our study delves into the influential role played by Green Iron Oxide Nanoparticles (GIONP). GIONP are typically synthesized using a green chemistry approach, imposing curcumin as a biocompatible reducing and capping agent, leveraging its inherent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective attributes. Herein, our research particularly aims to decipher whether GIONP modulates the secondary structure of Aβ1-42 peptides with a close consideration to the surrounding physiological factors, as well as the membrane bilayer probable conformation changes. Raman spectroscopy was employed to investigate the interaction between GIONP and Aβ1-42 aggregates, demonstrating significant alterations in secondary structure dynamics of Aβ1-42 polypeptide. Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy shed light on the chemical interactions between GIONP and curcumin, a capping agent. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis was performed to determine the crystalline structure and phase purity of the synthesized GIONP, providing insights into their stability and structural integrity. GIONP particle size distribution investigations and membrane architectures surrounding GIONP were carried out for their impact on membrane integrity and stability. The morphology of GIONP, membrane mimetic liposomal structures formation, and integrity were studied using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), accompanied with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), which displayed the elements distribution within each of the structures. The study uncovered that GIONP stabilizes the secondary structure of Aβ1-42, potentially offering modulation to the aggregation process. Furthermore, GIONP proved to have no negative impact on membrane integrity, implying that they could be safely employed as a therapeutic option for the modulation of peptide aggregation's pathological pathway of Alzheimer's disease. This study may contribute to broadening our understanding of nanoparticle-mediated therapies in modulating neurodegenerative disorders, highlighting their dual involvement in amyloid aggregation regulation and membrane structure maintenance.

The mechanism of curcumin protecting against IL-1β-induced oxidative stress and inflammation in chondrocytes via the Bmp2/Smad5/Runx2 pathway

A core role of chondrocyte survival/death has been suggested in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis. We explored the underlying molecular mechanism of curcumin protecting against interleukin-1β (IL-1β)-induced chondrocyte injury via the bone morphogenetic protein 2 (Bmp2)/small mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 5 (Smad5)/runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2) pathway. Chondrocytes ATDC5 in vitro inflammatory model was established by IL-1β induction, and treated with curcumin, or Smad5 small interfering RNA. Levels of extracellular matrix (ECM) type II collagen (Col-II) and aggrecan, reactive oxygen species (ROS), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and IL-6 were determined by immunocytochemistry, kits and ELISA. Apoptosis and necrosis were assessed by Annexin V/PI and TUNEL. Matrix metalloproteinase 13 (MMP13), A disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin 5 (ADAMTS5), Bmp2/Smad5/Runx2 expression and Smad5 phosphorylation levels were determined by qPCR and western blot. IL-1β-treated ATDC5 cells showed decreased Col-II, aggrecan in ECM and SOD and GSH-Px levels, as well as increased apoptosis and levels of MMP13, ADAMTS5, Bmp2, Runx2, ROS, COX-2, TNF-α and IL-6 and Smad5 phosphorylation (all p < 0.05), whilst curcumin treatment brought about the opposite trends, suggesting that curcumin inhibited oxidative stress, inflammatory response and apoptosis, and inactivated the Bmp2/Smad5/Runx2 pathway in IL-1β-treated chondrocytes. Additionally, Smad5 silencing also caused suppressed oxidative stress, inflammatory response and apoptosis in IL-1β-treated chondrocytes. Curcumin reduced IL-1β-induced chondrocyte oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis, and increased ECM secretion by inactivating the Bmp2/Smad5/Runx2 pathway, thereby exerting a protective effect on injured chondrocytes.

Variability of Lactic Acid Bacteria in Curcumin Metabolism and Its Biological Implications

The interaction between lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and curcumin can influence curcumin bioactivity; however, the strain-specific metabolic transformations of curcumin by LAB remain unclear. In our study, two LAB exhibiting distinct metabolic activities on curcumin were selected: Lactobacillus gasseri ATCC 33323 (LM) could metabolize curcumin, while Limosilactobacillus reuteri ATCC 23272 (LUM) could not. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis showed that LUM preserved curcumin's native form, whereas LM metabolized it completely. Time-course studies indicated that LM metabolized curcumin via hydrogenation and demethylation, producing over 70% tetrahydrocurcumin. Additionally, LUM fermentation exhibited superior anti-inflammatory effects than LM in LPS-induced RAW264.7 macrophages. Conversely, LM broth demonstrated higher antioxidant activity than LUM. These findings indicate that different LAB strains interact with curcumin in ways that significantly alter its bioactivities. This research enhances our understanding of the biological effects of curcumin under the influence of LAB strains.

Screening and preparation of curcumin nano-formulations combined with dissolving microneedles on the application in the effective treatment of psoriasis

Psoriasis, a prevalent immunoinflammatory skin condition, is characterized by abnormal skin thickening, which complicates traditional topical drug delivery and hinders drug penetration. Our goal is to enhance the efficacy of psoriasis treatment by developing a transdermal drug formulation. Microneedles (MNs) can improve treatment outcomes by increasing the absorption of topical medications through skin penetration. Curcumin (Cur), a natural anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory small molecule with water-insoluble properties, shows promise for psoriasis relief. In this research, three Cur nano-formulations (NFs) were screened and prepared using antisolvent and ethanol injection methods, with one being dispersed into hyaluronic acid (HA) dissolving MNs. A transdermal nano-MNs delivery system was constructed using a double-layer centrifugation technique. This co-delivery system overcame Cur's solubility issues, poor absorption, and instability, allowing targeted and efficient delivery of Cur-NFs to the skin without being hindered by the skin barrier. In vitro studies demonstrated that Cur-NF dissolving MNs possess adequate mechanical properties for skin implantation, exhibit rapid dissolution, and achieve an effective drug release rate of 73 % within 6 h. Pharmacodynamic evaluations demonstrated that the MNs system effectively ameliorated key psoriatic skin manifestations. Notably, MNs treatment significantly reduced the Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI) score from 12.0 ± 0.0 (model group) to 4.7 ± 0.5 (p < 0.05), alongside a marked suppression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including TNF-α, IL-17, IL-22, and IL-23, compared to untreated psoriatic controls. Therefore, the composite dissolving MNs delivery system loaded with Cur-NFs represents a promising approach for psoriasis treatment.

Application of curcuminoids in inflammatory, neurodegenerative and aging conditions - Pharmacological potential and bioengineering approaches to improve efficiency

Curcumin, a natural compound found in turmeric, has shown promise in treating brain-related diseases and conditions associated with aging. Curcumin has shown multiple anti-inflammatory and brain-protective effects, but its clinical use is limited by challenges like poor absorption, specificity and delivery to the right tissues. A range of contemporary approaches at the intersection with bioengineering and systems biology are being explored to address these challenges. Data from preclinical and human studies highlight various neuroprotective actions of curcumin, including the inhibition of neuroinflammation, modulation of critical cellular signaling pathways, promotion of neurogenesis, and regulation of dopamine levels. However, curcumin's multifaceted effects - such as its impact on microRNAs and senescence markers - suggest novel therapeutic targets in neurodegeneration. Tetrahydrocurcumin, a primary metabolite of curcumin, also shows potential due to its presence in circulation and its anti-inflammatory properties, although further research is needed to elucidate its neuroprotective mechanisms. Recent advancements in delivery systems, particularly brain-targeting nanocarriers like polymersomes, micelles, and liposomes, have shown promise in enhancing curcumin's bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy in animal models. Furthermore, the exploration of drug-laden scaffolds and dermal delivery may extend the pharmacological applications of curcumin. Studies reviewed here indicate that engineered dermal formulations and devices could serve as viable alternatives for neuroprotective treatments and to manage skin or musculoskeletal inflammation. This work highlights the need for carefully designed, long-term studies to better understand how curcumin and its bioactive metabolites work, their safety, and their effectiveness.

Discovery of c-Kit as a New Therapeutic Target in LPS-Induced Acute Lung Injury through Novel Phenylamide Derivative D9

Discovering effective anti-inflammatory drugs and targets is a critical research priority. Herein, 28 novel phenylamide derivatives were designed and synthesized. Compound D9 showed favorable anti-inflammatory activities in acute lung injury (ALI) and sepsis mouse models. The target of D9 was predicted and studied, and c-Kit was identified by surface plasmon resonance (SPR) and cellular thermal shift assay (CETSA), which demonstrated high selectivity in kinase activity profiling. It was further verified that c-Kit participated in the LPS-induced inflammatory response in J774A.1, RAW264.7, MPMs, and lung tissue. Additionally, c-Kit is proved to be essential for LPS-induced activation of the NF-κB pathway. Finally, c-Kit was confirmed as a therapeutic target in the LPS-induced ALI with c-Kit gene knockdown and was further verified as the target of D9. Notably, there has been no report of c-Kit's influence on the LPS-induced inflammatory response. Therefore, c-Kit was identified as a new therapeutic target for the LPS-induced ALI.

Impact of Peripheral Inflammation on Blood-Brain Barrier Dysfunction and Its Role in Neurodegenerative Diseases

The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is essential for maintaining brain homeostasis by regulating molecular exchange between the systemic circulation and the central nervous system. However, its dysfunction, often driven by peripheral inflammatory processes, has been increasingly linked to the development and progression of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. Emerging evidence suggests that the gut-brain axis plays a key role in BBB integrity, with intestinal dysbiosis and chronic inflammation contributing to barrier disruption through immune and metabolic pathways. Furthermore, the selective vulnerability of specific brain regions to BBB dysfunction appears to be influenced by regional differences in vascularization, metabolic activity, and permeability, making certain areas more susceptible to neurodegenerative processes. This review explored the molecular mechanisms linking peripheral inflammation, gut microbiota, and BBB dysfunction, emphasizing their role in neurodegeneration. A comprehensive literature review was conducted using Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, Wiley, ScienceDirect, and Medline, covering publications from 2015 to 2025. The findings highlight a complex interplay between gut microbiota-derived metabolites, immune signaling, and BBB permeability, underscoring the need for targeted interventions such as microbiome modulation, anti-inflammatory therapies, and advanced drug delivery systems. The heterogeneity of the BBB across different brain regions necessitates the development of region-specific therapeutic strategies. Despite advancements, critical knowledge gaps persist regarding the precise mechanisms underlying BBB dysfunction. Future research should leverage cutting-edge methodologies such as single-cell transcriptomics and organ-on-chip models to translate preclinical findings into effective clinical applications. Addressing these challenges will be crucial for developing personalized therapeutic approaches to mitigate the impact of BBB dysfunction in neurodegenerative diseases.

Effect of four traditional Chinese medicine monomers on mechanical barrier damage and inflammation response of IPEC-J2 cells caused by soybean 7S globulin

Introduction

The soybean 7S globulin is a major allergen responsible for diarrhea in weaned piglets, leading to significant economic loss in the pig breeding industry. Therefore, there is an urgent need to find effective and safe therapeutic agents to prevent and treat diarrhea caused by soybean 7S globulin. Given the global trend toward "antibiotic alternatives," traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) offer a promising approach for the prevention and control of animal diseases.

Methods

In this study, four TCM monomers (curcumin, eleutheroside E, saponin B4, and forsythia A) were evaluated for their protective and therapeutic effects on intestinal epithelial cells (IPEC-J2) damaged by soybean 7S globulin. The CCK8 assay, western blot assay, Elisa assay, and PCR assay were used in this study.

Results

The results demonstrated that curcumin at concentrations of 0.02, 0.04, and 0.08 μg/mL, eleutheroside E at 25, and 50 μg/mL, saponin B4 at 12.5, 25, and 50 μg/mL, and forsythia A at 20, and 40 μg/mL had significant ameliorative effects on cell viability, permeability, and integrity. Furthermore, the TCM monomers alleviated the inflammatory response, reduced the disruption of tight junctions, and improved the cellular mechanical barrier. These protective effects were likely mediated through the inhibition of the Rho/ROCK signaling pathway, characterized by down regulation of RhoA, ROCK1, ROCK2, and MLKC expression.

Discussion

These findings suggest that the four TCM monomers have the potential to treat diarrhea of weaned piglets caused by soybean protein.

Research advances in polyphenols from Chinese herbal medicine for the prevention and treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a review

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a global health problem due to its high death and morbidity worldwide, which is characterized by an incompletely reversible limitation in airflow that is not fully reversible. Unfortunately, Western medical treatments are unable to reverse the progressive decline in lung function. Importantly, polyphenolic compounds isolated from Chinese herbal medicine exhibited therapeutic/interventional effects on COPD in preclinical studies. This review systematically analyzed the pathogenesis of COPD, such as inflammation, oxidative stress, protease/antiprotease imbalance, aging, cell death, and dysbiosis of gut microbiota. Moreover, this review summarized the regulatory mechanisms of natural polyphenolic compounds for the treatment of COPD. Several studies have demonstrated that natural polyphenolic compounds have therapeutic effects on COPD by regulating various biological processes, such as anti-inflammatory, reduction of oxidative damage, anti-cell death, and inhibition of airway hyperglycemia. Mechanistically, this review found that the promising effects of natural polyphenolic compounds on COPD were mainly achieved through modulating the NF-κB and MAPK inflammatory pathways, the Nrf2 oxidative stress pathway, and the SIRT1/PGC-1α lung injury pathway. Furthermore, this review analyzed the efficacy and safety of natural polyphenolic compounds for the treatment of COPD in clinical trials, and discussed their challenges and future development directions. In conclusion, this review combined the latest literature to illustrate the various pathogenesis and interrelationships of COPD in the form of graphs, texts, and tables, and sorted out the functional role and mechanisms of natural polyphenols in treating COPD, with a view to providing new ideas and plans for the in-depth research on COPD and the systemic treatment of COPD with Chinese herbal medicine.

Therapeutic effect of pH responsive Magainin II modified azithromycin plus curcumin micelles in different depth models of MRSA infection

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a major pathogen responsible for serious infections in humans. The overuse of antibiotics has led to the evolution of resistance genes in bacteria. This study aimed to develop a pH-responsive micelle, loaded with therapy drugs and modified with antimicrobial peptides, to treat drug-resistant bacterial infections at varying depths. pH-responsive micelles containing azithromycin and curcumin, modified with Magainin II, were prepared using the thin-film dispersion method. The physicochemical properties of the micelles were characterized, and their targeting properties and therapeutic effects on bacterial infections were investigated both in vivo and in vitro across various depths. The micelles demonstrated excellent targeting of bacterial infection sites and released drugs in response to degradation at the disease site. The combination of curcumin and azithromycin effectively mitigated bacterial resistance through multiple mechanisms, enhancing the antibacterial effect while reducing the required azithromycin dosage and associated toxicity. In infection models of varying depths-skin, muscle, and lungs-the micelles exhibited strong antibacterial, anti-biofilm, and anti-inflammatory effects with low toxicity. These findings provide a promising strategy for addressing drug-resistant bacterial infections.

The prospect and underlying mechanisms of Chinese medicine in treating periodontitis

Inflammation represents a critical immune response triggered by cellular activities and inflammatory mediators following tissue damage. It plays a central role in the pathological progression of diverse diseases, including psychiatric disorders, cancer, and immunological conditions, rendering it an essential target for therapeutic intervention. Periodontitis, a prevalent oral inflammatory disease, is a leading cause of tooth loss and poses significant health challenges globally. Traditionally, inflammatory diseases such as periodontitis have been treated with systemic administration of synthetic chemicals. However, recent years have witnessed challenges, including drug resistance and microbial dysbiosis associated with these treatments. In contrast, natural products derived from Chinese medicine offer numerous benefits, such as high safety profiles, minimal side effects, innovative pharmacological mechanisms, ease of extraction, and multiple targets, rendering them viable alternatives to conventional antibiotics for treating inflammatory conditions. Numerous effective anti-inflammatory natural products have been identified in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), including alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, lignans, and other natural products that exhibit inhibitory effects on inflammation and are potential therapeutic agents. Several studies have confirmed the substantial anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties of these compounds. This comprehensive review examines the literature on the anti-inflammatory effects of TCM-derived natural products from databases such as PubMed, Web of Science, and CNKI, focusing on terms like "inflammation", "periodontitis", "pharmacology", and "traditional Chinese medicine". The analysis systematically summarizes the molecular pharmacology, chemical composition, and biological activities of these compounds in inflammatory responses, alongside their mechanisms of action. This research seeks to deepen understanding of the mechanisms and biological activities of herbal extracts in managing inflammatory diseases, potentially leading to the development of promising new anti-inflammatory drug candidates. Future applications could extend to the treatment of various inflammatory conditions, including periodontitis.

Curcumin, a bioactive compound of Turmeric (Curcuma longa) and its derivatives as α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitors

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a long-term metabolic disease characterised by a controlled metabolism of fat, carbohydrates, and proteins. In recent decades, it has grown into a significant global public health issue. According to the International Diabetes Federation, there were 425 million DM globally in 2017, and the number might be increased to 629 million by 2045 (a global 48% increase). Approximately 4.2 million deaths globally attributed to DM occur before the age of 60. The existing class of anti-diabetic medications is limited by side effects, which has led to the hunt for novel inhibitors that specifically target the α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes. Curcumin is a small-molecular-weight compound found in the roots of the Curcuma longa L (C. longa). plant, which has been used for culinary, medicinal, and other purposes throughout Asia for thousands of years. Curcumin has potent anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, anti-angiogenic, antispasmodic, antibacterial, and anti-parasitic qualities. Even though the potential of curcumin to cure DM has been well investigated, its low solubility, rapid metabolism, and short plasma half-life have limited its application in DM. Therefore, the objectives of this review were to review the chemical composition of C. longa, the structure of curcumin, the degradation of curcumin, and the effects of curcumin derivatives on anti-diabetic properties against α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes. The results showed that C. longa contains carbohydrates, moisture, protein, fat, minerals, volatiles, fibre, and curcuminoids. Among the curcuminoids, curcumin is 60-70% present in C. longa. Moreover, curcumin and its derivatives have a lot of potential for treating DM, which was highlighted in this review. This review emphasises the several biological applications of curcumin, which collectively establish the foundation for its anti-diabetic characteristics. Considering these results, curcumin derivatives may be considered as potential agents in the pharmacotherapeutic management of patients with DM.

Effects of nanocurcumin supplementation on metabolic syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

BACKGROUND

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) encompasses metabolic risk factors like elevated blood glucose, abnormal lipid levels, and hypertension. Nanocurcumin, a nanoscale formulation of curcumin, may offer therapeutic benefits for MetS management. This systematic review and meta-analysis evaluates the impact of nanocurcumin supplementation on key MetS parameters.

METHODS

A systematic literature search identified 20 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) with 1394 participants. Data were pooled using a random-effects model, and standardized mean differences (SMDs) were calculated for key outcomes.

RESULTS

Nanocurcumin supplementation significantly improved waist circumference (WC) (standardized mean difference (SMD): -0.30 cm), fasting blood sugar (FBS) (SMD: -0.34 mg/dL), HbA1c (SMD: -0.33 %), and quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (QUICKI) score (SMD: 0.73). Lipid profile parameters, including total cholesterol (SMD: -0.18 mg/dL), LDL-C (SMD: -0.16 mg/dL), and HDL-C (SMD: 0.32 mg/dL), also reduced significantly. Improvement in diastolic blood pressure (DBP) (SMD: -0.32 mmHg), total antioxidant capacity (TAC) (SMD: 0.44 mmol/L), malondialdehyde (MDA) (SMD: -0.37 mmol/L), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) (SMD: -2.30 ng/L), interleukin-6 (IL-6) (SMD: -1.07 ng/L), and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) (SMD: -0.34 mg/L) were observed.

CONCLUSION

Nanocurcumin supplementation significantly improves multiple MetS-related parameters, including anthropometric measures, glycemic control, lipid profile, blood pressure, oxidative stress markers, and inflammatory biomarkers. These findings highlight nanocurcumin's potential as an effective adjunctive therapy for managing MetS. However, the variability in study participant ages, treatment durations, and sample sizes suggests the need for further well-designed RCTs to establish optimal usage guidelines.

New low-dose curcumin derivative with therapeutic potential in Alzheimer's disease: Results from an in vitro and in vivo study in mice

Curcumin has been proposed as a potential treatment for Alzheimer's disease (AD) due to its ability to inhibit amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide aggregates and to destabilise pre-formed ones. Derivative 27 was synthesized to improve low-dose efficacy in the context of AD. Its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and anti-amyloidogenic activities were evaluated in chemico, in vitro using AD and neuroinflammation cell models, and in vivo using the double-transgenic APP/PS1 mice. In vitro, this curcumin derivative significantly reduced nitric oxide (NO) production and levels of pro-inflammatory proteins, inducible NO synthase, pro-interleukin-1β (Pro-IL-1β) and cyclooxygenase-2. Furthermore, Derivative 27 activated nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 transcription factor (Nrf2) and significantly increased Nrf2 and heme-oxygenase-1 protein levels in the nucleus and in the cytoplasm, respectively. In one-year-old APP/PS1 mice, orally administered-Derivative 27 (50 mg/Kg/day) for 28 days improved spatial short-term memory and significantly decreased hippocampal Pro-IL-1β and amyloid precursor protein levels, as well as Aβ levels in the hippocampus and plasma. This study supports developing new chemical approaches to alter curcumin molecule, enabling lower doses, while increasing the effectiveness in AD treatment.

Structural modification of lipid membranes by polyphenols: A fluorescence spectroscopy study

The present study investigates the molecular mechanisms of polyphenol-lipid interactions and their impact on membrane properties. Using pyrene and DPH as reporter molecules, we examined the impact of quercetin, curcumin, gallic, and salicylic acids on membranes composed of phosphatidylcholine (PC) and its mixtures with phosphatidylglycerol (PG), cardiolipin (CL), and cholesterol (Chol). Quercetin was found to increase the lipid order without affecting the lipid bilayer free volume, indicating interactions near the membrane surface. In turn, curcumin exhibited more complex effects, reducing free volume in PC but increasing it in PG vesicles, reflecting its amphiphilic structure and variable penetration depth. Gallic and salicylic acids selectively increased free volume at the membrane core without influencing lipid order at the upper regions of lipid bilayer. The results obtained demonstrate that polyphenol structure and lipid composition dictate the resultant pattern of polyphenol-membranes interactions, which may have implications for drug delivery and nutraceutical design.

Curcumin pretreatment prevents butyrate-induced cell death and release of damage-associated molecular patterns on gingival epithelial Ca9-22 cells

OBJECTIVES

Exposure of gingival epithelial cells to butyrate, a short-chain fatty acid produced by dental plaque bacteria, cause cell death and subsequent damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP) release. We investigated the effects of curcumin, a polyphenol extracted from turmeric, on butyrate-induced human gingival epithelial Ca9-22 cell death and DAMP release.

METHODS

Ca9-22 cells were pretreated with curcumin before butyrate exposure. Cell death was quantified using SYTOX green dye, and histone H3 acetylation was analyzed by Western blot. Conditioned media were collected to detect DAMPs by Western blot. We also assessed the effects of the histone acetyltransferase (HAT) inhibitor C646, instead of curcumin, on butyrate-induced cell death, DAMP release, and histone H3 acetylation, and examined the effects of curcumin pretreatment on cell death, DAMP release, and histone H3 acetylation induced by the histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors, valproate and suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA).

RESULTS

Curcumin pretreatment attenuated butyrate-induced Ca9-22 cell death, histone H3 acetylation, and release of the DAMPs. The C646 also attenuated butyrate-induced cell death, DAMP release, and histone H3 acetylation. Curcumin also suppressed cell death, DAMP release, and histone H3 acetylation triggered by the HDAC inhibitors (valproate and SAHA).

CONCLUSIONS

Curcumin pretreatment ameliorated butyrate-induced histone H3 acetylation, cell death, and DAMP release. As elevated histone acetylation by HDAC inhibitors correlates with increased cell death, while reduced acetylation by a HAT inhibitor is associated with their attenuation, protective effects of curcumin against butyrate-induced Ca9-22 cell death and subsequent DAMP release may occur via suppression of histone acetylation.

Efficacy of Phlai (Zingiber montanum) Spray Cool Formula in Managing Upper Trapezius Myofascial Pain Syndrome: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Phlai (Zingiber montanum) has long been valued for its anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties in traditional medicine. This study aimed to develop and assess the physical stability, chemical composition, and clinical efficacy of a novel Phlai spray cool formula (PSCF) compared to a diclofenac spray (DS) in patients with chronic myofascial pain syndrome. The chemical analysis revealed curcumin (28.73 ± 5.73 mg/100 g), β-sitosterol (50.92 ± 1.27 mg/100 g), and lauric acid (38.86 ± 1.72 g/100 g) as key active compounds. PSCF demonstrated stable physicochemical properties, including pH and peroxide value across storage conditions. In a randomized controlled trial involving 66 participants, PSCF and DS groups exhibited comparable reductions in pain intensity, as measured by the Visual Analog Scale (VAS), from baseline to week 2. Both groups also showed significant improvements in neck disability index (NDI), pressure pain threshold (PPT), and cervical range of motion (CROM). By week 2, the increase in CROM for flexion and extension reached 23.54 ± 4.09° and 19.43 ± 3.20°, respectively, with no significant intergroup differences. The SF-36 health survey indicated notable improvements in overall health status and quality of life, particularly in physical and emotional domains. The analgesic effects of PSCF are attributed to the combined action of menthol, β-sitosterol, and curcumin. The study demonstrated that PSCF offers a therapeutic effect comparable to diclofenac spray without adverse reactions, highlighting its potential as an alternative topical analgesic for chronic myofascial pain management.

Phytotherapeutic Analysis of Chloroform-Based Fractions of Alstonia scholaris and Wrightia tinctoria Extracts Reveals Potent Anti-Psoriatic Activity: An In Vitro and In Vivo Study

Background/Objectives: Psoriasis, a prevalent dermatological disorder, poses therapeutic challenges due to limited effective treatments or adverse side-effects. Traditional medicinal plants like Alstonia scholaris and Wrightia tinctoria, historically used in Ayurvedic and Siddha practices, show potential in treating inflammatory skin diseases. This study aims to explore their in vitro and in vivo anti-psoriatic properties to develop safer and more effective therapies. Methods: Chloroform:methanol fractions from ethanol extracts of Alstonia scholaris and Wrightia tinctoria were evaluated for anti-psoriatic activity. In vitro assays using HaCaT cells assessed cell viability, apoptosis, and inflammatory markers. In vivo studies utilized an IMQ-induced psoriasis mouse model, evaluating skin lesions, histopathology, and cytokine profiles. Results: Chloroform fractions significantly reduced HaCaT cell viability and induced apoptosis. They also dose-dependently downregulated IL-8 and RANTES levels. In vivo, these fractions reduced skin inflammation, edema, and psoriasis scores. Histopathological analysis showed decreased epidermal thickness and dermal inflammation. Key psoriasis biomarkers IL-17 and IL-23 were significantly reduced. Conclusions: Chloroform:methanol fractions from Alstonia scholaris and Wrightia tinctoria demonstrated potent anti-psoriatic effects in vitro and in vivo. These findings support their potential as novel phytotherapeutic agents for managing psoriasis, offering promise for further development and clinical application.

Positive Effect of Lecithin-Based Delivery Form of Curcuma and Boswellia Extracts on Irritable Bowel Syndrome After COVID-19 Infection

Background: Post-COVID-19 irritable bowel syndrome (PCIBS) is a frequent finding and is frequently associated with enteral dysbiosis. This pilot study compared the effects of extracts from curcuma and boswellia on PCIBS and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) in individuals who had never had a COVID-19 infection (controls). Methods: A total of 16 subjects with PCIBS and 28 controls with evidence of IBS gastrointestinal symptoms and with enteral dysbiosis were recruited and supplemented for 30 days with sunflower-lecithin-based formulations of extracts of Curcuma longa (500 mg) and Boswellia serrata (150 mg) b.i.d. and with low-FODMAP diet. Abdominal bloating, abdominal pain, enteral dysbiosis (as increased urinary indican), and the global assessment of efficacy (GAE) were evaluated at the end of the study. Results: In both cohorts, intra-cohort changes revealed a statistically significant (p < 0.05) reduction in bloating and abdominal pain. The GAE showed similar and relevant satisfactory rates in both groups. On the contrary, urinary indican values showed a significant decrease only in the IBS group. Conclusions: Supplementation with Curcuma and Boswellia has favorable effects on abdominal bloating and abdominal pain of subjects with PCIBS and with IBS, while enteral dysbiosis is significantly decreased only in patients with IBS. Additional studies are needed to confirm these preliminary findings and to clarify the reasons for the persistence of dysbiosis in PCIBS.

Fmoc-FF Nanogel-Mediated Delivery of Doxorubicin and Curcumin in Thyroid Cancer Cells

Background: Thyroid cancer (TC) is the most prevalent endocrine malignancy, and is categorized into well-differentiated and aggressive anaplastic types. Novel therapeutic modalities are needed for TC. Nanomedicine is a promising strategy for the development of precision medicine. In this context, we investigated the use of nanogels (NGs) to deliver agents with different physicochemical properties, specifically the hydrophilic agent doxorubicin (DOX) and the hydrophobic compound curcumin (CUR), in TC cell lines. Methods: Nα-9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl-diphenylalanine (Fmoc-FF) peptide-based NGs loaded with DOX and CUR were formulated using the solvent-switch method. DOX-loaded NGs were previously characterized. CUR-loaded NGs were characterized through rheology, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS), nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA), and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. Confocal microscopy, q-RT-PCR, and ATP lite assays were performed to evaluate the uptake and delivery of DOX- and CUR-loaded NGs on TC cell lines. Results: CUR-loaded NGs exhibited a mean diameter of approximately 204.3 nm and a zeta potential of -34.6 mV, indicative of a good stability. In vitro release studies revealed a sustained release profile of CUR over 72 h. Functional analyses demonstrated that Fmoc-FF-loaded NGs were internalized into TC cell lines. They were primarily localized in the cytoplasm rather than in early endosomes, thereby ensuring intracellular stability. Furthermore, Fmoc-FF NGs reduced the nuclear uptake kinetics of DOX in TC cells, suggesting a potential reduction in dose-limiting toxicity. Comparative studies with CUR-loaded NGs revealed similar internalization and delayed nuclear uptake, highlighting the efficacy of Fmoc-FF NGs in delivering hydrophobic agents. Conclusions: Overall, the data suggest that Fmoc-FF NGs represent a promising strategy for delivering agents with diverse physicochemical properties in TC, enhancing their efficacy and safety and warranting further investigation.

The Many Facets of PPAR-γ Agonism in Obesity and Associated Comorbidities: Benefits, Risks, Challenges, and Future Directions

PURPOSE OF REVIEW

Obesity is strongly associated with cardiometabolic disorders and certain malignancies, emphasizing the key role of adipose tissue in human health. While incretin mimetics have shown effectiveness in glycemic control and weight loss, a holistic strategy for combating obesity and associated comorbidities remains elusive. This review explores peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ) agonism as a potential therapeutic approach, highlighting its benefits, addressing its limitations, and outlining future directions for developing more effective treatment strategies.

RECENT FINDINGS

Both natural and synthetic PPAR-γ agonists hold significant therapeutic potential as insulin sensitizers, while also demonstrating anti-inflammatory properties and playing a critical role in regulating lipid metabolism. However, the clinical use of natural agonists is limited by poor bioavailability, while synthetic agents like thiazolidinediones are associated with adverse effects, including fluid retention, weight gain, and bone loss. Current research is focused on developing modified, tissue-specific PPAR-γ agonists, as well as dual PPAR-α/PPAR-γ agonists, with improved safety profiles to mitigate these side effects. Nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems also hold promise for enhancing bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy. Furthermore, the transformative potential of machine learning and artificial intelligence offers opportunities to accelerate advancements in this field. PPAR-γ agonists exhibit significant potential in addressing metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular disease, and cancer. However, their clinical use is restricted by safety concerns and suboptimal pharmacokinetics. Innovations in modified PPAR-γ agonists, nanotechnology-based delivery systems, and computational tools hold promise for creating safer and more effective therapeutic options for obesity and its associated disorders.

Curcumin plus piperine improve body composition in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial

This study evaluates the effects of oral supplementation of curcumin alone and curcumin plus piperine on body composition, phase angle, and functional capacity in patients with mild to moderate inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Patients with a diagnosis of IBD, aged 18 years or older with intact kidney and liver function, were into three groups: placebo, curcumin (1000 mg/day), and curcumin plus piperine (1000 mg/day + 10 mg/day). Anthropometric markers, body composition, phase angle (via tetrapolar bioelectrical impedance analysis), and hand-grip strength were assessed before and after the 12-week supplementation period. Statistical analyses included Chi-square test (χ²) and generalized estimating equation (GEE) adjusted for age. Of the 58 patients who started the study, 51 completed it. Initially, obesity was prevalent according to BMI (43.1%) and body fat percentage (62.7%), while 86.3% exhibited muscle depletion based on fat-free mass (FFM). Post-intervention, the curcumin plus piperine group showed a significant reduction in muscle depletion, with improvements in FFM (χ², p = 0.019; GEE, p = 0.049) and phase angle (χ², p = 0.028) compared to the placebo group. In conclusion, our findings indicate that curcumin plus piperine significantly improves body composition by increasing muscle mass in patients with mild to moderate IBD, suggesting its potential as an adjuvant therapy. Trial registration: This trial was registered at ensaiosclinicos.gov.br as RBR89q4ydz on July 20, 2023. Website https://ensaiosclinicos.gov.br/ .

New Insights in Natural Bioactive Compounds for Periodontal Disease: Advanced Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Potential

Periodontal disease is a chronic inflammatory condition that destroys the tooth-supporting structures due to the host's immune response to microbial biofilms. Traditional periodontal treatments, such as scaling and root planing, pharmacological interventions, and surgical procedures, have significant limitations, including difficulty accessing deep periodontal pockets, biofilm recolonization, and the development of antibiotic resistance. In light of these challenges, natural bioactive compounds derived from plants, herbs, and other natural sources offer a promising alternative due to their anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antimicrobial, and tissue-regenerative properties. This review focuses on the molecular mechanisms through which bioactive compounds, such as curcumin, resveratrol, epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), baicalin, carvacrol, berberine, essential oils, and Gum Arabic, exert therapeutic effects in periodontal disease. Bioactive compounds inhibit critical inflammatory pathways like NF-κB, JAK/STAT, and MAPK while activating protective pathways such as Nrf2/ARE, reducing cytokine production and oxidative stress. They also inhibit the activity of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), preventing tissue degradation and promoting healing. In addition, these compounds have demonstrated the potential to disrupt bacterial biofilms by interfering with quorum sensing, targeting bacterial cell membranes, and enhancing antibiotic efficacy.Bioactive compounds also modulate the immune system by shifting the balance from pro-inflammatory to anti-inflammatory responses and promoting efferocytosis, which helps resolve inflammation and supports tissue regeneration. However, despite the promising potential of these compounds, challenges related to their poor bioavailability, stability in the oral cavity, and the absence of large-scale clinical trials need to be addressed. Future strategies should prioritize the development of advanced delivery systems like nanoparticles and hydrogels to enhance bioavailability and sustain release, alongside long-term studies to assess the effects of these compounds in human populations. Furthermore, combining bioactive compounds with traditional treatments could provide synergistic benefits in managing periodontal disease. This review aims to explore the therapeutic potential of natural bioactive compounds in managing periodontal disease, emphasizing their molecular mechanisms of action and offering insights into their integration with conventional therapies for a more comprehensive approach to periodontal health.

From Plant to Pathway: Molecular Mechanisms of Ruscogenin in Preventing Amyloid-Beta Aggregation through Computational and Experimental Approaches

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by cognitive decline, extracellular amyloid-β (Aβ) plaque accumulation, and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles. Recent efforts to find effective therapies have increased interest in natural compounds with multifaceted effects on AD pathology. This study explores natural compounds for their potential to mitigate AD pathology using molecular docking, ADME screening, and in vitro assays, with ruscogenin─a steroidal sapogenin from Ruscus aculeatus─emerging as a promising candidate. Ruscogenin, known for its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, was investigated for its effects on Aβ aggregation, a critical process in AD progression. In vitro assays demonstrated that ruscogenin inhibits Aβ oligomerization at equimolar and higher molar ratios. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations further revealed that ruscogenin targets aggregation-prone regions, reducing noncovalent interactions and the solvent-accessible surface area of Aβ aggregates. These effects were concentration-dependent, with higher concentrations yielding optimal inhibition, pointing to a multiphasic behavior in ruscogenin's modulation of Aβ aggregation. This study highlights ruscogenin's potential as a natural therapeutic agent for AD, capable of addressing both oxidative stress and inflammation. The findings lay the groundwork for further exploration of ruscogenin-based interventions and underscore the broader potential of natural compounds in AD treatment strategies.

Tanshinone I reprograms glycolysis metabolism to regulate histone H3 lysine 18 lactylation (H3K18la) and inhibits cancer cell growth in ovarian cancer

Salvia miltiorrhiza, the anticancer properties of these components are multifaceted, encompassing the inhibition of tumor growth, prevention of the metastatic spread of cancer cells, enhancement of the sensitivity of cancer cells to chemotherapy and radiation therapy, and the suppression of angiogenesis, which is crucial for tumor growth and survival. In the context of our recent study, we have discovered that tanshinone I, one of the active components of Salvia miltiorrhiza, possesses the ability to inhibit the proliferation of ovarian cancer cells, both in laboratory settings and within living organisms. To further understand the molecular mechanisms behind this effect, we conducted a comprehensive transcriptomic analysis. Our findings indicated that tanshinone I exerts its inhibitory action by downregulating the expression of genes associated with glycolysis. Specifically, tanshinone I decreased the expression of glycolysis-related genes such as HK2 (hexokinase 2), PFK (phosphofructokinase), ENO2 (enolase 2), and LDHA (lactate dehydrogenase A). Inhibiting lactate production by tanshinone I application reduced the level of histone H3 lysine 18 lactylation (H3K18la), which reduced the expression of tumor-associated genes, such as TTK, PDGFRβ, YTHDF2 and RUBCNL. In addition, tanshinone I alleviated the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. In summary, tanshinone I blocks glycolysis to regulate histone H3 lysine 18 lactylation (H3K18la), which inhibits ovarian cancer cell growth, revealing the anticancer mechanism of tanshinone I.

Curcumin alleviates the aggressiveness of breast cancer through inhibiting cell adhesion mediated by TEAD4-fibronectin axis

Breast cancer (BC) ranks first among women in the world and metastasis is the main reason of cancer death. TEA domain transcription factor 4 (TEAD4) plays an important role in TEAD family members in the Hippo signaling pathway, and its pro-cancer effect is gradually being discovered, but little is known about the mechanism of TEAD4 regulating tumor adhesion and metastasis. Curcumin is an active polyphenol compound with anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor properties. However, its effects and the underlying mechanisms on BC metastasis remain unknown. Here, we show that curcumin reduced the abilities of migration and invasion of BC cells as well as lung metastasis of BC in nude mice by TEAD4 induced. TEAD4 could regulate the transcription level of adhesion molecule Fibronectin (FN1), which is an important component of extracellular matrix participating in tumor cell adhesion and migration processes, and the binding of TEAD4 to the FN1 promoter was suppressed by curcumin. Furthermore, the metastatic mobility was significantly reduced in FN1 knockout BC cells, and FN1 knockout can reverse metastatic potential of TEAD4 overexpressed cells. Our work demonstrates that TEAD4 can promote cell adhesion and migration by binding with FN1 promoter and suggests that TEAD4-FN1 axis in tumor microenvironment is expected to become a potential target for alleviating metastasis of BC of curcumin. Abbreviations: Breast cancer (BC); Bicinchoninic acid (BCA); Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA); Curcumin at 20 μM (Cur20) and 30 μM (Cur30); Dimethyl -sulfoxide (DMSO); Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium (DMEM); Extracellular Matrix (ECM); Fetal bovine serum (FBS); Fibronectin (FN1); Immunohistochemical (IHC); Minimum Essential Medium (MEM); The negative control with infected blank lentivirus (NC); Phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride (PMSF); Polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF); Real-time quantitative reverse transcription (RT-qPCR); single guide RNA (sgRNA); short hairpin RNA (shRNA); Human TEAD4 shRNA (shTEAD4); Transcriptional coactivator with PDZ-binding motif (TAZ); TEA domain transcription factor 4 (TEAD4); TEAD4 overexpressed (TEAD4-OE); Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF); Yes-associated protein (YAP).

Anti-inflammatory effect of curcumin in an accelerated senescence model of Wistar rat: an in vivo and in-silico study

Curcumin, a biphenolic substance derived from turmeric (Curcuma longa), offers a number of health-beneficial effects, including anti-inflammatory, cardiovascular protection, anti-cancerous, and anti-angiogenic. By interacting with the PPARγ (Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-γ), curcumin inhibits NF-κB. These biological outcomes seem to be the outcome of NF-κB inhibition mediated by curcumin. The current study explores the in vivo impact of curcumin on several inflammatory parameters during aging in Wistar rats. An in-silico docking simulation study using Maestro and Desmond, Schrödinger, was carried out to further validate the experimental findings. According to our observation, rats given curcumin supplementation had a considerably (p ≤ 0.05) reduced level of inflammation. By generating numerous polar and hydrophobic interactions and exhibiting little conformational deviation throughout the simulation, in silico investigations showed that the proposed ligand curcumin had a high affinity for the enzyme COX-2. During simulation, protein-ligand complexes of curcumin with the other targets viz. 5-LOX, TNF-α and IL-6 also demonstrated improved binding and minimal fluctuation. The COX-2 and 5-LOX enzymes and the cytokines (TNF-α and IL-6) implicated in inflammation may have been inhibited by curcumin, highlighting its function as a multi-target inhibitor. Our study provides convincing support for the idea that eating a diet high in curcumin may help to reduce inflammation and help to explain some of its health-beneficial effects.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.

Immunomodulatory Effects of Selected Non-Nutritive Bioactive Compounds and Their Role in Optimal Nutrition

The contemporary approach to nutrition increasingly considers the role of non-nutritive bioactive compounds in modulating the immune system and maintaining health. This article provides up-to-date insight into the immunomodulatory effects of selected bioactive compounds, including micro- and macronutrients, vitamins, as well as other health-promoting substances, such as omega-3 fatty acids, probiotics, prebiotics, postbiotics (including butyric acid and sodium butyrate), coenzyme Q10, lipoic acid, and plant-derived components such as phenolic acids, flavonoids, coumarins, alkaloids, polyacetylenes, saponins, carotenoids, and terpenoids. Micro- and macronutrients, such as zinc, selenium, magnesium, and iron, play a pivotal role in regulating the immune response and protecting against oxidative stress. Vitamins, especially vitamins C, D, E, and B, are vital for the optimal functioning of the immune system as they facilitate the production of cytokines, the differentiation of immunological cells, and the neutralization of free radicals, among other functions. Omega-3 fatty acids exhibit strong anti-inflammatory effects and enhance immune cell function. Probiotics, prebiotics, and postbiotics modulate the intestinal microbiota, thereby promoting the integrity of the intestinal barrier and communication between the microbiota and the immune system. Coenzyme Q10, renowned for its antioxidant attributes, participates in the protection of cells from oxidative stress and promotes energy processes essential for immune function. Sodium butyrate and lipoic acid exhibit anti-inflammatory effects and facilitate the regeneration of the intestinal epithelium, which is crucial for the maintenance of immune homeostasis. This article emphasizes the necessity of an integrative approach to optimal nutrition that considers not only nutritional but also non-nutritional bioactive compounds to provide adequate support for immune function. Without them, the immune system will never function properly, because it has been adapted to this in the course of evolution. The data presented in this article may serve as a foundation for further research into the potential applications of bioactive components in the prevention and treatment of diseases associated with immune dysfunction.

Therapeutic potential and underlying mechanisms of phytoconstituents: emphasizing on resveratol, curcumin, quercetin, berberine, and hesperidin in ulcerative colitis

Ulcerative colitis is a long-term inflammatory colon illness that significantly affects patients quality of life. Traditional medicines and therapies often come with challenges such as side effects, instability, unpredictability, and high costs. This has captured interest in natural products that have huge health benefits. Various natural compounds, including resveratrol, curcumin, quercetin, berberine, and hesperidin demonstrate immunomodulatory and oxido-inflammatory properties inside the gut epithelium, showing potential in managing ulcerative colitis. These compounds attenuate inflammatory mediators, NF-κB, and TLR4 signaling leading to a reduction in the production of inflammation-related cytokines, including TNF-α and IL-6. They also augment the activity of internal defense compounds, including superoxide radical dismutase enzyme and heme oxygenase-1, thereby alleviating oxidative damage. In addition, natural compounds have a profound effect on the endogenous microbiota and thus, support mucosal healing and intercellular barrier integrity. Both experimental and clinical analyses provide evidence that these bioactive compounds may help reduce clinical manifestations, induce and sustain remission, and improve the well-being of individuals suffering from ulcerative colitis. This review seeks to discuss various aspects of natural compounds in the management of ulcerative colitis, including mechanisms, therapeutic prospects, and hurdles, and hence the basis for future research and practice.

Effects of the Curcuminoid and Non-Curcuminoid Compounds of Turmeric on the Gut Microbiome and Inflammation: Potential Use in the Treatment and Prevention of Disease

The gut microbiome is a complex system that directly interacts with and influences many systems in the body. This delicate balance of microbiota plays an important role in health and disease and is highly influenced by lifestyle factors and the surrounding environment. As further research emerges, understanding the full potential of the gut microbiome and the impact of using nutraceuticals to positively influence its function may open the door to greater therapeutic outcomes in the treatment and prevention of disease. Curcumin, a bioactive compound derived from the turmeric rhizome, has been studied in depth for its influence on human health as a potent anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. However, the therapeutic activity of curcumin is limited by its low oral bioavailability. While most available research has primarily focused on the curcuminoid compounds of turmeric, the non-curcuminoid compounds hold promise to offer therapeutic benefits while synergistically enhancing the bioavailability of curcumin and supporting the gut microbiome. This review summarizes current knowledge of the relationship between the gut and the various systems within the body, and how dysbiosis, or disruption in the gut microbial balance, leads to inflammation and increased risk of chronic disease. The review also summarizes recent research that focuses on the bioactivity of both the curcuminoid and non-curcuminoid compounds that comprise the whole turmeric root and their synergistic role in enhancing bioavailability to support a healthy gut microbiome and promising use in the treatment and prevention of disease.

Poly(curcumin-co-poly(ethylene glycol)) films provide neuroprotection following reactive oxygen species insultin vitro

Objective.Curcumin is an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory molecule that may provide neuroprotection following central nervous system injury. However, curcumin is hydrophobic, limiting its ability to be loaded and then released from biomaterials for neural applications. We previously developed polymers containing curcumin, and these polymers may be applied to neuronal devices or to neural injury to promote neuroprotection. Thus, our objective was to evaluate two curcumin polymers as potential neuroprotective materials for neural applications.Approach.For each curcumin polymer, we created three polymer solutions by varying the weight percentage of curcumin polymer in solvent. These solutions were subsequently coated onto glass coverslips, and the thickness of the polymer was assessed using profilometry. Polymer degradation and dissolution was assessed using brightfield microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and gel permeation chromatography. The ability of the polymers to protect cortical neurons from free radical insult was assessed using anin vitrocortical culture model.Main results.The P50 curcumin polymer (containing greater poly(ethylene glycol) content than the P75 polymer), eroded readily in solution, with erosion dependent on the weight percentage of polymer in solvent. Unlike the P50 polymer, the P75 polymer did not undergo erosion. Since the P50 polymer underwent erosion, we expected that the P50 polymer would more readily protect cortical neurons from free radical insult. Unexpectedly, even though P75 films did not erode, P75 polymers protected neurons from free radical insult, suggesting that erosion is not necessary for these polymers to enable neuroprotection.Significance.This study is significant as it provides a framework to evaluate polymers for future neural applications. Additionally, we observed that some curcumin polymers do not require dissolution to enable neuroprotection. Future work will assess the ability of these materials to enable neuroprotection withinin vivomodels of neural injury.

Efficacy and Safety of a Novel Low-Dose Water-Dispersible Turmeric Extract in the Management of Knee Osteoarthritis: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial

Purpose

Turmeric extract is a well-known nutraceutical ingredient recognized for its benefits in managing musculoskeletal health. This study evaluated the efficacy and safety of a novel low-dose water-dispersible turmeric extract containing 60% natural curcuminoids (WDTE60N) in participants with mild-to-moderate knee osteoarthritis.

Patients and Methods

This double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial was conducted at two orthopedic centers in Uttar Pradesh, India (July 2023-November 2023). Participants aged 45-75 years with unilateral or bilateral OA of the knee for >3 months were randomized in 1:1 ratio to receive WDTE60N (250 mg) or placebo capsules once daily for three months. Study endpoints included assessment of changes from baseline to day 90 in pain intensity (visual analog scale [VAS], knee injury and osteoarthritis outcome score [KOOS]), inflammatory biomarkers, and safety profile. Data were analyzed using independent t-test, chi-square test, and analysis of co-variance test.

Results

In total, 139 participants (WDTE60N, n = 70; placebo, n = 69) with mean age and BMI of 56.35 years and 23.89 kg/m2, respectively, were included. The mean reduction (95% CI) in VAS score from baseline to day 90 was significantly higher in the WDTE60N group than in the placebo group (14.41 [13.08, 15.75] vs 6.02 [5.00, 7.05]; p < 0.0001). In the WDTE60N group, the mean change in VAS scores was significantly reduced from as early as day 07 (p = 0.0076), which continued until day 90 (p < 0.0001), compared to the placebo group. Improvement in the mean KOOS scores (baseline-Day 90) was evident, with significantly higher mean scores for each domain (pain, symptoms, activities of daily living, function in sport and recreation, and knee-related quality of life [QoL]) on Day 90 in the WDTE60N group than in the placebo group (p < 0.05). Inflammatory biomarkers (hsCRP, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β) were significantly reduced from baseline to day 90 in the WDTE60N group compared to the placebo group (p < 0.0001). Four mild adverse events were reported during the study period.

Conclusion

Supplementation with the low-dose water-dispersible turmeric extract containing 60% natural curcuminoids for three months was safe and effective in alleviating pain, improving functional status and quality of life and reducing inflammation in participants with mild-to-moderate knee osteoarthritis.

CTRI Registration Number

CTRI/2023/07/055411.

Optimizing orthobiologic therapies with exercise, diet, and supplements

Orthobiologic injections including platelet-rich plasma (PRP) and cell-based injections are becoming increasingly popular. Evidence suggests that these therapies can be effective in certain situations. The efficacy of these injections may be more dependent on the quality of the injectate, which given their autologous nature, may be dependent on lifestyle choices like exercise, diet, and supplements. The literature describing PRP injections shows that the number and activity of platelets can improve their efficacy. A multitude of lifestyle modifications can affect those factors. Exercise intensity appears to increase platelet count and increases adhesion as well as release of growth factors. Low inflammatory diets increase platelet counts and activity overall. Stress, some supplements, high cholesterol, or processed sugar diets can increase inflammation and potentially decrease platelet counts as well as quality of PRP injectate. Similarly, cell-based therapies can be affected by mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC) number and quality. Cell-based therapy is based upon limiting cellular senescence and increasing replication and differentiation. Exercise may limit senescence and improve replication and differentiation of these cell-based therapies, especially in older adult populations. There are a multitude of supplements that may potentiate these types of injections and patients should discuss the potential benefits and concerns when starting a supplement regimen. Certain foods as well as changes in oxygenation may limit cellular senescence and lower calorie intake may affect MSC viability and function as well. Overall, the current state of literature describes biologic plausibility of how exercise, diet and supplements might affect orthobiologic injection efficacy. Further translational research needs to be completed to describe the effect size and improve recommendations for clinical implementation.

Oral supplementation of curcumin-encapsulated chitosan nanoconjugates as an innovative strategy for mitigating nickel-mediated hepatorenal toxicity in rats

Nickel pollution adversely affects human health and causes various disorders, mainly hepatic and renal dysfunction. The present work focused on a comparative evaluation of the pure form of curcumin (CU) with curcumin-encapsulated chitosan nanoconjugates (CS/CU NCs), on mitigation of the delirious effects of Ni on hepatorenal tissue. Forty-two male rats were allocated into 6 groups (n = 7 for each) as follows: (1) control, (2) CU, (3) CS/CU NCs, (4) Ni, (5) Ni + CU, (6) Ni + CS/CU NCs. After 30 days, blood and tissue (liver and kidneys) were collected to measure hepatorenal biomarkers, oxidant/antioxidant balance, inflammatory gene expression, liver and kidney histopathology, and immunohistochemistry. Results revealed disruption of hepatorenal functions, oxidative stress, and inflammatory markers at biochemical and molecular levels associated with severe hepatorenal histopathological alterations and abnormal immunohistochemical tissue expression for caspase-3 and cyclooxygenase-2. On the contrary, the treatment of Ni-intoxicated rats with CS/CU NCs markedly mitigated the adverse effect of Ni on hepatorenal tissue via regulation of oxidative stress, inflammatory, and apoptotic markers. The present study provides a novel nanoformulation for curcumin using CS NPs encapsulation that selectively targets the injured cells and improves the beneficial effect of CU via enhancing the antioxidant activity and regulating both inflammatory and apoptotic markers.

Dietary Interventions, Supplements, and Plant-Derived Compounds for Adjunct Vitiligo Management: A Review of the Literature

Vitiligo is a chronic autoimmune pigmentation disorder shaped by a complex interplay of genetic predispositions and environmental triggers. While conventional therapies-phototherapy, corticosteroids, and immunosuppressants-can be effective, their benefits are often partial and temporary, with recurrence common once treatment stops. As such, there is increasing interest in exploring complementary approaches that may offer a more sustainable impact. Emerging evidence suggests that macronutrient and micronutrient-level changes could be beneficial for managing progression and, in some cases, facilitating repigmentation. Antioxidant-rich foods, such as apples, green tea, Indian gooseberry, onions, and peppers, may help mitigate oxidative stress, while inflammatory foods, such as gluten and high-phenol nuts and berries, may exacerbate the condition. Certain supplements, including high-dose vitamin D, vitamin C, vitamin E, and selenium, may enhance phototherapy outcomes. Omega-3 and other unsaturated fatty acids, in addition to prebiotics and probiotics, are under active investigation for their roles in gut health and immune regulation. Notably, plant-derived compounds, i.e., Ginkgo biloba, have demonstrated promise in promoting repigmentation and managing disease progression. However, it must be emphasized that these nutritional interventions remain exploratory, and more research is needed to establish their efficacy, safety, and optimal usage before they can be recommended as part of a standard treatment regimen.

Enhancing Periodontal Ligament Regeneration via PDLSC Delivery Using Electrospun PCL/Collagen/Cellulose Acetate Scaffolds and Collagen Hydrogel Incorporated with Curcumin-Loaded ZIF-8 Nanoparticles

Background

Regenerating periodontal ligament (PDL) tissue is a vital challenge in dentistry that aims to restore periodontal function and aesthetics. This study explores a tissue engineering strategy that combines polycaprolactone (PCL)/collagen/cellulose acetate electrospun scaffolds with collagen hydrogels to deliver curcumin-loaded ZIF-8 nanoparticles fand periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs).

Methods

Scaffolds were fabricated via electrospinningand collagen hydrogels incorporated PDLSCs and curcumin-loaded ZIF-8 nanoparticles (CURZIF-8) were developed using cross-linking. In vitro assays evaluated biocompatibility, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidative properties. In vivo efficacy was assessed in a rat PDL injury model using histological and ELISA analyses examining tissue regeneration and inflammatory cytokine modulation.

Results

In vitro studies demonstrated that the scaffolds effectively supported PDLSC viability and migration. CURZIF-8 hydrogels enhanced anti-inflammatory and antioxidative activities. In vivo study showed that the combined scaffold-hydrogel system significantly promoted PDL regeneration. Tissue levels of bFGF, HGF, and TGF-β that are crucial for tissue repair, angiogenesis, and cell proliferation were evaluated. Whereas, pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-6=were downregulated. Histological analysis confirmed the formation of organized PDL structures and improved bone-cementum integration that arekey indicators of successful periodontal regeneration.

Conclusion

The developed scaffold-hydrogel system facilitates PDL regeneration by modulating inflammation and promoting pro-healing factor expression. This approach shows promise for advancing periodontal tissue engineering and warrants further investigation in clinical settings.

Zwitterionic, Stimuli-Responsive Liposomes for Curcumin Drug Delivery: Enhancing M2 Macrophage Polarization and Reducing Oxidative Stress through Enzyme-Specific and Hyperthermia-Triggered Release

A zwitterionic, stimuli-responsive liposomal system was meticulously designed for the precise and controlled delivery of curcumin, leveraging enzyme-specific and hyperthermic stimuli to enhance therapeutic outcomes. This platform is specifically engineered to release curcumin in response to phospholipase A2, an enzyme that degrades phospholipids, enabling highly targeted and site-specific drug release. Mild hyperthermia (40 °C) further enhances membrane permeability and activates thermosensitive carriers, optimizing drug delivery. Curcumin encapsulation is facilitated through a combination of zwitterionic and electrostatic interactions, significantly improving both loading capacity and encapsulation efficiency. A design of experiments (DoE) approach was employed to systematically optimize lipid-to-cholesterol ratios and formulation conditions. The liposomal system was thoroughly characterized using dynamic light scattering, zeta potential measurements, and transmission electron microscopy, ensuring stability and structural integrity. Notably, this system effectively encapsulates hydrophobic curcumin while maintaining particle size and bioactivity. In vitro studies revealed robust antioxidant and anti-ROS activities, alongside excellent biocompatibility, with no cytotoxicity observed at concentrations up to 2000 μg/mL. Furthermore, the zwitterionic liposomes enhanced M2 macrophage polarization and reduced oxidative stress. This advanced platform offers a promising, biocompatible solution for targeted curcumin delivery.

The interplay of senescence and MMPs in myocardial infarction: implications for cardiac aging and therapeutics

Aging is associated with a marked increase in cardiovascular diseases, such as myocardial infarction (MI). Cellular senescence is also a crucial factor in the development of age-related MI. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) interaction with cellular senescence is a critical determinant of MI development and outcomes, most notably in the aged heart. After experiencing a heart attack, senescent cells exhibit a Senescence-Associated Secretory Phenotype (SASP) and are involved in tissue regeneration and chronic inflammation. MMPs are necessary for extracellular matrix proteolysis and have a biphasic effect, promoting early heart healing and detrimental change if overexpressed shortly. This review analyses the complex connection between senescence and MMPs in MI and how it influences elderly cardiac performance. Critical findings suggest that increasing cellular senescence in aged hearts elevates MMP activity and aggravates extended ventricular remodeling and dysfunction. Additionally, we explore potential therapeutics that address MMPs and senescence to enhance old MI patient myocardial performance and regeneration.

Therapeutic potential of Curcuma longa against monkeypox: antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and computational insights

Background

Monkeypox (Mpox) is a re-emerging zoonotic disease with limited therapeutic options, necessitating the exploration of novel antiviral agents. Curcuma longa (turmeric) is a widely used medicinal plant known for its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, primarily attributed to its bioactive curcuminoids.

Aim

This study aimed to evaluate the therapeutic potential of C. longa aqueous extract (CAE) against monkeypox through phytochemical characterization, biological assays, and computational analyses.

Methodology

Phytochemical analysis, including HPLC, identified key Curcumin, Bisdemethoxycurcumin, Demethoxycurcumin, Tetrahydrocurcumin, Curcuminol, and Ar-curcumene. The DPPH assay and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) were employed to assess antioxidant activity. Anti-inflammatory effects were determined by measuring the inhibition of heat-induced protein denaturation. Molecular docking and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were performed to evaluate the interactions between curcuminoids and monkeypox virus proteins.

Results

The aqueous extract of C. longa was prepared via decoction, yielding 7.80% ± 0.81% extract with curcumin as the predominant compound (36.33%). The CAE exhibited strong antioxidant activity with a TAC of 36.55 ± 0.01 µg GAE/g d.w., an IC50 of 0.77 ± 0.04 mg/mL in the DPPH assay, andan EC50 of FRAP of 3.46 ± 0.11 mg/mL. Anti-inflammatory analysis showed 78.88 ± 0.53%inhibition for egg albumin and 90.51 ± 0.29%for BSA. Molecular docking identified demethoxycurcumin (DMC) as the most potent compound, with binding affinities of -8.42 kcal/mol (4QVO), -7.61 kcal/mol (8CEQ), and -7.88 kcal/mol (8QRV). MD simulations confirmed the stability of DMC complexes, with the 4QVO-DMC interaction being the most stable, showing RMSD fluctuations within a range of 0.2-0.6 nm, with an average fluctuation of 0.4 nm, and consistent compactness with Rg values remaining between 1.8 and 2.0 nm, with a fluctuation of only 0.2 nm over 100 ns.

Discussion

The results demonstrate the multifunctional therapeutic potential of C. longa, driven by its potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. The computational findings suggest that curcuminoids, particularly demethoxycurcumin, could serve as promising antiviral agents against monkeypox. These findings pave the way for further preclinical studies to validate the antiviral efficacy of C. longa bioactives and their potential applications in combating viral infections.

Boosting Therapeutic Effect of Turmeric, Coffee, and Chili Extracts Through Experimental Design and Encapsulation as Nanostructured Lipid Carriers for Novel Heath Supplements

This study investigates the potential synergistic effects of extracts from Curcuma longa (turmeric), Coffea arabica (Arabica coffee beans), and Capsicum annuum (chili peppers) in reducing oxidative stress and inflammation, which are associated with metabolic disorders such as obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases. Using a systematic design of experiment (DoE) optimization approach, an optimal extract ratio of 1:3:4 (turmeric: coffee: chili) was identified. The efficacy of the extract combination was assessed through various antioxidant assays, inhibition of inflammation-related gene expression, and safety testing via the 3-(4,5-dimethylthazolk-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. The extract combination showed higher antioxidant activity and comparable anti-inflammatory effects relative to each single extract. Additionally, the extract combination demonstrated effective activity compared with turmeric extract while using a lower concentration, resulting in reduced cytotoxicity. The optimized extract combination was successfully incorporated into nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) with a hydrodynamic diameter of 258.0 ± 10.2 nm, which effectively redisperses after the spray-drying process with increased diameter to 349.8 ± 49.6 nm. Under stress conditions, the stability of curcumin and capsaicin in dried-NLCs was maintained. In summary, the optimized extract-loaded NLCs formulation, achieved through a multistage approach, shows promise in mitigating oxidative stress and inflammation, suggesting its potential as a valuable daily dietary supplement.

The Crucial Role of the Blood-Brain Barrier in Neurodegenerative Diseases: Mechanisms of Disruption and Therapeutic Implications

The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a crucial structure that maintains brain homeostasis by regulating the entry of molecules and cells from the bloodstream into the central nervous system (CNS). Neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease, as well as ischemic stroke, compromise the integrity of the BBB. This leads to increased permeability and the infiltration of harmful substances, thereby accelerating neurodegeneration. In this review, we explore the mechanisms underlying BBB disruption, including oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, vascular dysfunction, and the loss of tight junction integrity, in patients with neurodegenerative diseases. We discuss how BBB breakdown contributes to neuroinflammation, neurotoxicity, and the abnormal accumulation of pathological proteins, all of which exacerbate neuronal damage and facilitate disease progression. Furthermore, we discuss potential therapeutic strategies aimed at preserving or restoring BBB function, such as anti-inflammatory treatments, antioxidant therapies, and approaches to enhance tight junction integrity. Given the central role of the BBB in neurodegeneration, maintaining its integrity represents a promising therapeutic approach to slow or prevent the progression of neurodegenerative diseases.

Algal lipids: A review on current status and future prospects in food processing

The consumer demand for functional foods derived from natural sources has been enhanced due to health-promoting effects. Algae are widely available globally as a sustainable source of proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates. Algal lipids are underexplored natural sources that exhibit several nutraceutical effects and applications in fortification, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals. Both macro- and microalgae are composed of high-quality lipids. These latter involve polar lipids, nonpolar lipids, and essential fatty acids. Therefore, this review aimed to bring out knowledge on the chemistry of various lipids isolated and identified from micro- and macroalgae. Further, their extraction using traditional thermal (solid-liquid, and liquid-liquid) and advanced nonthermal (supercritical fluid, microwave-, ultrasound-, and enzyme-assisted) techniques has been explored. Along with this, bioactivities of algal lipids have been discussed. This study explored algal lipids in advancing sustainable food processing technologies that contribute positively to environmental sustainability and global health, in line with United Nations Sustainable Development GroupUnited Nations Sustainable Development Group UNSDGs.

Assessing Therapeutic Value and Side Effects of Key Botanical Compounds for Optimized Medical Treatments

Due to the significance of variable chemical groups across a wide spectrum of modern medicine, it is imperative to determine what is the most widely used group in medical applications with the fewest side effects. Ten compounds from ten chemical groups that are most commonly known for their medical uses were compared in terms of their therapeutic potential and side effects. The comparison among the selected compounds indicated the superiority of the flavonoids over other groups in the multitude of their utilizations and the lower side effects. Kaempferol and quercetin showed higher medical utilization with lower side effects. Whereas alkaloid compounds showed the lowest levels of medical use and the highest levels of side effects. Based on the comparison conducted, it is concluded to give priority to flavonoid compounds being used in medical applications because they exhibit the highest medical uses with the lowest side effects. Within flavonoids, kaempferol and quercetin are the two compounds that are highly recommended to be used in the widest range of medical applications. Serious caution should be considered before applying alkaloids to any medical service. Understanding the characteristics of these compounds can aid in developing safer and more effective treatments for medicinal plants.

Development of novel osteoarthritis therapy by targeting AMPK-β-catenin-Runx2 signaling

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a debilitating chronic joint disease affecting large populations of patients, especially the elderly. The pathological mechanisms of OA are currently unknown. Multiple risk factors are involved in OA development. Among these risk factors, alterations of mechanical loading in the joint leading to changes in biological signaling pathways have been known as a key event in OA development. The importance of AMPK-β-catenin-Runx2 signaling in the initiation and progression of OA has been recognized in recent years. In this review, we discuss the recent progress in understanding the role of this signaling pathway and the underlying interaction mechanisms during OA development. We also discuss the drug development aiming to target this signaling pathway for OA treatment.

Effects of maternal curcumin nano-micelle supplementation on transitioning ewes and their offspring: Performance, health biomarkers, and environmental impacts during heat stress

This study examined the impact of curcumin nanomicelles (CNM) supplementation on transitioning ewes and their offspring. Thirty-two crossbred pregnant ewes [Ile-de-France × (Dalagh × Romanov)], confirmed to carry twins, were randomly assigned to a control group (CTRL) or a treatment group receiving 40 mg of CNM per ewe per day. Supplementation began before and continued after delivery. We assessed various parameters, including growth performance, metabolic health, inflammatory markers, hematological profiles, immunoglobulin levels, antioxidant status, and greenhouse gas emissions. CNM supplementation improved growth in both ewes and lambs, consistent with curcumin's known metabolic effects. Significant reductions in inflammatory markers were observed in both ewes and lambs, with decreased neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratios indicating reduced systemic inflammation. Increased levels of IgG and IgA in both ewes and lambs suggested improved immune competence. Antioxidant biomarkers indicated better management of oxidative stress, with some benefits extended to offspring. CNM had varying effects on methanogen populations and nitrous oxide emissions. It significantly reduced methanogen numbers postpartum, but had no significant effect pre-partum. A slight increase in N2O emissions was observed before delivery, but was not sustained after delivery. These results underscore the complex interactions of metabolic, immunological, and environmental factors influenced by CNM supplementation during the transition period. More research is needed to refine supplementation strategies, evaluate long-term effects, and explore ways to mitigate increased greenhouse gas emissions while preserving health benefits.

Ferrocenyl-Substituted Curcumin Derivatives as Potential SHP-2 Inhibitors for Anticolorectal Cancer: Design, Synthesis and In Vitro Evaluation

A panel of ferrocenyl-substituted curcumin derivatives has been designed and synthesized as protein tyrosine phosphatase proto-oncogene SHP-2 inhibitors. Antiproliferative activities of the synthesized compounds were tested against colorectal cancer cell lines (including RKO, SW480, and CT26). Compound 3f showed excellent activities against the tested cell lines with IC50 values of 5.72, 3.71, and 1.42 μM. The cytotoxicity of compound 3f was investigated on human normal colon epithelial cell line NCM460 with IC50 values of 929 μM compared to curcumin with IC50 values of 431 μM. The Western blot analysis approved that the expression level of SHP-2 in the CT26 and SW480 cell lines after being treated with 3f was decreased, meanwhile it also affected the SHP-2 in tumor-associated macrophages (THP-1 and RAW264.7), which may support the suggested mechanism of 3f as an SHP-2 inhibitor. Besides, 3f could also inhibit the activation of the PI3K-Akt pathway in SW480 and CT26 cell lines and the tumor microenvironment (TME) by reducing the expression of PI3K and Akt proteins. Some cytokines (Arg-1, TGF-β, and IL-10) and chemokines (chemokine receptors and CC and CXC chemokine subfamilies) in the TME were also inhibited by 3f. Finally, 3f could increase the expression level of cell cycle-related and mitophagy-related proteins p27, PINK1, and Parkin and decrease the expression level of CDK1 and Cyclin-D1 proteins in CT26 and SW480 cells, which proved that 3f could inhibit the proliferation of CRC cells through multiple pathways. Molecular docking studies against ALDH1 (PDB ID: 5ABM) revealed the good binding modes of the newly synthesized compounds.

Application of the Box-Behnken Design in the Development of Amorphous PVP K30-Phosphatidylcholine Dispersions for the Co-Delivery of Curcumin and Hesperetin Prepared by Hot-Melt Extrusion

Background: Curcumin and hesperetin are plant polyphenols known for their poor solubility. To address this limitation, we prepared amorphous PVP K30-phosphatidylcholine dispersions via hot-melt extrusion. Methods: This study aimed to evaluate the effects of the amounts of active ingredients and phosphatidylcholine, as well as the process temperature, on the performance of the dispersions. A Box-Behnken design was employed to assess these factors. Solid-state characterization and biopharmaceutical studies were then conducted. X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) was used to confirm the amorphous nature of the dispersions, while differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) provided insight into the miscibility of the systems. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was employed to assess the intermolecular interactions. The apparent solubility and dissolution profiles of the systems were studied in phosphate buffer at pH 6.8. In vitro permeability across the gastrointestinal tract and blood-brain barrier was evaluated using the parallel artificial membrane permeability assay. Results: The quantities of polyphenols and phospholipids were identified as significant factors influencing the biopharmaceutical performance of the systems. Solid-state analysis confirmed the formation of amorphous dispersions and the development of interactions among components. Notably, a significant improvement in solubility was observed, with formulations exhibiting distinct release patterns for the active compounds. Furthermore, the in vitro permeability through the gastrointestinal tract and blood-brain barrier was enhanced. Conclusions: The findings suggest that amorphous PVP K30-phosphatidylcholine dispersions have the potential to improve the biopharmaceutical properties of curcumin and hesperetin.

PAI-1 influences and curcumin destabilizes MMP-2, MMP-9 and basement membrane proteins during lung injury and fibrosis

One of the characteristic feature of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is an imbalanced fibrinolytic system. Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), an essential serine protease in the fibrinolytic system, has an anti-fibrotic tendency in some organs and a pro-fibrotic nature in others. Curcumin is reported to regulate the fibrinolytic system. In this study, we sought to determine how curcumin affected alterations in tissue remodelling mediated by PAI-1 in lung fibrosis. For in vitro studies, NIH3T3 fibroblasts were either exposed to TGF-β or overexpressed with PAI-1, and/or treated with curcumin. For in vivo studies, C57BL/6 mice were either instilled with bleomycin, overexpressed with PAI-1, and/or intervened with curcumin. Protein and gene expression studies were performed by western blotting and RT-PCR techniques, respectively. Curcumin intervention, in vitro and in vivo, could inhibit the the expression of collagen, fibronectin, MMP-2, and MMP-9, which was otherwise elevated by TGF-β or bleomycin. In conclusion, curcumin reduces pulmonary fibrosis by suppressing excessive basement membrane protein deposition and, likely, preventing the thickening of the alveolar septum.

First Vesicular Self-Assembly of an Apocarotenoid Bixin in Aqueous Liquids and Its Antibacterial Activity

Bixin 1 is the major constituent of the reddish carotenoids present in the seed-coat of Bixa orellana. The use of the extract of the seed-coat of Bixa orellana in food, cosmetics and garments is well known. The nano-sized long 24 C chain molecule has nine conjugated double bonds having extended conjugation with the '-COOH' and '-COOMe' groups present at the two ends of the molecule. Herein, we report the first self-assembly of bixin in several aqueous liquids. The molecule undergoes spontaneous self-assembly in several liquids yielding vesicular self-assembly. Characterizations of the self-assemblies of bixin were carried out by various microscopic techniques, X-ray diffraction and FTIR studies. The critical vesicular concentrations (CVCs) of the compound carried out in DMSO-water in three different solvent ratios as 2: 1 (v/v), 1: 1 (v/v) and 1: 4 (v/v) were determined to be 100 μM, 90 μM and 60 μM respectively indicating lower CVC values at higher proportion of water. Utilization of the vesicular self-assemblies of bixin have been demonstrated in the entrapment and release of fluorophores including the anticancer drugs doxorubicin and curcumin. Self-assembled bixin and curcumin loaded self-assembled bixin showed significant antibacterial activity with both Gram positive as well as Gram negative bacteria.