1
|
Tegegne BA, Yihunie W, Aschale Y, Belew H, Getachew M. Validation of Blood Glucose and Lipid-Lowering Effect of Solvent Fractions of the Crinum Abyssinicum Shoot Tips in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Mice. GLOBAL ADVANCES IN INTEGRATIVE MEDICINE AND HEALTH 2024; 13:27536130231225464. [PMID: 38226326 PMCID: PMC10788077 DOI: 10.1177/27536130231225464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Background Diabetes mellitus prevalence has reached epidemic levels despite the existence of contemporary treatments. People thus started looking at the possible therapeutic value of natural therapies. Crushed shoot tips of Crinum abyssinicum (Amaryllidaceae) are mixed with water in Ethiopia to treat diabetes, yet this practice is not well supported by science. Objective In this experiment, mice models were used to verify the blood sugar and lipid-lowering benefits of solvent fractions of C. abyssinicum shoot tips. Materials and Methods In a single-dose treated Streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic model, mice were randomly grouped into eleven categories which include diabetic negative control, diabetic positive control, and 9 diabetic treatment groups. In repeated daily doses treated STZ-induced model, Mice were divided into 6 groups which included normal and diabetic negative control (TW80), diabetic positive control (5 mg/kg glibenclamide), and three diabetic treatment groups 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg). Finally, blood glucose, lipid level, and body weight were examined. Results In the single-dose treated diabetic model, there was a significant blood glucose reduction at 200 and 400 mg/kg doses of aqueous fraction and glibenclamide starting from the sixth-hour post-administration unlike ethyl acetate and chloroform fraction compared to baseline and negative control. In repeated daily dose-treated diabetic mice, all three doses (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg of aqueous fraction) resulted in a substantial reduction (P < .001) in blood glucose compared to baseline and negative control on the seventh day and 14th day. Besides the AQF shows improvement in lipid levels and body weight parameters. Conclusion The results of the study demonstrated that C. abyssinicum shoot tip fractions have the greatest potential to lower blood sugar and lipid levels, supporting conventional claims for the treatment of diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Wubetu Yihunie
- Department of Pharmacy, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
| | - Yibeltal Aschale
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
| | - Habtamu Belew
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
| | - Melese Getachew
- Department of Pharmacy, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Dubey SK, Rai SN, Singh VK, Bajpeyee AK, Singh MP. Evaluation of Pleurotus Mushroom Effects on Histopathological Changes in Organs of Diabetic Rats. DISEASE MARKERS 2023; 2023:1520132. [PMID: 37091893 PMCID: PMC10121342 DOI: 10.1155/2023/1520132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disorder that can be categorized mainly into type 1 and type 2. Diabetes type 1 is caused due to β-cell destruction, whereas type 2 is caused by the resistance of cell receptors. Many therapies are available for the management of diabetes, but they have some side effects, and as a result of this, people are attracted to natural treatments. Pleurotus mushrooms are well documented for their medicinal attributes and their role in the treatment of diseases like cancer, infectious disease, neurodiseases, and inflammatory disease. The protective mechanism of the Pleurotus fossulatus (P. fossulatus) mushroom and its detailed histological study on kidneys and the liver in diabetic conditions were unexplored. The present study evaluated the effects of P. fossulatus aqueous extract on histological changes in the diabetic rat model. Male Wistar albino rats were used to create the diabetic model by using streptozotocin (STZ) intraperitoneal (IP) injection. The animals were separated into five different groups, with six animals in each. Only group I, animals that did not receive STZ, was considered a normal control. Group II was a diabetic control and received normal saline, and group III was a drug control and received metformin as a standard drug. Groups IV and V were dosing groups, which received the aqueous extract of P. fossulatus in 250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg of body weight concentrations, labeled as T1 and T2 groups, respectively. The T1 and T2 groups clearly showed their potential to reverse the histopathological changes in the kidney and liver. However, the T2 group was more effective than the T1 group, as results indicate that functions of the glomerulus and its structural deformity were restored to their near-natural form in the T2 group. In the case of the liver, the histological changes like the dilatation of sinusoids, more numbers of the Kupffer cell formation, and necrosis were restored in the T2 group. All these results proved the potential of P. fossulatus against the side effects of diabetes. It could protect the organs from developing diabetic nephropathy (DN) and liver-related diseases like cirrhosis and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sushil Kumar Dubey
- Centre of Biotechnology, University of Allahabad, Prayagraj 211002, India
| | - Sachchida Nand Rai
- Centre of Biotechnology, University of Allahabad, Prayagraj 211002, India
| | - Vinay Kumar Singh
- Department of Zoology, C.M.P. Degree College, University of Allahabad, Prayagraj 211002, India
| | | | - M. P. Singh
- Centre of Biotechnology, University of Allahabad, Prayagraj 211002, India
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Validation of Antidiabetic and Antihyperlipidemic Effects of 80% Methanolic Extract of the Lonchocarpus laxiflorus Leaves in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Swiss Albino Mice. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2022:8411851. [PMID: 36619200 PMCID: PMC9812600 DOI: 10.1155/2022/8411851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic endocrine disorder that requires long-term treatment. In Ethiopian traditional medicine practice, plants have been provided with a vital role in fighting human and animal diseases since ancient times. The aqueous extract of Lonchocarpus laxiflorus (L. laxiflorus) leaves has been consumed for treating diabetes mellitus without confirming its safety and efficacy scientifically. This experiment aimed to evaluate the safety and antidiabetic efficacy of the leaf extract of L. laxiflorus in mice models. Methods The crude extraction was conducted using a cold maceration technique and 80% methanol solvent. Normoglycemic, oral glucose-loaded, and streptozotocin-induced (STZ) diabetic models were employed. Male Swiss albino mice were randomly grouped into five categories( with six mice per group during normoglycemic, oral glucose-loadingtest as a negative control, positive control, and three treatment groups. In STZ-induced diabetic models, the groups include normal and diabetic negative control, diabetic positive control, and three diabetic treatment groups. The negative control groups received vehicles, the positive control received 5 mg/kg glibenclamide, and the treatment groups received the crude extract at 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg doses, respectively. Results Up to 2000 mg/kg crude extract, neither signs of toxicity nor death were observed. In normoglycemic mice, there was a significant blood glucose reduction at 200 and 400 mg/kg doses starting from the 2nd h post-administration. The oral glucose load showed a significant antihyperglycemic effect at 200 and 400 mg/kg of the crude extract and glibenclamide. In STZ-induced diabetic models, the 200, 400 mg/kg crude extract, and glibenclamide showed a significant antidiabetic activity and enhancement of a good serum lipid profile. Conclusion This study confirmed that the leaf of L. laxiflorus was safe and possesses antidiabetic and antidyslipidemic activities.
Collapse
|
4
|
Khan SS, Zaidi KU. Protective Effect of Nigella sativa Seed Extract and its Bioactive Compound Thymoquinone on Streptozotocin-induced Diabetic Rats. Cardiovasc Hematol Agents Med Chem 2022; 22:CHAMC-EPUB-128373. [PMID: 36545735 DOI: 10.2174/1871525721666221221161742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The lack of a substantial breakthrough in the treatment of diabetes, a global issue, has led to an ongoing quest for herbs that contain bioactive elements with hypoglycemic properties. OBJECTIVE To investigate the potential protective effect of Nigella sativa seeds ethanol extract and its active ingredient, thymoquinone, on streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. METHODS To induce diabetes, the male Wistar rats were administered an intraperitoneal injection of STZ at a dosage of 90mg/kg body weight in 0.9 percent normal saline after being fasted for 16 hours and made diabetic Group 1; 7 rats non-diabetic control (saline-treated), Group 2; 7 untreated diabetic rats, Group 3; 7 diabetic rats treated orally with N. sativa extract at a dose of 100mg/kg body weight, Group 4; 7 diabetic rats treated orally with thymoquinone at a dose of 10mg/kg body weight and Group 5; 7 diabetic rats treated orally with Metformin at a dose of 5mg/kg body weight. After the treatment of 28 days, all groups were examined for body weight and biochemical alterations. RESULTS The results showed a significant decrease in blood glucose, urea, creatinine, uric acid, total protein, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein, and very low-density lipoprotein, while high-density lipoprotein was increased. Hepatic enzymes, alanine transaminase, aspartate aminotransferase, and alkaline phosphate were also normalized and significantly increased body weight. CONCLUSION These preliminary findings demonstrate that the ethanol extract of N. sativa seeds and its active ingredient, thymoquinone have a protective effect against streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. The present study opens new vistas for the use of N. sativa and its bioactive compound, thymoquinone, regarding its clinical application as a new nontoxic antidiabetic agent for managing diabetes mellitus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samar Saeed Khan
- Department of Public Health, Texila American University, Georgetown, Guyana, and Assistant Professor Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Department of Maxillofacial Surgery and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kamal Uddin Zaidi
- Biotechnology and Pharmacology Laboratory, Centre for Scientific Research and Development, People's University, Bhopal, India
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Fu Y, Liu X, Ma Q, Yi J, Cai S. Phytochemical bioaccessibility and
in vitro
antidiabetic effects of Chinese sumac (
Rhus chinensis
Mill.) fruits after a simulated digestion: insights into the mechanisms with molecular docking analysis. Int J Food Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.15238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yishan Fu
- Faculty of Agriculture and Food Yunnan Institute of Food Safety Kunming University of Science and Technology Kunming Yunnan Province 650500 China
| | - Xiaojing Liu
- Faculty of Agriculture and Food Yunnan Institute of Food Safety Kunming University of Science and Technology Kunming Yunnan Province 650500 China
| | - Qian Ma
- Faculty of Agriculture and Food Yunnan Institute of Food Safety Kunming University of Science and Technology Kunming Yunnan Province 650500 China
| | - Junjie Yi
- Faculty of Agriculture and Food Yunnan Institute of Food Safety Kunming University of Science and Technology Kunming Yunnan Province 650500 China
| | - Shengbao Cai
- Faculty of Agriculture and Food Yunnan Institute of Food Safety Kunming University of Science and Technology Kunming Yunnan Province 650500 China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Kifle ZD, Abdelwuhab M, Melak AD, Genet G, Meseret T, Adugna M. Pharmacological evaluation of medicinal plants with antidiabetic activities in Ethiopia: A review. Metabol Open 2022; 13:100174. [PMID: 35296054 PMCID: PMC8919291 DOI: 10.1016/j.metop.2022.100174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a serious, chronic disease that occurs either when the pancreas does not produce enough insulin, or when the body can't effectively use insulin. Herbal medicines have been commonly used by diabetic patients for the treatment of diabetes mellitus. To include findings from different studies, publications related to in vivo and invitro antidiabetic activities of medicinal plants in Ethiopia were searched from different databases, such as Web of Science, Google Scholar, Medline, Scopus, and PubMed, using English key terms. Different medicinal plant parts were used experimentally for antidiabetic effects in Ethiopia. Among these, leaves (69%) were the most commonly investigated medicinal plant parts followed by roots (14%) and seeds (7%). Most of the investigations were completed with hydro-methanolic extracts to obtain a higher percentage of yield. Medicinal plants such as Thymus schemperi R, Thymus vulgaris L, Hagenia abyssinica, Aloe megalacantha baker, Aloe moticola Reyonolds, Aloe pulecherrima Gilbert & sebseb, Bersama abyssinica fresen, and Rubus Erlangeri Engl have shown in vitro α-amylase inhibitory activity. However, only Hagenia abyssinica, Thymus schemperi R, and Thymus vulgaris L have exhibited α-glucosidase inhibitory activity. Likewise, only the extract of Aloe pulecherrima Gilbert & sebseb posses’ maltase and sucrose inhibitory activity. In vivo antidiabetic activity were conducted for the extract of medicinal plants such as A. remota, S. rebaudiani, T. schemperi, T. vulgaris, H. abyssinica, C. aurea, D. stramonium, A. megalacantha, A. moticola, A.integrifolia, A. pulecherrima, B. grandiflorum, B. abyssinica, P. schimperiana, M. stenopetala, C. aure, J. schimperiana, T. brownie, C. macrostachys, I. spicata, O. integrifolia, C. abyssinica, R. Erlangeri, L. culinaris, A. camperi, A. polystachyus, A. ilicifalius, C. tomentosa, and C. Edulis. This review gives collective evidence on the potential antidiabetic activities of medicinal plants in Ethiopia. Moreover, further studies are recommended to substantiate the use of these medicinal plants as an antidiabetic agent.
Collapse
|
7
|
Tegegne BA, Mekuria AB, Birru EM. Evaluation of Anti-Diabetic and Anti-Hyperlipidemic Activities of Hydro-Alcoholic Crude Extract of the Shoot Tips of Crinum abyssinicum Hochst. ex A. Rich (Amaryllidaceae) in Mice. J Exp Pharmacol 2022; 14:27-41. [PMID: 35136357 PMCID: PMC8817951 DOI: 10.2147/jep.s335650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Bantayehu Addis Tegegne
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
- Correspondence: Bantayehu Addis Tegegne, Department of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia, Tel +251 9 13 32 62 85, Email
| | - Abebe Basazn Mekuria
- School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Science, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Eshetie Melese Birru
- School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Science, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Singh S, Maurya D, Shoaib A, Tripathi A, Singh D. Phytochemical analysis and antidiabetic efficacy of Morus rubra. J INDIAN CHEM SOC 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jics.2021.100170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
9
|
Medicinal Plant Extracts Evaluated In Vitro and In Vivo for Antidiabetic Activities in Ethiopia: Bases for Future Clinical Trials and Related Investigations. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2021; 2021:9108499. [PMID: 34527069 PMCID: PMC8437627 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9108499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disorder characterized by a persistent rise in the blood glucose level resulting from defects in cellular insulin function, secretion, or both, which affects millions of people every year. Several drawbacks have been stated with the use of marketed antidiabetic medicines such as drug resistance, adverse effects, toxicities, and even costs. Due to these several limitations, searching for novel antidiabetic medicines from medicinal plants (MPs) is becoming an active area of research. Therefore, MPs are exemplary sources of medicines with many accessible agents being obtained from them because numerous active constituents are isolated from them for direct use as pharmacological medicines or act as lead compounds. This paper was aimed to synthesize a concluding remark using in vitro and in vivo evaluations of extracts and fractions for antidiabetic potentials in Ethiopia, which can be used to direct future clinical trials and related investigations. Method So as to get data on the different investigations, publications related to experimental evaluations on animal diabetic models in Ethiopia were searched from databases, such as Google Scholar, Web of Science, Medline, PubMed, and Scopus using English key terms. Results In this paper, about 37 research findings based on data from various areas of Ethiopia published until the end of November 2020 were included. A total of 37 MP species extracts and fractions belonging to 19 families have been revealed in vitro or in vivo for potential antidiabetic activities. Crude extracts were carried out mostly by hydromethanolic whereas fractions were done mostly by chloroform. Leaves were the most commonly experimentally investigated plant part. Among the MP species experimentally studied, the most frequently used to treat DM in Ethiopia were Thymus schimperi Ronniger (Lamiaceae), Moringa stenopetala (Baker f.; Moringaceae), Ajuga remota Benth (Lamiaceae), and Datura stramonium Linn. (Solanaceae). Conclusion This paper gives aggregate evidences on the potential antidiabetic activities of MPs in Ethiopia. Antidiabetic MPs used in Ethiopia represent crucial input for the future development of novel antidiabetic drugs. To this end, more pharmacological and toxicological investigations need to be considered to prove the safety of constituents obtained from these MPs. Finally, we recommend upcoming research to ensure future success in the clinical study and development of novel medicines for DM treatment from these frequently evaluated MPs.
Collapse
|
10
|
Etsassala NG, Hussein AA, Nchu F. Potential Application of Some Lamiaceae Species in the Management of Diabetes. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:279. [PMID: 33535455 PMCID: PMC7912742 DOI: 10.3390/plants10020279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes is one of the most dangerous metabolic disorders, with high rates of mortality worldwide. Since ancient times, medicinal plants have been used in traditional medicine to treat many diseases, including diabetes and its related complications. Plants are widely accepted, affordable, and perceived to have minimal adverse side effects. The Lamiaceae family is a potential source of therapeutic agents for the management of metabolic disorders, including diabetes. Hence, this review paper summarizes the antidiabetic use of Lamiaceae species in folk medicine globally. Furthermore, we present the antidiabetic activities and phytochemical constituents of twenty-three (23) Lamiaceae species and the antidiabetic activity of some notable chemical constituents isolated from some of these Lamiaceae species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ninon G.E.R. Etsassala
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Symphony Road, Bellville 7535, South Africa;
| | - Ahmed A. Hussein
- Chemistry Department, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Bellville Campus, Symphony Road, Bellville 7535, South Africa;
| | - Felix Nchu
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Symphony Road, Bellville 7535, South Africa;
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Mieczkowski M, Mrozikiewicz-Rakowska B, Siwko T, Bujalska-Zadrozny M, de Corde-Skurska A, Wolinska R, Gasinska E, Grzela T, Foltynski P, Kowara M, Mieczkowska Z, Czupryniak L. Insulin, but Not Metformin, Supports Wound Healing Process in Rats with Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetes. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2021; 14:1505-1517. [PMID: 33854349 PMCID: PMC8039538 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s296287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Optimal glycemic control is crucial for proper wound healing in patients with diabetes. However, it is not clear whether other antidiabetic drugs support wound healing in mechanisms different from the normalization of blood glucose control. We assessed the effect of insulin and metformin administration on the wound healing process in rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes. METHODS The study was conducted on 200 male Wistar rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes. In the last phase of the study, 45 rats, with the most stable glucose levels in the range of 350-500 mg/dL, were divided into three groups: group I received human non-protamine insulin subcutaneously (5 IU/kg body mass) once a day, group II received metformin intragastrically (500 mg/kg b.m.), and group III (control) was given saline subcutaneously. After 14 days of antidiabetic treatment, a 2 cm × 2 cm thin layer of skin was cut from each rat's dorsum and a 4 cm disk with a hole in its center was sewn in to stabilize the skin and standardize the healing process. The wound healing process was followed up for 9 days, with assessment every 3 days. Biopsy samples were subjected to hematoxylin and eosin staining and immunohistochemical assays. RESULTS Analysis of variance revealed significant influence of treatment type (insulin, control, or metformin) on the relative change in wound surface area. The wound healing process in rats treated with insulin was more effective than in the metformin and control groups. Wound tissue samples taken from the insulin-treated animals presented significantly lower levels of inflammatory infiltration. Immunohistochemical assessment showed the greatest density of centers of proliferation Ki-67 in insulin-treated animals. CONCLUSION These results suggest that an insulin-based treatment is more beneficial than metformin, in terms of accelerating the wound healing process in an animal model of streptozocin-induced diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Mieczkowski
- Department of Diabetology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Beata Mrozikiewicz-Rakowska
- Department of Diabetology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
- Correspondence: Beata Mrozikiewicz-Rakowska Department of Diabetology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland ul. Banacha 1A, Warsaw, 02-097, PolandTel +48 600 311 399Fax +48225992832 Email
| | - Tomasz Siwko
- Department of Diabetology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | | | - Renata Wolinska
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Emilia Gasinska
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Tomasz Grzela
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Foltynski
- Nalecz Institute of Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Michal Kowara
- Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Zofia Mieczkowska
- Department of Diabetology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Leszek Czupryniak
- Department of Diabetology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| |
Collapse
|