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Shen Y, Xue J, Yu J, Jiang Y, Bu J, Zhu T, Gu X, Zhu X. Comprehensive analysis of the expression, prognostic significance, and regulation pathway of G2E3 in breast cancer. World J Surg Oncol 2022; 20:398. [PMID: 36517818 PMCID: PMC9753372 DOI: 10.1186/s12957-022-02871-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Loss of G2-specific E3-like (G2E3) protein sensitizes tumor cells to chemotherapy. However, the role of G2E3 in breast cancer development and patient's prognosis is unclear. Here, we explored the expression, prognostic significance, and regulatory pathway of G2E3 in breast cancer. METHODS TCGA and UALCAN database were utilized to explore G2E3 expression in breast cancer and normal tissues and its expression in breast cancer based on clinicopathological characteristics, respectively. The Kaplan-Meier plotter database was utilized to determine the effect of G2E3 on the prognosis of breast cancer patients. RT-PCR was utilized to validate the G2E3 expression in cancerous and normal breast tissues. Immunohistochemistry analysis was utilized to validate the prognostic effect of G2E3 expression in breast cancer patients and the relationship between G2E3 expression and lymphocyte infiltration levels. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were also generated to validate the diagnostic value of G2E3 expression in recurrence/distant organ metastasis and death. The STRING database, DAVID database, and Sanger-box tools were utilized to perform GO functional, KEGG pathway enrichment, and GSEA analysis. The TISIDB database was utilized to determine the relationship between G2E3 expression and tumor immunity. Finally, CTD database was utilized to screen for potential therapeutic compounds that could reduce the G2E3 mRNA expression. RESULTS TCGA data presented that G2E3 expression was higher in breast cancer tissues than in normal breast tissues. This result was further validated by RT-PCR (P = 0.003). The Kaplan-Meier plotter database suggested that patients with high G2E3 mRNA expression had significantly shorter RFS and OS than patients with low G2E3 mRNA expression. Immunohistochemistry analysis of 156 breast cancer clinical specimens also validated patients with G2E3-positive expression had a significantly shorter DFS and OS than patients with G2E3-negative expression. Thus, G2E3 expression was an independent prognostic predictor of DFS and OS. The G2E3-positive expression also has a high diagnostic value for recurrence/distant organ metastasis and death. GSEA analysis revealed that G2E3 might be enriched in the E2F, PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling, DNA repair pathways, and other cancer-related signaling pathways. The TISIDB database showed that G2E3 expression was significantly negatively associated with lymphocyte infiltration. This result was further validated in clinical breast cancer samples (P = 0.048; R = -0.158). Using the CTD database, we found that (+)-JQ1 compound, 1,2-dimethylhydrazine, and other compounds may decrease the G2E3 mRNA expression. These compounds could serve as potential therapeutic compounds for the clinical treatment of breast cancer. CONCLUSIONS G2E3 expression was higher in breast cancer tissues than in normal tissues. G2E3-positive expression was related to a worse survival outcome in patients with breast cancer. Genes co-expressed with G2E3 may be enriched in the breast cancer-related signaling pathways. The G2E3 expression was significantly negatively associated with lymphocyte infiltration. G2E3 may serve as a novel prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target for breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Shen
- grid.412467.20000 0004 1806 3501Department of Neurosurgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004 Liaoning China
| | - Jinqi Xue
- grid.412467.20000 0004 1806 3501Department of Oncology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004 Liaoning China
| | - Jiahui Yu
- grid.412467.20000 0004 1806 3501Department of Ultrasound, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004 Liaoning China
| | - Yi Jiang
- grid.412467.20000 0004 1806 3501Department of Oncology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004 Liaoning China
| | - Jiawen Bu
- grid.412467.20000 0004 1806 3501Department of Oncology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004 Liaoning China
| | - Tong Zhu
- grid.412467.20000 0004 1806 3501Department of Oncology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004 Liaoning China
| | - Xi Gu
- grid.412467.20000 0004 1806 3501Department of Oncology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004 Liaoning China
| | - Xudong Zhu
- grid.412467.20000 0004 1806 3501Department of Oncology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004 Liaoning China ,grid.459742.90000 0004 1798 5889Department of General Surgery, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shenyang, 110042 Liaoning China
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Powell DR, Doree DD, DaCosta CM, Platt KA, Brommage R, Buhring L, Revelli JP, Shadoan MK. Mice Lacking Gpr75 are Hypophagic and Thin. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2022; 15:45-58. [PMID: 35023939 PMCID: PMC8743382 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s342799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Humans with haploinsufficiency of GPR75, an orphan GPCR, are thin. Gpr75 knockout (KO) mice are also thin with improved glucose homeostasis. We wanted to confirm these findings in Gpr75 KO mice and determine whether decreased energy intake and/or increased energy expenditure contributed to the thin phenotype. METHODS Gpr75 KO mice were generated by homologous recombination. All studies compared female and male Gpr75 KO mice to their wild type (WT) littermates. Body composition was measured by DXA and QMR technologies. Glucose homeostasis was evaluated by measuring glucose and insulin levels during oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTTs). Food intake was measured in group-housed mice. In singly housed mice, energy expenditure was measured in Oxymax indirect calorimetry chambers, and locomotor activity was measured in Oxymax and Photobeam Activity System chambers. RESULTS In all 12 cohorts of adult female or male mice, Gpr75 KO mice had less body fat; pooled data showed that, compared to WT littermates (n = 103), Gpr75 KO mice (n = 118) had 49% less body fat and 4% less LBM (P < 0.001 for each). KO mice also had 8% less body fat at weaning (P < 0.05), and during the month after weaning as the thin phenotype became more exaggerated, Gpr75 KO mice ate significantly less than, but had energy expenditure and activity levels comparable to, their WT littermates. During OGTTs, Gpr75 KO mice showed improved glucose tolerance (glucose AUC 23% lower in females, P < 0.05, and 26% lower in males, P < 0.001), accompanied by significantly decreased insulin levels and significantly increased insulin sensitivity indices. CONCLUSION Gpr75 KO mice are thin at weaning, are hypophagic as the thin phenotype becomes more exaggerated, and exhibit improved glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity as healthy-appearing adults. These results suggest that inhibiting GPR75 in obese humans may safely decrease energy intake and body fat while improving glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Powell
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc, The Woodlands, TX, USA
- Correspondence: David R Powell Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 2445 Technology Forest Boulevard, The Woodlands, TX, 77381, USATel +1 713 249 3972Fax +1 281 863 8115 Email
| | - Deon D Doree
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc, The Woodlands, TX, USA
| | - Christopher M DaCosta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc, The Woodlands, TX, USA
| | - Kenneth A Platt
- Department of Molecular Biology, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc., The Woodlands, TX, USA
| | - Robert Brommage
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc, The Woodlands, TX, USA
| | - Lindsey Buhring
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc, The Woodlands, TX, USA
| | - Jean-Pierre Revelli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc, The Woodlands, TX, USA
| | - Melanie K Shadoan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc, The Woodlands, TX, USA
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Li Z, Du X, Wen L, Li Y, Qin J, Chen Z, Huang Y, Wu X, Luo H, Lin Y, Ye H. Transcriptome analysis reveals the involvement of ubiquitin-proteasome pathway in the regulation of muscle growth of rice flower carp. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. PART D, GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2021; 41:100948. [PMID: 34942523 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2021.100948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Growth mechanism of economically important aquaculture species has aroused widespread interest among scholars. Rice flower carp (Cyprinus carpio), commonly cultured in rice-fish farming systems, shows wide variation in body mass at the same age, which limits the development of commercial aquaculture. In this study, muscle tissues from 20-month-old fish of different sizes were used for transcriptome analysis and muscle histological studies. The muscle histological analysis showed the muscle growth in rice flower carp main depends on the hypertrophic growth of muscle fibers. A total of 30,590 unigenes were generated by muscle trancriptome analysis, including 403 differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Of these, 157 DEGs were upregulated and 246 DEGs were downregulated. Nine unigenes related to the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway were identified using differential expression analysis. This study initially revealed that the differences in growth of rice flower carp could be due to hypertrophic growth of muscle fibers caused by higher protein deposition, and the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway was an important factor affecting the growth rate of rice flower carp. E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase ari7, g2e3, Neurl1 and rnf144ab were upregulated in the slow-growing fish, indicating the binding of ubiquitin to target protein was enhanced. Foxo3 was upregulated in the slow-growing fish, which could promote the muscle loss. Eif4a2 was upregulated in the fast-growing fish, increasing protein translation efficiency. Some genes related to active muscle contraction such as actb, actg, camk2a, and camk2b were upregulated in the fast-growing rice flower carp muscle. In summary, these results provide valuable information about the key genes for use as biomarkers of growth in selective breeding programs for rice flower carp and provide novel insights into the regulatory mechanisms of muscle growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Li
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development (Ministry of Education), College of Fisheries, Southwest University, Chongqing 402460, China
| | - Xuesong Du
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Aquatic Genetic Breeding and Healthy Aquaculture, Guangxi Academy of Fisheries Science, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Luting Wen
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Aquatic Genetic Breeding and Healthy Aquaculture, Guangxi Academy of Fisheries Science, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Yu Li
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development (Ministry of Education), College of Fisheries, Southwest University, Chongqing 402460, China
| | - Junqi Qin
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Aquatic Genetic Breeding and Healthy Aquaculture, Guangxi Academy of Fisheries Science, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Zhong Chen
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Aquatic Genetic Breeding and Healthy Aquaculture, Guangxi Academy of Fisheries Science, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Yin Huang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Aquatic Genetic Breeding and Healthy Aquaculture, Guangxi Academy of Fisheries Science, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Xia Wu
- College of Life Science, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541006, China
| | - Hui Luo
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development (Ministry of Education), College of Fisheries, Southwest University, Chongqing 402460, China.
| | - Yong Lin
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Aquatic Genetic Breeding and Healthy Aquaculture, Guangxi Academy of Fisheries Science, Nanning 530021, China.
| | - Hua Ye
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development (Ministry of Education), College of Fisheries, Southwest University, Chongqing 402460, China.
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Vogel P, Read RW, Hansen GM, Powell DR. Histopathology is required to identify and characterize myopathies in high-throughput phenotype screening of genetically engineered mice. Vet Pathol 2021; 58:1158-1171. [PMID: 34269122 DOI: 10.1177/03009858211030541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The development of mouse models that replicate the genetic and pathological features of human disease is important in preclinical research because these types of models enable the completion of meaningful pharmacokinetic, safety, and efficacy studies. Numerous relevant mouse models of human disease have been discovered in high-throughput screening programs, but there are important specific phenotypes revealed by histopathology that are not reliably detected by any other physiological or behavioral screening tests. As part of comprehensive phenotypic analyses of over 4000 knockout (KO) mice, histopathology identified 12 lines of KO mice with lesions indicative of an autosomal recessive myopathy. This report includes a brief summary of histological and other findings in these 12 lines. Notably, the inverted screen test detected muscle weakness in only 4 of these 12 lines (Scyl1, Plpp7, Chkb, and Asnsd1), all 4 of which have been previously recognized and published. In contrast, 6 of 8 KO lines showing negative or inconclusive findings on the inverted screen test (Plppr2, Pnpla7, Tenm1, Srpk3, Sidt2, Yif1b, Mrs2, and Pnpla2) had not been previously identified as having myopathies. These findings support the need to include histopathology in phenotype screening protocols in order to identify novel genetic myopathies that are not clinically evident or not detected by the inverted screen test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Vogel
- 5417St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Robert W Read
- 57636Lexicon Pharmaceuticals Inc, The Woodlands, TX, USA
| | | | - David R Powell
- 57636Lexicon Pharmaceuticals Inc, The Woodlands, TX, USA
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Powell DR, Revelli JP, Doree DD, DaCosta CM, Desai U, Shadoan MK, Rodriguez L, Mullens M, Yang QM, Ding ZM, Kirkpatrick LL, Vogel P, Zambrowicz B, Sands AT, Platt KA, Hansen GM, Brommage R. High-Throughput Screening of Mouse Gene Knockouts Identifies Established and Novel High Body Fat Phenotypes. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2021; 14:3753-3785. [PMID: 34483672 PMCID: PMC8409770 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s322083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Obesity is a major public health problem. Understanding which genes contribute to obesity may better predict individual risk and allow development of new therapies. Because obesity of a mouse gene knockout (KO) line predicts an association of the orthologous human gene with obesity, we reviewed data from the Lexicon Genome5000TM high throughput phenotypic screen (HTS) of mouse gene KOs to identify KO lines with high body fat. MATERIALS AND METHODS KO lines were generated using homologous recombination or gene trapping technologies. HTS body composition analyses were performed on adult wild-type and homozygous KO littermate mice from 3758 druggable mouse genes having a human ortholog. Body composition was measured by either DXA or QMR on chow-fed cohorts from all 3758 KO lines and was measured by QMR on independent high fat diet-fed cohorts from 2488 of these KO lines. Where possible, comparisons were made to HTS data from the International Mouse Phenotyping Consortium (IMPC). RESULTS Body fat data are presented for 75 KO lines. Of 46 KO lines where independent external published and/or IMPC KO lines are reported as obese, 43 had increased body fat. For the remaining 29 novel high body fat KO lines, Ksr2 and G2e3 are supported by data from additional independent KO cohorts, 6 (Asnsd1, Srpk2, Dpp8, Cxxc4, Tenm3 and Kiss1) are supported by data from additional internal cohorts, and the remaining 21 including Tle4, Ak5, Ntm, Tusc3, Ankk1, Mfap3l, Prok2 and Prokr2 were studied with HTS cohorts only. CONCLUSION These data support the finding of high body fat in 43 independent external published and/or IMPC KO lines. A novel obese phenotype was identified in 29 additional KO lines, with 27 still lacking the external confirmation now provided for Ksr2 and G2e3 KO mice. Undoubtedly, many mammalian obesity genes remain to be identified and characterized.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Powell
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc, The Woodlands, TX, USA
| | - Jean-Pierre Revelli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc, The Woodlands, TX, USA
| | - Deon D Doree
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc, The Woodlands, TX, USA
| | - Christopher M DaCosta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc, The Woodlands, TX, USA
| | - Urvi Desai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc, The Woodlands, TX, USA
| | - Melanie K Shadoan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc, The Woodlands, TX, USA
| | - Lawrence Rodriguez
- Department of Information Technology, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc, The Woodlands, Tx, USA
| | - Michael Mullens
- Department of Information Technology, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc, The Woodlands, Tx, USA
| | - Qi M Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc, The Woodlands, TX, USA
| | - Zhi-Ming Ding
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc, The Woodlands, TX, USA
| | - Laura L Kirkpatrick
- Department of Molecular Biology, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc, The Woodlands, Tx, USA
| | - Peter Vogel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc, The Woodlands, TX, USA
| | - Brian Zambrowicz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc, The Woodlands, TX, USA
- Department of Information Technology, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc, The Woodlands, Tx, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc, The Woodlands, Tx, USA
| | - Arthur T Sands
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc, The Woodlands, TX, USA
- Department of Information Technology, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc, The Woodlands, Tx, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc, The Woodlands, Tx, USA
| | - Kenneth A Platt
- Department of Molecular Biology, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc, The Woodlands, Tx, USA
| | - Gwenn M Hansen
- Department of Molecular Biology, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc, The Woodlands, Tx, USA
| | - Robert Brommage
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc, The Woodlands, TX, USA
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