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Pasca L, Politano D, Cavallini A, Panzeri E, Vigone MC, Baldoli C, Abbate M, Kullmann G, Marelli S, Pozzobon G, Vincenzi G, Nacinovich R, Bassi MT, Romaniello R. A Novel De novo Heterozygous Mutation in the SON Gene Associated with Septo-optic Dysplasia: A New Phenotype. Neuropediatrics 2024; 55:191-195. [PMID: 37343586 DOI: 10.1055/a-2114-4387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
Septo-optic dysplasia (SOD) syndrome is a rare congenital disorder characterized by a classic triad of optic nerve/chiasm hypoplasia, agenesis of septum pellucidum and corpus callosum, and hypoplasia of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis.Herein, we report the clinical case of 2-year-old boy presenting with psychomotor delay, nystagmus, congenital hypothyroidism, and a clinically relevant growth delay. The neuroradiological examination showed partial segmental agenesis of the corpus callosum, agenesis of the septum pellucidum, optic nerve hypoplasia, and a small pituitary gland with a small median pituitary stalk. A whole-exome sequencing analysis detected a novel heterozygous de novo variant c.1069_1070delAG in SON, predicted as likely pathogenic.To date, SON pathogenic variants have been described as responsible for Zhu-Tokita-Takenouchi-Kim (ZTTK) syndrome, a multisystemic neurodevelopmental disorder mainly characterized by intellectual disability, facial dysmorphisms, visual abnormalities, brain malformations, feeding difficulties, and growth delay. The herein described case is the first recognized clinic-radiological occurrence of SOD syndrome with hypothalamic-pituitary dysfunction in a patient carrying a SON gene variant, considered responsible of ZTTK syndrome, suggesting a possible relationship between SOD and SON gene alterations, never described so far, making the search for SON gene mutations advisable in patients with SOD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludovica Pasca
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Davide Politano
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | | | - Elena Panzeri
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Scientific Institute, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini, Lecco, Italy
| | | | - Cristina Baldoli
- Neuroradiology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Abbate
- Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Gaia Kullmann
- Fondazione IRCCS San Gerardo dei Tintori, Monza, Italy
| | - Susan Marelli
- Neuropsychiatry and Neurorehabilitation Unit, Scientific Institute, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini, Lecco, Italy
| | | | - Gaia Vincenzi
- Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Maria Teresa Bassi
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Scientific Institute, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini, Lecco, Italy
| | - Romina Romaniello
- Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
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Centner A, Centner S, Ikeda J, Gavin LA, Hasan S. Co-occurrence of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Septo-Optic Dysplasia: A Neurodevelopmental Case Report. Cureus 2024; 16:e60441. [PMID: 38883061 PMCID: PMC11179682 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.60441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Septo-optic dysplasia (SOD) is a rare congenital disorder characterized by optic nerve hypoplasia, brain midline structure anomalies, and hypothalamic-pituitary axis hypoplasia. This case report aims to highlight the association between SOD and neurodevelopmental disorders, focusing on attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in addition to the well-established link with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). A six-year-old male diagnosed with SOD presented with behavioral concerns, including attention and impulse control issues. A comprehensive psychological evaluation confirmed the diagnosis of ADHD and ruled out ASD. Ophthalmological assessments were integral to understanding the patient's condition. This case underscores the importance of recognizing neurodevelopmental disorders in individuals with SOD, with a particular focus on the less common association with ADHD. The co-occurrence of these conditions underscores the complexity of neurodevelopmental disorders and the need for comprehensive evaluation and management. Collaboration between ophthalmologists and mental health specialists is crucial for addressing the diverse needs of these patients. Early identification and intervention for ADHD are essential for optimal developmental outcomes. This case underscores the necessity for further research to elucidate the relationship between SOD and ADHD, emphasizing the importance of holistic patient care and interdisciplinary collaboration in managing individuals with SOD spectrum conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aliya Centner
- Medicine, University of Central Florida College of Medicine, Orlando, USA
| | - Safia Centner
- Medicine, University of Central Florida College of Medicine, Orlando, USA
| | - Jamie Ikeda
- Ophthalmology, Nemours Children's Hospital, Orlando, USA
| | - Leslie A Gavin
- Child Psychology, Nemours Children's Hospital, Orlando, USA
| | - Shirin Hasan
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry & Pediatrics, Nemours Children's Hospital, Orlando, USA
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Scott DA, Wang MT, Danesh-Meyer HV, Hull S. Optic atrophy in prematurity: pathophysiology and clinical features. Clin Exp Optom 2024; 107:245-254. [PMID: 37867148 DOI: 10.1080/08164622.2023.2256734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Optic atrophy is an important cause of visual impairment in children, and the aetiological profile has changed over time. Technological advancements led by neuroimaging of the visual pathway and imaging of the optic nerve with optical coherence tomography have accelerated the understanding of this condition. In the new millennium, an increasing prevalence of prematurity as a cause of optic atrophy in children has been highlighted. This new shift has been linked with increasing rates of premature births and improved neonatal survival of preterm infants. The available literature is limited to hospital and registry-based cohorts with modest sample sizes, methodological heterogeneity and selection bias limitations. Larger studies that are better designed are required to better understand the contribution of prematurity to the disease burden. In addition to considering other life-threatening aetiologies, screening for premature birth should be covered as part of a comprehensive history when evaluating a child with paediatric optic atrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Ar Scott
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Michael Tm Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | - Sarah Hull
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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Ku BD, Shin HY. A case of septo-optic dysplasia-plus presenting as episodic memory loss. Acta Neurol Belg 2024; 124:723-725. [PMID: 37672180 DOI: 10.1007/s13760-023-02371-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bon D Ku
- Department of Neurology, Institute for Cognitive Intervention, International St. Mary's Hospital, Catholic Kwandong University College of Medicine, 25, Simgok-ro 100beon-gil, Seo-gu, Incheon, 22711, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyun Young Shin
- Department of Medicine, Songpa-gu Health Center, Seoul, 05552, Republic of Korea
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Nalawade R, Bhate M. Septo-Optic Dysplasia: A Case Series of 33 Patients. Neuroophthalmology 2024; 48:13-18. [PMID: 38357618 PMCID: PMC10863347 DOI: 10.1080/01658107.2023.2276187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to record the clinical, neuro-radiological, and systemic features of patients with septo-optic dysplasia (SOD). A retrospective review of patients was conducted to identify patients with features consistent with SOD over a 6-year period, including optic nerve hypoplasia with agenesis of midline structures, along with an absent septum pellucidum and/or agenesis of the corpus callosum. Thirty-three patients were identified. The male to female ratio was 2:1, while the median age at diagnosis was 5 years (interquartile range = 10 years, range = 0-44 years). Optic nerve hypoplasia (ONH) was bilateral in 81.81% of cases (n = 27) and unilateral in 18.18% of cases (n = 6), with three cases in each eye. Developmental delay was documented in 24.2% (n = 8). The most frequent magnetic resonance imaging features that were consistent with SOD included: isolated absent septum pellucidum reported in 51.51% (n = 17); isolated corpus callosum agenesis in 33.33% (n = 11); and both absent septum pellucidum and corpus callosum agenesis in 15.15% (n = 5). Pituitary gland abnormalities, including pituitary hypoplasia in 9% (n = 3) or hypoplasia of pituitary infundibulum in 6% (n = 2) were less common. Pituitary hormonal abnormalities were present in 50% of the 10 tested patients (n = 5). Although bilateral ONH is more frequent, hypoplasia of just one optic nerve could be a presenting feature of SOD. Therefore, additional neuro-imaging is important for a diagnosis in cases of unilateral and bilateral ONH and a multidisciplinary approach is beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohan Nalawade
- Strabismus Pediatric and Neuro-ophthalmology, Jasti V Ramanamma Children’s Eye Care Centre, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India
| | - Manjushree Bhate
- Strabismus Pediatric and Neuro-ophthalmology, Jasti V Ramanamma Children’s Eye Care Centre, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India
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Salman MS, Hossain S, Carson E, Ruth CA, Clark IH. Visual Acuity Outcomes in Children With Optic Nerve Hypoplasia and Septo-Optic-Pituitary Dysplasia. Pediatr Neurol 2023; 149:167-175. [PMID: 38557645 DOI: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2023.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To investigate best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) outcomes in patients with optic nerve hypoplasia (ONH)/septo-optic-pituitary dysplasia (SOD). Our primary hypothesis was that BCVA in patients with ONH/SOD does not change significantly over time. METHODS A chart review was undertaken in patients with a confirmed diagnosis of ONH/SOD. Demographic and clinical ophthalmologic data were extracted. Quantitative BCVA data were investigated across clinic visits after converting acuities to the logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution (logMAR). RESULTS There were 102 patients (56 males). Median age at the end of the study was 12.7 years. Median duration of follow-up was 4.5 years. BCVA significantly worsened slightly in the most affected eyes (0.056 average increase in logMAR/year, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.037 to 0.075) and significantly improved mildly in the lesser or equally affected eyes (0.014 average decrease in logMAR/year, 95% CI: 0.009 to 0.019) (P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS Although the overall BCVA data showed a statistically significant change with time, the actual changes were small and are of doubtful meaningful clinical significance (less than one line change on a Snellen chart). Our data suggest that ONH/SOD are nonprogressive neurodevelopmental disorders. The mild worsening of BCVA in the most affected eyes may be caused by amblyopia, whereas the small improvement in the lesser or equally affected eyes may be caused by developmental maturation. In addition, the changes in BCVA may also be due to increasing reliability of visual assessments with increasing age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Salman
- Section of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
| | - Shakhawat Hossain
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Elizabeth Carson
- Pediatric Ophthalmology, Children's Hospital, Health Science Centre, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Chelsea A Ruth
- Section of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Ian H Clark
- Section of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Department of Ophthalmology, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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Kruse SM, Fine AL, Gregory SW. Abnormal Eye Movements and Hypernatremia in a 4-month-old Girl. Pediatr Rev 2023; 44:S44-S47. [PMID: 37777236 DOI: 10.1542/pir.2021-005012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Kruse
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | | | - Seth W Gregory
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
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Al-Salihi MM, Qassim T, Aji N, Al-Jebur MS, Rahman MM, Ayyad A. The clinical aspects of septo-optic dysplasia: A narrative review with illustrative case report. Int J Surg Case Rep 2023; 109:108575. [PMID: 37524018 PMCID: PMC10407208 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijscr.2023.108575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Revised: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND IMPORTANCE Septo-optic dysplasia (SOD) is a rare congenital disorder characterized by abnormal development of the optic nerve, pituitary gland, hypothalamus, and midline brain structures, with heterogeneous presentation among cases. CASE PRESENTATION We report a seven-month-old male infant presented with persistent vomiting and delayed developmental milestones. He had dysmorphic facial features, bilateral esotropia, a head circumference of 50 cm, and scoliosis. His muscle tone was high (clasp-knife spasticity) and his deep tendon reflexes were brisk in the four limbs. Clinical evaluation and brain MRI confirmed the diagnosis of SOD, for which, he was subjected for multidisciplinary evaluation. Genetic testing revealed an autosomal dominant TUBB gene mutation. On follow-up, at the age of three years, he presented with recurrent focal motor and generalized seizures, which were controlled with levetiracetam. CLINICAL DISCUSSION The ophthalmic manifestations of SOD include optic nerve hypoplasia, which can lead to visual impairments such as nystagmus, strabismus, and reduced visual acuity. Midline brain anomalies involve structures like the corpus callosum and septum pellucidum, and can result in cognitive and neurological deficits. Hypothalamic-pituitary axis abnormalities can cause endocrine dysfunction and growth abnormalities. The clinical heterogeneity of SOD is attributed to variable phenotypic penetration and genetic mutations. Environmental risk factors may also contribute to the development of the syndrome. CONCLUSION SOD is a complex disorder with diverse clinical manifestations. Early diagnosis and multidisciplinary management are crucial for optimizing patient outcomes. Further research is needed to understand the underlying genetic and environmental factors involved in SOD and to develop targeted treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Maan Al-Salihi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hamad General Hospital, Doha, Qatar; College of Medicine, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq; Department of Neurological Surgery, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | | | - Narjiss Aji
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of Rabat, Morocco
| | | | - Md Moshiur Rahman
- Neurosurgery Department, Holy Family Red Crescent Medical College, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
| | - Ali Ayyad
- Department of Neurosurgery, Saarland University Hospital, Homburg, Germany
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Salman MS, Hossain S, Rozovsky K. Neuroimaging Features in Children with Optic Nerve Hypoplasia and Septo-Optic-Pituitary Dysplasia. Can J Neurol Sci 2023:1-9. [PMID: 37492885 DOI: 10.1017/cjn.2023.263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Optic nerve hypoplasia (ONH) and septo-optic-pituitary dysplasia (SOD) are common causes of congenital visual impairment. Our primary aim was to investigate the prevalence of abnormal neuroimaging features in patients with these disorders in Manitoba, Canada, and compare them with published reports. METHODS A retrospective neuroimaging review was performed in patients resident in Manitoba with ONH/SOD. RESULTS There were 128 patients (M = 70) with ONH/SOD who had neuroimaging. Their mean age (SD) at the end of the study was 13.2 (7.5) years. Males were significantly more likely to have bilateral ONH and a small optic chiasm size, while females were more likely to have a left ONH and a small left optic chiasm size on neuroimaging (p = 0.049). ONH and small optic chiasm size were seen in most patients on neuroimaging. Absent septum pellucidum was noted in 40%, small pituitary gland size in 28%, neuronal migration disorders (NMD) in 20% (>1 type and bilateral in 13 cases), corpus callosum abnormalities were present in 9%, while olfactory bulbs-tracts and olfactory sulci were absent in 8.6% of cases. Unilateral ONH was not significantly associated with other structural brain abnormalities, while NMD were significantly associated with other midline brain abnormalities including a symmetrically small optic chiasm size. CONCLUSION The prevalence of structural neuroimaging abnormalities in our cohort with ONH/SOD was generally in the same range reported in other studies with corpus callosum abnormalities being relatively less common in our study. Bilateral NMD were relatively common among patients with NMD. The association between sex and ONH laterality requires further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Salman
- Section of Pediatric Neurology, Winnipeg Children's Hospital and Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Shakhawat Hossain
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Katya Rozovsky
- Section of Pediatric Radiology, Department of Radiology, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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Mann A, Aghababaie A, Kalitsi J, Martins D, Paloyelis Y, Kapoor RR. Neurodevelopmental impairments in children with septo-optic dysplasia spectrum conditions: a systematic review. Mol Autism 2023; 14:26. [PMID: 37491272 PMCID: PMC10369759 DOI: 10.1186/s13229-023-00559-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Septo-optic dysplasia (SOD) is a rare condition diagnosed in children with two or more of the following: hypopituitarism, midline brain abnormalities, and optic nerve hypoplasia. Children with SOD experience varied visual impairment and endocrine dysfunction. Autistic-like behaviours have been reported; however, their nature and prevalence remain to be fully understood. The present systematic review aimed to explore the type and prevalence of neurodevelopmental impairments in children with SOD spectrum conditions. METHODS The search was conducted in PubMed, EMBASE, and PsycInfo. Hand-searching reference lists of included studies was conducted. All peer-reviewed, observational studies assessing behavioural and cognitive impairments or autism spectrum disorder (ASD) symptoms in children (< 18 years) with SOD, optic nerve hypoplasia, and SOD-plus were included. Studies were excluded if they did not report standardised measures of neurodevelopmental impairments or ASD outcomes. RESULTS From 2132 screened articles, 20 articles reporting data from a total of 479 children were included in prevalence estimates. Of 14 studies assessing cognitive-developmental outcomes, 175 of 336 (52%) children presented with intellectual disability or developmental delay. A diagnosis of ASD or clinical level of symptoms was observed in 65 of 187 (35%) children across five studies. Only five studies assessed for dysfunction across behavioural, emotional, or social domains and reported impairments in 88 of 184 (48%) of children assessed. LIMITATIONS Importantly, high heterogeneity among the samples in relation to their neuroanatomical, endocrine, and optic nerve involvement meant that it was not possible to statistically assess the relative contribution of these confounding factors to the specific neurodevelopmental phenotype. This was further limited by the variation in study designs and behavioural assessments used across the included studies, which may have increased the risk of information bias. CONCLUSIONS This systematic review suggests that the prevalence of neurodevelopmental impairments in children within the SOD spectrum may be high. Clinicians should therefore consider including formal assessments of ASD symptoms and neurodevelopmental impairments alongside routine care. There is, additionally, a need for further research to define and validate a standardised battery of tools that accurately identify neurodevelopmental impairments in SOD spectrum conditions, and for research to identify the likely causal mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Mann
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.
| | - Arameh Aghababaie
- Homerton Healthcare NHS Trust, Homerton University Hospital, London, UK
| | - Jennifer Kalitsi
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- Florence Nightingale Faculty of Nursing, Midwifery and Palliative Care, Child and Family Health Nursing, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Daniel Martins
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- NIHR Maudsley Biomedical Research Centre, South London and Maudsley NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Yannis Paloyelis
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Ritika R Kapoor
- Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Variety Children's Hospital, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
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Sepulveda W, Sepulveda F, Ranzini AC. Role of Fetal Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Differentiating Isolated Septal Agenesis from Septo-Optic Dysplasia: Case Study and Review. Fetal Diagn Ther 2023; 50:165-174. [PMID: 37015213 DOI: 10.1159/000530468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The detection of absent septi pellucidi (ASP) during obstetric ultrasound is a rare event. However, the clinical implications of this finding are significant. ASP can be associated with severe central nervous system anomalies such as holoprosencephaly, agenesis/dysgenesis of the corpus callosum, schizencephaly, severe ventriculomegaly, and open neural tube defects. In such cases, the prognosis is poor. When no such anomalies are identified, isolated ASP usually carries a good prognosis. However, some fetuses thought to have isolated ASP actually have septo-optic dysplasia (SOD), which is associated with optic nerve hypoplasia, hypothalamic-pituitary dysfunction, and developmental delay. CASE PRESENTATION A case in which fetal 3.0 Tesla magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was considered crucial to definitively diagnose isolated ASP is presented. A review of the literature was conducted and analyzed to determine the role of MRI in the evaluation of fetuses with ASP, with special consideration on the differential diagnosis between isolated ASP and SOD. CONCLUSION Differentiating isolated ASP from SOD is imperative for adequate prenatal counseling. Unfortunately, making a prenatal diagnosis of SOD requires visualization and evaluation of the fetal optic nerves, chiasm, and pituitary gland, which is very demanding and not always possible using ultrasound. Fetal MRI has the potential of obtaining high-quality images of the fetal brain, and therefore this technique can be used for establishing the differential diagnosis in utero.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waldo Sepulveda
- FETALMED-Maternal-Fetal Diagnostic Center, Fetal Imaging Unit, Santiago, Chile
| | - Francisco Sepulveda
- FETALMED-Maternal-Fetal Diagnostic Center, Fetal Imaging Unit, Santiago, Chile
- Department of Neuroradiology, Institute of Neurosurgery "Dr. Alfonso Asenjo", National Health Service, Santiago, Chile
- Department of Radiology, Clinica Alemana, Santiago, Chile
| | - Angela C Ranzini
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The MetroHealth System, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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Lubinsky M, Encha-Razavi F. Delineating septo-optic dysplasia. Birth Defects Res 2022; 114:1343-1353. [PMID: 36200678 DOI: 10.1002/bdr2.2095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Septo-optic dysplasia (SOD), once a variable triad of septum pellucidum defects (SPDs), optic nerve hypoplasia (ONH), and hypopituitarism, has had multiple findings added, with uncertain causes, definitions, and limits. METHOD Literature review. RESULTS SOD is a complex vascular sequence with confounders. CONCLUSIONS Proximal anterior cerebral artery trunk disruptions cause overlapping primary effects, giving ONH alone most often, and isolated SPD less. ONH disruptions can spread to pituitary, SPD disruptions to the cerebral cortex, causing schizencephaly and related anomalies. Pituitary defects are rare without ONH, and cortical findings are rare without SPD. Extensions are unidirectional, so isolated pituitary or cortical defects are separate from SOD. Micro- an- ophthalmia, a suggested ONH variant, is not part of SOD. Disruption by-products can affect development, causing cognitive and endocrine issues, and structural anomalies such as corpus callosum thinning, ventriculomegaly, and hippocampal and olfactory findings. Limbic extensions may also contribute to the same structural defects as by-products. Midline CNS developmental anomalies can act as disruptive foci, most likely through vascular variants, but have separate pathogenesis. Relative frequencies of specific pituitary hormone defects change as SOD rates increase. Increasing relative rates of midline CNS developmental defects and cortical anomalies are consistent with rising levels of exogenous exposures sensitizing to midline predispositions.
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Pânzaru MC, Popa S, Lupu A, Gavrilovici C, Lupu VV, Gorduza EV. Genetic heterogeneity in corpus callosum agenesis. Front Genet 2022; 13:958570. [PMID: 36246626 PMCID: PMC9562966 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.958570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The corpus callosum is the largest white matter structure connecting the two cerebral hemispheres. Agenesis of the corpus callosum (ACC), complete or partial, is one of the most common cerebral malformations in humans with a reported incidence ranging between 1.8 per 10,000 livebirths to 230–600 per 10,000 in children and its presence is associated with neurodevelopmental disability. ACC may occur as an isolated anomaly or as a component of a complex disorder, caused by genetic changes, teratogenic exposures or vascular factors. Genetic causes are complex and include complete or partial chromosomal anomalies, autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive or X-linked monogenic disorders, which can be either de novo or inherited. The extreme genetic heterogeneity, illustrated by the large number of syndromes associated with ACC, highlight the underlying complexity of corpus callosum development. ACC is associated with a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations ranging from asymptomatic to neonatal death. The most common features are epilepsy, motor impairment and intellectual disability. The understanding of the genetic heterogeneity of ACC may be essential for the diagnosis, developing early intervention strategies, and informed family planning. This review summarizes our current understanding of the genetic heterogeneity in ACC and discusses latest discoveries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica-Cristina Pânzaru
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Iasi, Romania
| | - Setalia Popa
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Iasi, Romania
- *Correspondence: Setalia Popa, ; Vasile Valeriu Lupu,
| | - Ancuta Lupu
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Iasi, Romania
| | - Cristina Gavrilovici
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Iasi, Romania
| | - Vasile Valeriu Lupu
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Iasi, Romania
- *Correspondence: Setalia Popa, ; Vasile Valeriu Lupu,
| | - Eusebiu Vlad Gorduza
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Iasi, Romania
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Septo-optic dysplasia in an infant. Radiol Case Rep 2022; 17:3147-3150. [PMID: 35801123 PMCID: PMC9253040 DOI: 10.1016/j.radcr.2022.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Septo-optic dysplasia (SOD) is a rare congenital disorder occurring in only 1 in 10,000 live births. Initially it was described in 1941 by Reeves and further discussed by the French-Swiss neurologist de Morsier (1956) as the disease further addressed his name. SOD is a combination of triads of hypoplasia of the optic nerve, agenesis of midline brain structures, and hypoplasia of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis. The pathophysiology of this rare congenital anomaly is yet to be understood, with some hypotheses in order to establish the diagnosis. The management modality depends on the presentation of the disease and requires a multidisciplinary approach. While most SOD patients present with visual, neurological, or endocrine abnormalities, in our case the patient was diagnosed incidentally while following up after an episode of acute respiratory distress syndrome and sepsis. We aim to highlight the aspects of clinical presentation in a patient with SOD and the importance of a multimodality follow-up approach.
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Salman MS, Hossain S, Carson E, Ruth CA, Clark IH. Selected Ophthalmological Features in Children with Septo-Optic Dysplasia and Optic Nerve Hypoplasia. Neuroophthalmology 2022; 46:367-374. [PMID: 36544587 PMCID: PMC9762822 DOI: 10.1080/01658107.2022.2077967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Septo-optic dysplasia (SOD) and optic nerve hypoplasia (ONH) cause congenital visual impairment. Their aetiology is mostly unknown. Our aim was to investigate the prevalence of selected ophthalmological features in patients with these disorders. A chart review was performed on patients with SOD/ONH. Ophthalmological data were extracted. There were 102 patients (56 males). The median age at the end of the study was 12.7 years. Best-corrected visual acuity ranged from normal to no light perception. Bilateral ONH was more common than unilateral ONH. Strabismus (85%) and to a lesser extent nystagmus (52%) were both very common in our cohort. Patients with esotropia had worse visual acuity than those who had exotropia. The presence of nystagmus was more likely in cases with bilateral ONH. Therefore, patients with SOD/ONH may have normal visual acuity. Many have strabismus, which may cause amblyopia thereby further decreasing visual acuity. Nystagmus occurs commonly and its presence typically indicates bilateral ONH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S. Salman
- Section of Pediatric Neurology, Winnipeg Children’s Hospital and Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada,CONTACT Michael S. Salman Section of Pediatric Neurology, Children’s Hospital, AE 308, 820 Sherbrook Street, Winnipeg, ManitobaR3A 1R9, Canada
| | - Shakhawat Hossain
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Elizabeth Carson
- Pediatric Ophthalmology, Children’s Hospital, Health Science Centre, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Chelsea A. Ruth
- Section of Neonatology, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Ian H. Clark
- Section of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Department of Ophthalmology, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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16
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Sather ΙΙΙ R, Thompson D, Ihinger J, Montezuma SR. Septo-optic dysplasia presenting with nystagmus, pseudo-disc edema, and fovea hypoplasia. Ophthalmic Genet 2022; 43:522-529. [DOI: 10.1080/13816810.2022.2039720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Richard Sather ΙΙΙ
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Dorothy Thompson
- Tony Kriss Visual Electrophysiology Unit, Great Ormond Hospital for Children, London, UK
| | - Jacqueline Ihinger
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Sandra R. Montezuma
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
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17
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Major brain malformations: corpus callosum dysgenesis, agenesis of septum pellucidum and polymicrogyria in patients with BCORL1-related disorders. J Hum Genet 2022; 67:95-101. [PMID: 34400773 DOI: 10.1038/s10038-021-00971-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE BCORL1, a transcriptional co-repressor, has a role in cortical migration, neuronal differentiation, maturation, and cerebellar development. We describe BCORL1 as a new genetic cause for major brain malformations. METHODS AND RESULTS We report three patients from two unrelated families with neonatal onset intractable epilepsy and profound global developmental delay. Brain MRI of two siblings from the first family depicted hypoplastic corpus callosum and septal agenesis (ASP) in the older brother and unilateral perisylvian polymicrogyria (PMG) in the younger one. MRI of the patient from the second family demonstrated complete agenesis of corpus callosum (CC). Whole Exome Sequencing revealed a novel hemizygous variant in NM_021946.5 (BCORL1):c.796C>T (p.Pro266Ser) in the two siblings from the first family and the NM_021946.5 (BCORL1): c.3376G>A; p.Asp1126Asn variant in the patient from the second family, both variants inherited from healthy mothers. We reviewed the patients' charts and MRIs and compared the phenotype to the other published BCORL1-related cases. Brain malformations have not been previously described in association with the BCORL1 phenotype. We discuss the potential influence of BCORL1 on brain development. CONCLUSIONS We suggest that BCORL1 variants present with a spectrum of neurodevelopmental disorders and can lead to major brain malformations originating at different stages of fetal development. We suggest adding BCORL1 to the genetic causes of PMG, ASP, and CC dysgenesis.
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18
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Hernández-Almeida S, Dorado López-Rosado A, Muñoz-Gallego A, López-López C, Tejada-Palacios P. Septo-optic dysplasia: Ophthalmological abnormalities in a series of 5 cases. ARCHIVOS DE LA SOCIEDAD ESPANOLA DE OFTALMOLOGIA 2022; 97:28-33. [PMID: 35027141 DOI: 10.1016/j.oftale.2021.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Septo-optic dysplasia (SOD) is a rare congenital condition of unknown cause, with a characteristic triad that includes optic nerve hypoplasia, pituitary function abnormalities and midline brain defects, in addition to a broad spectrum of symptoms and associations. A total of five clinical cases are presented, four of which met the complete classic triad. All of them showed a wide variety of ophthalmological, endocrinological and neurological alterations. Within the ophthalmological spectrum of SOD, papillary hypoplasia and ocular motility alterations (nystagmus, strabismus) stand out. Other less frequent ones may also appear, such as pupillary alterations, microphthalmia and coloboma. Given the suspicion of SOD, brain MRI scan should be performed, as well as consultation with the paediatric department in order to complete the study and indicate, if necessary, systemic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Hernández-Almeida
- Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Servicio de Oftalmología, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - A Muñoz-Gallego
- Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Servicio de Oftalmología, Madrid, Spain
| | - C López-López
- Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Servicio de Oftalmología, Madrid, Spain
| | - P Tejada-Palacios
- Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Servicio de Oftalmología, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de investigación i+12, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain; Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Inmunología, Oftalmología y ORL, Madrid, Spain
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19
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Fröschle GMC, Ebenebe CU, Herrmann J, Denecke J, Singer D, Dabek M. Hypoglykämie+Septum pellucidum-Agenesie = septo-optische Dysplasie! Z Geburtshilfe Neonatol 2021; 225:445-446. [PMID: 34619788 DOI: 10.1055/a-1548-3453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
FallpräsentationBeschrieben wird ein reifes männliches Neugeborenes nach 40+3 Gestationswochen mit einem Geburtsgewicht von 3288 g (19. Perz.), einer Länge 54 cm (71. Perz.) und einem Kopfumfang von 37cm (84. Perz.). Die 25-jährige Mutter war 1.-Gravida/1.-Para mit unauffälliger Schwangerschafts- und Familienanamnese. Die Geburt erfolgte durch sekundäre Sectio aus vollkommener Steißfußlage mit einfacher Nabelschnurumschlingung um den Hals. Postnatal zeigte sich eine respiratorische Anpassungsstörung mit initialem Ventilations- und anschließendem CPAP-Bedarf bis zur 10. Lebensminute. Der APGAR-Score betrug 05/07/09, der Nabelschnur-pH-Wert 7,30; weiterhin bestand eine grenzwertige Hypoglykämie von 44 mg/dl.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenn M C Fröschle
- Sektion Neonatologie und Pädiatrische Intensivmedizin, Zentrum für Geburtshilfe, Kinder-und Jugendmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Eppendorf, Hamburg
| | - Chinedu U Ebenebe
- Sektion Neonatologie und Pädiatrische Intensivmedizin, Zentrum für Geburtshilfe, Kinder-und Jugendmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Eppendorf, Hamburg
| | - Jochen Herrmann
- Abteilung für Kinderradiologie, Zentrum für Geburtshilfe, Kinder-und Jugendmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Eppendorf, Hamburg
| | - Jonas Denecke
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Kinder-und Jugendmedizin, Zentrum für Geburtshilfe, Kinder-und Jugendmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Eppendorf, Hamburg
| | - Dominique Singer
- Sektion Neonatologie und Pädiatrische Intensivmedizin, Zentrum für Geburtshilfe, Kinder-und Jugendmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Eppendorf, Hamburg
| | - Martin Dabek
- Sektion Neonatologie und Pädiatrische Intensivmedizin, Zentrum für Geburtshilfe, Kinder-und Jugendmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Eppendorf, Hamburg.,Klinik für Neonatologie, Universitätsklinikum Mannheim, Mannheim
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20
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Ozcan T, Lazebnik N. Bilateral subependymal pseudocysts as a pitfall in diagnosis of absence of the cavum septum pellucidum. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL ULTRASOUND : JCU 2021; 49:502-505. [PMID: 33188541 DOI: 10.1002/jcu.22943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Absent cavum septum pellucidum in the fetus is a common condition that may be associated with a variety of associated abnormalities. Herein, we present a case to emphasize a new pitfall in the differential diagnosis of the absence of the cavum septum pellucidum (CSP). Prenatal ultrasound views were concerning for partially absent CSP in the third trimester and subependymal pseudocysts (SEC) after a normal CSP visualization in the second trimester. The postnatal MRI demonstrated a normal corpus callosum, normal gyration, normal opthalmic nerves, and isolated SEC blocking the views of cavum septum pellucidum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tulin Ozcan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Noam Lazebnik
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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Abstract
Untreated and rapid correction of neonatal hypernatremia leads to severe neurological complications. We describe the case of a six-week-old female who presented with failure to thrive, and further workup revealed hypernatremic dehydration. Initially, she did not respond to treatment to correct the hyperosmotic state. Treatment with desmopressin was then initiated to determine the cause of hypernatremia. Central diabetes insipidus was confirmed as the patient responded to desmopressin. Serum sodium levels then dropped significantly, and the patient had three seizures within 24 hours. Cerebral edema was ruled out through computed tomography (CT) and electroencephalogram. Following the diagnosis of central diabetes insipidus, anterior pituitary hormone levels were obtained and found to be decreased. An investigation into the possible cause of panhypopituitarism led to the final diagnosis of septo-optic dysplasia, including absent septum pellucidum, optic nerve hypoplasia, and panhypopituitarism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ahmad Khiami
- Pediatrics, Beckley Appalachian Regional Healthcare, Beckley, USA.,Pediatrics, Raleigh General Hospital, Beckley, USA.,Pediatrics, West Virginia University, Morgantown, USA
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22
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Abstract
Septo-optic dysplasia (SOD) or de Morsier's syndrome is a rare congenital disorder characterized by a classic triad of: (a) optic nerve hypoplasia, (b) agenesis of septum pellucidum and corpus callosum, and (c) hypoplasia of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis. This chapter will outline the key information regarding the etiology and epidemiology of this syndrome with a focus on its comprehensive management. Particular attention will be paid to the diagnostic stage and the most relevant differential diagnosis, before moving to the complexities of its treatment. In fact, although SOD is not curable, many aspects of this syndrome can be improved through a tailored multidisciplinary approach consisting in hormonal replacement, corrective ophthalmological surgery, management of epileptic seizures, and active neuropsychological support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ieva Sataite
- Department of Neurosurgery, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Cudlip
- Department of Neurosurgery, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jayaratnam Jayamohan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Mario Ganau
- Department of Neurosurgery, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom.
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DeCarlo DK, Gao L, McGwin G, Owsley C, Kwon M. Repeatability and Validity of MNREAD Test in Children With Vision Impairment. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2020; 9:25. [PMID: 33384883 PMCID: PMC7757625 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.9.13.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To evaluate the test-retest reliability and validity of the MNREAD test for use in children with vision impairment (VI) and to compare their performance on the test to that of normally sighted children. Methods Children with VI (n = 62) and without VI (n = 40) were administered the MNREAD test and the Basic Reading Inventory (BRI) on two study visits, 1 to 3 weeks apart. The maximum reading rate, critical print size, and reading acuity were determined for the MNREAD test, and test-retest reliability was evaluated. The reading rate for the MNREAD test was compared to the BRI results. Results Strong correlations between visits were found for all MNREAD parameters (0.68-0.99). Older, but not younger, children with VI read significantly more slowly on both the MNREAD and the BRI than children with normal vision (P < 0.05). Reading rates between the two tests were strongly correlated (r = 0.88). For the MNREAD test, the reading rate increased 4.4 words per minute (wpm) per year for VI and 10.6 wpm/y for those with normal vision. For the BRI, the reading rate increased by 5.9 wpm/y for VI and 9.7 wpm/y for those with normal vision. Poorer visual acuity was associated with slower reading rates on the MNREAD test but not on the BRI, as the MNREAD relies largely on visual factors but the BRI also relies on linguistic and grammar skills. Conclusions The MNREAD test are reliable and valid for use in children with vision impairment. Translational Relevance The MNREAD test can be utilized by clinicians, as they are a quick, easy-to-administer method for evaluating reading vision in children with VI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawn K DeCarlo
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.,Department of Optometry, School of Optometry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Liyan Gao
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Gerald McGwin
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.,Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.,Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Cynthia Owsley
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - MiYoung Kwon
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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