1
|
Hwang JK, Lipner SR. Blue Nail Discoloration: Literature Review and Diagnostic Algorithms. Am J Clin Dermatol 2023; 24:419-441. [PMID: 36971947 DOI: 10.1007/s40257-023-00768-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Blue nail discoloration is a distinctive clinical presentation, and diagnosis is challenging given the broad differential diagnosis. A comprehensive review of the literature describing blue discoloration of one or multiple nails was performed using the PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and Web of Science databases. A total of 245 publications were included and grouped based on involvement of a single nail (monodactylic) or multiple nails (polydactylic). Monodactylic blue discoloration was associated with tumors or benign nevi, most commonly glomus tumors, followed by blue nevi and less commonly melanomas. Polydactylic blue discoloration was frequently associated with medications (such as minocycline, zidovudine, and hydroxyurea), toxic and exogenous exposures (such as silver), and other medical conditions (such as HIV/AIDS and systemic lupus erythematous). Patients presenting with blue nail discoloration warrant a thorough history, physical examination, and workup to rule out malignancy, systemic disease, or toxic exposure. We present diagnostic algorithms for monodactylic and polydactylic blue nail discoloration to guide workup and treatment plans.
Collapse
|
2
|
Guillin OM, Vindry C, Ohlmann T, Chavatte L. Selenium, Selenoproteins and Viral Infection. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11092101. [PMID: 31487871 PMCID: PMC6769590 DOI: 10.3390/nu11092101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 255] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are frequently produced during viral infections. Generation of these ROS can be both beneficial and detrimental for many cellular functions. When overwhelming the antioxidant defense system, the excess of ROS induces oxidative stress. Viral infections lead to diseases characterized by a broad spectrum of clinical symptoms, with oxidative stress being one of their hallmarks. In many cases, ROS can, in turn, enhance viral replication leading to an amplification loop. Another important parameter for viral replication and pathogenicity is the nutritional status of the host. Viral infection simultaneously increases the demand for micronutrients and causes their loss, which leads to a deficiency that can be compensated by micronutrient supplementation. Among the nutrients implicated in viral infection, selenium (Se) has an important role in antioxidant defense, redox signaling and redox homeostasis. Most of biological activities of selenium is performed through its incorporation as a rare amino acid selenocysteine in the essential family of selenoproteins. Selenium deficiency, which is the main regulator of selenoprotein expression, has been associated with the pathogenicity of several viruses. In addition, several selenoprotein members, including glutathione peroxidases (GPX), thioredoxin reductases (TXNRD) seemed important in different models of viral replication. Finally, the formal identification of viral selenoproteins in the genome of molluscum contagiosum and fowlpox viruses demonstrated the importance of selenoproteins in viral cycle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olivia M Guillin
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, CIRI, 69007 Lyon, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unité U1111, 69007 Lyon, France
- Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL1), 69622 Lyon, France
- Unité Mixte de Recherche 5308 (UMR5308), Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS), 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Caroline Vindry
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, CIRI, 69007 Lyon, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unité U1111, 69007 Lyon, France
- Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL1), 69622 Lyon, France
- Unité Mixte de Recherche 5308 (UMR5308), Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS), 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Théophile Ohlmann
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, CIRI, 69007 Lyon, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unité U1111, 69007 Lyon, France
- Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL1), 69622 Lyon, France
- Unité Mixte de Recherche 5308 (UMR5308), Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS), 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Laurent Chavatte
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, CIRI, 69007 Lyon, France.
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unité U1111, 69007 Lyon, France.
- Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France.
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL1), 69622 Lyon, France.
- Unité Mixte de Recherche 5308 (UMR5308), Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS), 69007 Lyon, France.
| |
Collapse
|