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Chen J, Cai Y, Wei D, Cao L, He Q, Zhang Y. Formononetin inhibits neuroinflammation in BV2 microglia induced by glucose and oxygen deprivation reperfusion through TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway. Brain Res 2024; 1845:149218. [PMID: 39218334 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2024.149218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2024] [Revised: 08/19/2024] [Accepted: 08/29/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke, caused by diminished or interrupted cerebral blood flow, triggers the activation of microglial cells and subsequent inflammatory responses. Formononetin (FMN) has been observed to inhibit BV2 microglial cell activation and alleviate ensuing neuroinflammatory reactions. Despite extensive research, the precise underlying mechanism remains unclear. To investigate the neuroinflammatory response following FMN-mediated inhibition of BV2 microglial activation, we employed an in vitro oxygen-glucose deprivation/reperfusion (OGD/R) model. BV2 microglial cells were categorized into four groups: control, FMN, OGD/R, and OGD/R+FMN. Cell viability was assessed using the CCK-8 assay, while flow cytometry assessed M1 and M2 cell populations within BV2 cells. Immunofluorescence was utilized to detect the expression levels of apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF), p53, Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), and NF-κB p65. Western blotting (WB) was conducted to quantify p65/p-p65, IκB-α/p-IκB-α, and TLR4 protein levels in each group. Additionally, ELISA was employed to measure IL-1β and TNF-α levels in cell supernatants from each group. The results revealed a significant increase in the proportion of iNOS/CD206-positive M1/M2 cells in the OGD/R group compared to the control group (p < 0.05). There was also a notable increase in nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65 and elevated expression of inflammatory factors IL-1β and TNF-α in cell supernatants. Moreover, levels of p-p65, p-IκB-α, and TLR4 proteins were significantly elevated in the OGD/R group (p < 0.05). However, the addition of FMN reversed these effects. Specifically, FMN administration notably attenuated cell death and inflammation in BV2 microglia induced by OGD/R through modulation of the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway.These findings suggest that FMN may serve as a potential therapeutic agent against neuroinflammation associated with ischemic stroke by targeting microglial activation pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Chen
- First Clinical Medical College, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang 550001, Guizhou, PR China
| | - Youde Cai
- Jinyang Hospital Affiliated to Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550081, Guizhou, PR China
| | - Dingling Wei
- First Clinical Medical College, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang 550001, Guizhou, PR China
| | - Liping Cao
- First Clinical Medical College, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang 550001, Guizhou, PR China
| | - Qiansong He
- First Clinical Medical College, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang 550001, Guizhou, PR China.
| | - Yazhou Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, Guizhou Province 550025, PR China.
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Ye T, Zhang N, Zhang A, Sun X, Pang B, Wu X. The influence of ferroptosis on the in vitro OGD/R model in rat microglia. Neurol Res 2024:1-9. [PMID: 39011891 DOI: 10.1080/01616412.2024.2370205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We aimed to explore the influence of ferroptosis on an oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R) model in primary rat microglia. METHODS Primary microglia were extracted from rats and cultured in vitro. The cells were subjected to a hypoxic environment for 6 h in a glucose-free medium, and then re-oxygenated for 24 h in DMEM/F12. Rat microglia were pretreated with the ferroptosis activator erastin and the ferroptosis inhibitor ferrostatin 1 for 24 h, followed by detection of cell cycle progression and apoptosis by flow cytometry. Intracellular total iron levels were measured. In addition, the relative levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), malondialdehyde (MDA), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The protein levels of 15-lox2, GPX4, SLC7A11, ACSL4, and TFR1 were examined by western blotting. RESULTS Compared with rat microglia subjected to OGD/R, pretreatment with erastin did not influence cell apoptosis but significantly enhanced total iron levels, MDA, and ROS levels, whereas it reduced SOD levels. Moreover, it upregulated ACSL4, TFR1, and 15-lox2 and downregulated GPX4 and SLC7A11. Pretreatment with ferrostatin 1 significantly inhibited cell apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in the G0/G1 phase. It significantly reduced total iron levels, MDA, and ROS levels and enhanced SOD levels, which also downregulated ACSL4, TFR1, and 15-lox2, and upregulated GPX4 and SLC7A11. CONCLUSION Our study showed that inhibition of ferroptosis is favorable against potential OGD/R-induced damage in rat microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Ye
- Department of Rehabilitation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Ning Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Anbang Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Xiuqi Sun
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Bo Pang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Xuemei Wu
- Department of Rehabilitation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
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Wang Y, Liu X, Wang M, Wang Y, Wang S, Jin L, Liu M, Zhou J, Chen Y. UBE3B promotes breast cancer progression by antagonizing HIF-2α degradation. Oncogene 2023; 42:3394-3406. [PMID: 37783786 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-023-02842-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
Mutations in E3 ubiquitin ligase UBE3B have been linked to Kaufman Oculocerebrofacial Syndrome (KOS). Accumulating evidence indicates that UBE3B may play an important role in cancer. However, the precise role of UBE3B in cancer and the underlying mechanism remain largely uncharted. Here, we reported that UBE3B is an E3 ligase for hypoxia-inducible factor 2α (HIF-2α). Mechanically, UBE3B physically interacts with HIF-2α and promotes its lysine 63 (K63)-linked polyubiquitination, thereby inhibiting the Von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) E3 ligase complex-mediated HIF-2α degradation. UBE3B depletion inhibits breast cancer cell proliferation, colony formation, migration, and invasion in vitro and suppresses breast tumor growth and lung metastasis in vivo. We further identified K394, K497, and K503 of HIF-2α as key ubiquitination sites for UBE3B. K394/497/503R mutation of HIF-2α dramatically abolishes UBE3B-mediated breast cancer growth and lung metastasis. Intriguingly, the protein levels of UBE3B are upregulated and positively correlated with HIF-2α protein levels in breast cancer tissues. These findings uncover a critical mechanism underlying the role of UBE3B in HIF-2α regulation and breast cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijie Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cell Biology in Universities of Shandong, Center for Cell Structure and Function, Institute of Biomedical Science, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, Shandong, 250014, China
| | - Xiong Liu
- School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510632, China
| | - Min Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cell Biology in Universities of Shandong, Center for Cell Structure and Function, Institute of Biomedical Science, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, Shandong, 250014, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cell Biology in Universities of Shandong, Center for Cell Structure and Function, Institute of Biomedical Science, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, Shandong, 250014, China
| | - Shuo Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cell Biology in Universities of Shandong, Center for Cell Structure and Function, Institute of Biomedical Science, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, Shandong, 250014, China
| | - Lai Jin
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China
| | - Min Liu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cell Biology in Universities of Shandong, Center for Cell Structure and Function, Institute of Biomedical Science, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, Shandong, 250014, China
| | - Jun Zhou
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cell Biology in Universities of Shandong, Center for Cell Structure and Function, Institute of Biomedical Science, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, Shandong, 250014, China
| | - Yan Chen
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cell Biology in Universities of Shandong, Center for Cell Structure and Function, Institute of Biomedical Science, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, Shandong, 250014, China.
- School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510632, China.
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Insight into the Effects of High-Altitude Hypoxic Exposure on Learning and Memory. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:4163188. [PMID: 36160703 PMCID: PMC9492407 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4163188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The earth land area is heterogeneous in terms of elevation; about 45% of its land area belongs to higher elevation with altitude above 500 meters compared to sea level. In most cases, oxygen concentration decreases as altitude increases. Thus, high-altitude hypoxic stress is commonly faced by residents in areas with an average elevation exceeding 2500 meters and those who have just entered the plateau. High-altitude hypoxia significantly affects advanced neurobehaviors including learning and memory (L&M). Hippocampus, the integration center of L&M, could be the most crucial target affected by high-altitude hypoxia exposure. Based on these points, this review thoroughly discussed the relationship between high-altitude hypoxia and L&M impairment, in terms of hippocampal neuron apoptosis and dysfunction, neuronal oxidative stress disorder, neurotransmitters and related receptors, and nerve cell energy metabolism disorder, which is of great significance to find potential targets for medical intervention. Studies illustrate that the mechanism of L&M damaged by high-altitude hypoxia should be further investigated based on the entire review of issues related to this topic.
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Snyder B, Wu HK, Tillman B, Floyd TF. Aged Mouse Hippocampus Exhibits Signs of Chronic Hypoxia and an Impaired HIF-Controlled Response to Acute Hypoxic Exposures. Cells 2022; 11:cells11030423. [PMID: 35159233 PMCID: PMC8833982 DOI: 10.3390/cells11030423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Altered hypoxia-inducible factor-alpha (HIF-α) activity may have significant consequences in the hippocampus, which mediates declarative memory, has limited vascularization, and is vulnerable to hypoxic insults. Previous studies have reported that neurovascular coupling is reduced in aged brains and that diseases which cause hypoxia increase with age, which may render the hippocampus susceptible to acute hypoxia. Most studies have investigated the actions of HIF-α in aging cortical structures, but few have focused on the role of HIF-α within aged hippocampus. This study tests the hypothesis that aging is associated with impaired hippocampal HIF-α activity. Dorsal hippocampal sections from mice aged 3, 9, 18, and 24 months were probed for the presence of HIF-α isoforms or their associated gene products using immunohistochemistry and fluorescent in situ hybridization (fISH). A subset of each age was exposed to acute hypoxia (8% oxygen) for 3 h to investigate changes in the responsiveness of HIF-α to hypoxia. Basal mean intensity of fluorescently labeled HIF-1α protein increases with age in the hippocampus, whereas HIF-2α intensity only increases in the 24-month group. Acute hypoxic elevation of HIF-1α is lost with aging and is reversed in the 24-month group. fISH reveals that glycolytic genes induced by HIF-1α (lactose dehydrogenase-a, phosphoglycerate kinase 1, and pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 1) are lower in aged hippocampus than in 3-month hippocampus, and mRNA for monocarboxylate transporter 1, a lactose transporter, increases. These results indicate that lactate, used in neurotransmission, may be limited in aged hippocampus, concurrent with impaired HIF-α response to hypoxic events. Therefore, impaired HIF-α may contribute to age-associated cognitive decline during hypoxic events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brina Snyder
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Management, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; (B.S.); (H.-K.W.); (B.T.)
| | - Hua-Kang Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Management, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; (B.S.); (H.-K.W.); (B.T.)
| | - Brianna Tillman
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Management, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; (B.S.); (H.-K.W.); (B.T.)
| | - Thomas F. Floyd
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Management, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; (B.S.); (H.-K.W.); (B.T.)
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
- Correspondence:
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Sun D, Lu F, Sheldon A, Jiang X, Ferriero DM. Neuronal deficiency of hypoxia-inducible factor 2α increases hypoxic-ischemic brain injury in neonatal mice. J Neurosci Res 2021; 99:2964-2975. [PMID: 34487578 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The cellular responses to hypoxia or hypoxia-ischemia (HI) are governed largely by the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) family of transcription factors. Our previous studies show that HIF-1α induction is an important factor that mediates protective effects in the brain after neonatal HI. In the present study, we investigated the contribution of another closely related HIF α isoform, HIF-2α, specifically the neuronal HIF-2α, to brain HI injury. Homozygous transgenic mice with a floxed exon 2 of HIF-2α were bred with CaMKIIα-Cre mice to generate a mouse line with selective deletion of HIF-2α in forebrain neurons. These mice, along with their wildtype littermates, were subjected to HI at postnatal day 9. Brain injury at different ages was evaluated by the levels of cleaved caspase-3 and spectrin breakdown products at 24 hr; and histologically at 6 days or 3 months after HI. Multiple behavioral tests were performed at 3 months, prior to sacrifice. Loss of neuronal HIF-2α exacerbated brain injury during the acute (24 hr) and subacute phases (6 days), with a trend toward more severe volume loss in the adult brain. The long-term brain function for coordinated movement and recognition memory, however, were not impacted in the neuronal HIF-2α deficient mice. Our data suggest that, similar to HIF-1α, neuronal HIF-2α promotes cell survival in the immature mouse brain. The two HIF alpha isoforms may act through partially overlapping or distinct transcriptional targets to mediate their intrinsic protective responses against neonatal HI brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawei Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fuxin Lu
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ann Sheldon
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Xiangning Jiang
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Donna M Ferriero
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Snyder BD, Simone SM, Giovannetti T, Floyd TF. Cerebral Hypoxia: Its Role in Age-Related Chronic and Acute Cognitive Dysfunction. Anesth Analg 2021; 132:1502-1513. [PMID: 33780389 PMCID: PMC8154662 DOI: 10.1213/ane.0000000000005525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) has been reported with widely varying frequency but appears to be strongly associated with aging. Outside of the surgical arena, chronic and acute cerebral hypoxia may exist as a result of respiratory, cardiovascular, or anemic conditions. Hypoxia has been extensively implicated in cognitive impairment. Furthermore, disease states associated with hypoxia both accompany and progress with aging. Perioperative cerebral hypoxia is likely underdiagnosed, and its contribution to POCD is underappreciated. Herein, we discuss the various disease processes and forms in which hypoxia may contribute to POCD. Furthermore, we outline hypoxia-related mechanisms, such as hypoxia-inducible factor activation, cerebral ischemia, cerebrovascular reserve, excitotoxicity, and neuroinflammation, which may contribute to cognitive impairment and how these mechanisms interact with aging. Finally, we discuss opportunities to prevent and manage POCD related to hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brina D. Snyder
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Management, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | | | | | - Thomas F. Floyd
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Management, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
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Hypoxia-inducible factor-2α is crucial for proper brain development. Sci Rep 2020; 10:19146. [PMID: 33154420 PMCID: PMC7644612 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-75838-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Sufficient tissue oxygenation is required for regular brain function; thus oxygen supply must be tightly regulated to avoid hypoxia and irreversible cell damage. If hypoxia occurs the transcription factor complex hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) will accumulate and coordinate adaptation of cells to hypoxia. However, even under atmospheric O2 conditions stabilized HIF-2α protein was found in brains of adult mice. Mice with a neuro-specific knockout of Hif-2α showed a reduction of pyramidal neurons in the retrosplenial cortex (RSC), a brain region responsible for a range of cognitive functions, including memory and navigation. Accordingly, behavioral studies showed disturbed cognitive abilities in these mice. In search of the underlying mechanisms for the specific loss of pyramidal cells in the RSC, we found deficits in migration in neural stem cells from Hif-2α knockout mice due to altered expression patterns of genes highly associated with neuronal migration and positioning.
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Zhang H, Hu Y, Wang H, Tian L, Li W, Han L, Xu H, Ma J, Ma K, Xiao B, Chen L. Cytoplasmic upregulation of Cyto c and AIF serve as biomarkers of mechanical asphyxia death. Am J Transl Res 2019; 11:4568-4583. [PMID: 31396361 PMCID: PMC6684934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The certification of death due to mechanical asphyxia has been a complex problem in some cases. The use of protein expression to identify mechanical asphyxia death has recently attracted attention. Asphyxia creates an extremely hypoxic environment for cells, which should reactivate the mitochondria in the cells. Cyto c and AIF, located in the mitochondria, are transferred to the cytoplasm under hypoxia to trigger the apoptotic process. Based this phenomenon, we designed the animal asphyxia model and cell hypoxia model to examine whether Cyto c and AIF are expressed in the cytoplasm, and we used human samples to verify the results. We found that the two proteins were detectably expressed in the cytoplasm of mechanical asphyxia groups and were hardly detected in the cytoplasm of other groups. This is a promising finding that may shed light on the precise mechanisms associated with mechanical asphyxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Zhang
- Department of Forensic Science, School of Basic Medical Science, Fudan UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Yikai Hu
- Department of Forensic Science, School of Basic Medical Science, Fudan UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Forensic Science, School of Basic Medical Science, Fudan UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Lu Tian
- Pudong Branch, Shanghai Public Security BureauShanghai, China
| | - Wencan Li
- Pudong Branch, Shanghai Public Security BureauShanghai, China
| | - Liujun Han
- Department of Forensic Science, School of Basic Medical Science, Fudan UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Hongmei Xu
- Department of Forensic Science, School of Basic Medical Science, Fudan UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Jianlong Ma
- Shenzhen Public Security Bureau of GuangdongChina
| | - Kaijun Ma
- Shanghai Public Security BureauShanghai, China
| | - Bi Xiao
- Shanghai Public Security BureauShanghai, China
| | - Long Chen
- Department of Forensic Science, School of Basic Medical Science, Fudan UniversityShanghai, China
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