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Nikolaidis I, Favini-Stabile S, Dessen A. Resistance to antibiotics targeted to the bacterial cell wall. Protein Sci 2014; 23:243-59. [PMID: 24375653 DOI: 10.1002/pro.2414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2013] [Revised: 12/21/2013] [Accepted: 12/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Peptidoglycan is the main component of the bacterial cell wall. It is a complex, three-dimensional mesh that surrounds the entire cell and is composed of strands of alternating glycan units crosslinked by short peptides. Its biosynthetic machinery has been, for the past five decades, a preferred target for the discovery of antibacterials. Synthesis of the peptidoglycan occurs sequentially within three cellular compartments (cytoplasm, membrane, and periplasm), and inhibitors of proteins that catalyze each stage have been identified, although not all are applicable for clinical use. A number of these antimicrobials, however, have been rendered inactive by resistance mechanisms. The employment of structural biology techniques has been instrumental in the understanding of such processes, as well as the development of strategies to overcome them. This review provides an overview of resistance mechanisms developed toward antibiotics that target bacterial cell wall precursors and its biosynthetic machinery. Strategies toward the development of novel inhibitors that could overcome resistance are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Nikolaidis
- Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), Université Grenoble Alpes, 6 rue Jules Horowitz, 38027, Grenoble, France; Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (CEA), Grenoble, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR 5075, Grenoble, France; Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Department of Biochemistry of Membranes, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Telavancin in therapy of experimental aortic valve endocarditis in rabbits due to daptomycin-nonsusceptible methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2012; 56:5528-33. [PMID: 22890759 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00922-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
A number of cases of both methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) strains that have developed daptomycin resistance (DAP-R) have been reported. Telavancin (TLV) is a lipoglycopeptide agent with a dual mechanism of activity (cell wall synthesis inhibition plus depolarization of the bacterial cell membrane). Five recent daptomycin-susceptible (DAP-S)/DAP-R MRSA isogenic strain pairs were evaluated for in vitro TLV susceptibility. All five DAP-R strains (DAP MICs ranging from 2 to 4 μg/ml) were susceptible to TLV (MICs of ≤0.38 μg/ml). In vitro time-kill analyses also revealed that several TLV concentrations (1-, 2-, and 4-fold MICs) caused rapid killing against the DAP-R strains. Moreover, for 3 of 5 DAP-R strains (REF2145, A215, and B(2.0)), supra-MICs of TLV were effective at preventing regrowth at 24 h of incubation. Further, the combination of TLV plus oxacillin (at 0.25× or 0.50× MIC for each agent) increased killing of DAP-R MRSA strains REF2145 and A215 at 24 h (∼2-log and 5-log reductions versus TLV and oxacillin alone, respectively). Finally, using a rabbit model of aortic valve endocarditis caused by DAP-R strain REF2145, TLV therapy produced a mean reduction of >4.5 log(10) CFU/g in vegetations, kidneys, and spleen compared to untreated or DAP-treated rabbits. Moreover, TLV-treated rabbits had a significantly higher percentage of sterile tissue cultures (87% in vegetations and 100% in kidney and spleen) than all other treatment groups (P < 0.0001). Together, these results demonstrate that TLV has potent bactericidal activity in vitro and in vivo against DAP-R MRSA isolates.
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Wube A, Guzman JD, Hüfner A, Hochfellner C, Blunder M, Bauer R, Gibbons S, Bhakta S, Bucar F. Synthesis and antibacterial evaluation of a new series of N-Alkyl-2-alkynyl/(E)-alkenyl-4-(1H)-quinolones. Molecules 2012; 17:8217-40. [PMID: 22777190 PMCID: PMC3460366 DOI: 10.3390/molecules17078217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2012] [Revised: 06/12/2012] [Accepted: 06/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
To gain further insight into the structural requirements of the aliphatic group at position 2 for their antimycobacterial activity, some N-alkyl-4-(1H)-quinolones bearing position 2 alkynyls with various chain length and triple bond positions were prepared and tested for in vitro antibacterial activity against rapidly-growing strains of mycobacteria, the vaccine strain Mycobacterium bovis BCG, and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains, EMRSA-15 and -16. The compounds were also evaluated for inhibition of ATP-dependent MurE ligase of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The lowest MIC value of 0.5 mg/L (1.2-1.5 µM) was found against M. fortuitum and M. smegmatis. These compounds displayed no or only weak toxicity to the human lung fibroblast cell line MRC-5 at 100 µM concentration. The quinolone derivatives exhibited pronounced activity against the epidemic MRSA strains (EMRSA-15 and -16) with MIC values of 2-128 mg/L (5.3-364.7 µM), and M. bovis BCG with an MIC value of 25 mg/L (66.0-77.4 µM). In addition, the compounds inhibited the MurE ligase of M. tuberculosis with moderate to weak activity showing IC50 values of 200-774 µM. The increased selectivity towards mycobacterial bacilli with reference to MRC-5 cells observed for 2-alkynyl quinolones compared to their corresponding 2-alkenyl analogues serves to highlight the mycobacterial specific effect of the triple bond. Exploration of a terminal bromine atom at the side chain of N-alkyl-2-(E)-alkenyl-4-(1H)-quinolones showed improved antimycobacterial activity whereas a cyclopropyl residue at N-1 was suggested to be detrimental to antibacterial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abraham Wube
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Karl-Franzens-University Graz, Universitätsplatz 4, A-8010 Graz, Austria; (A.W.); (C.H.); (M.B.); (R.B.)
| | - Juan-David Guzman
- Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck, University of London, Malet Street, London WC1E 7HX, UK; (J.-D.G.); (S.B.)
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry, UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK;
| | - Antje Hüfner
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Karl-Franzens-University Graz, Universitätsplatz 1, A-8010 Graz, Austria;
| | - Christina Hochfellner
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Karl-Franzens-University Graz, Universitätsplatz 4, A-8010 Graz, Austria; (A.W.); (C.H.); (M.B.); (R.B.)
| | - Martina Blunder
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Karl-Franzens-University Graz, Universitätsplatz 4, A-8010 Graz, Austria; (A.W.); (C.H.); (M.B.); (R.B.)
| | - Rudolf Bauer
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Karl-Franzens-University Graz, Universitätsplatz 4, A-8010 Graz, Austria; (A.W.); (C.H.); (M.B.); (R.B.)
| | - Simon Gibbons
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry, UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK;
| | - Sanjib Bhakta
- Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck, University of London, Malet Street, London WC1E 7HX, UK; (J.-D.G.); (S.B.)
| | - Franz Bucar
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Karl-Franzens-University Graz, Universitätsplatz 4, A-8010 Graz, Austria; (A.W.); (C.H.); (M.B.); (R.B.)
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