Impact of PCSK9, WDR12, CDKN2A, and CXCL12 Polymorphisms in Jordanian Cardiovascular Patients on Warfarin Responsiveness and Sensitivity

PTPRD gene variant rs10739150: A potential game-changer in hypertension diagnosis

BACKGROUND

High blood pressure, also known as hypertension (HTN), is a complicated disorder that is controlled by a complex network of physiological processes. Untreated hypertension is associated with increased death incidence, rise the need for understanding the genetic basis affecting hypertension susceptibility and development. The current study sought to identify the genetic association between twelve single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within seven candidate genes (NOS3, NOS1AP, REN, PLA2G4A, TCF7L, ADRB1, and PTPRD).

METHODS

The current study included 200 Jordanian individuals diagnosed with hypertension, compared to 224 healthy controls. Whole blood samples were drawn from each individual for DNA isolation and genotyping. The SNPStats tool was used to assess haplotype, genotype, and allele frequencies by the mean of chi-square (χ2).

RESULTS

Except for rs10739150 of PTPRD (P = 0.0003), the genotypic and allelic distribution of the SNP was identical between patients and controls. The prevalence of the G/G genotype in healthy controls (45.5%) was lower than in hypertension patients (64.3%), suggesting that it might be a risk factor for the disease. PTPRD TTC genetic haplotypes were strongly linked with hypertension (P = 0.003, OR = 4.03).

CONCLUSION

This study provides a comprehensive understanding of the involvement of rs10739150 within the PTPRD gene in hypertension. This new knowledge could potentially transform the way we approach hypertension diagnosis, providing an accurate diagnostic tool for classifying individuals who are at a higher risk of developing this condition.

ACE gene polymorphism and susceptibility to hypertension in a Jordanian adult population

Hypertension is one of the most common and complicated disorders associated with genetic and environmental risk factors. The angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) is important in the renin-angiotensin-system pathway. The gene expression of ACE has been investigated as a possible hypertension marker. This study investigates the association between polymorphisms within the ACE1 and ACE2 genes and hypertension susceptibility in a Jordanian population. The study comprised a total of 200 hypertensive patients and 180 healthy controls. A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed to genotype the candidate polymorphism (rs4646994) of the ACE1gene. The Luminex DNA array technique was used for genotyping SNPs (rs4359, rs4344, rs4341, rs4343, and rs2106809) of the ACE1 and ACE2 genes. Our findings suggest no association between SNPs and hypertension regarding allelic and genotypic frequencies. However, rs4359 was significantly associated with diet (pP = 0.049), know HTN (P = 0.042), and number of years DM (P = 0.003). rs4341 was associated with diet (P = 0.032), peripheral vascular disease (P = 0.005), and chronic kidney disease (p = 0.049). While rs4343 was associated with diet (P = 0.031), diabetes mellitus (P = 0.032), and other medication (P = 0.025). Furthermore, the haplotypes of four SNPs of the ACE1 gene showed no significant association with HTN patients and healthy controls. Our findings indicate no association between the polymorphisms in the ACE gene and the risk of hypertension development in the Jordanian adult population.

The Circassians and the Chechens in Jordan: results of a decade of epidemiological and genetic studies

Circassians and Chechens in Jordan, both with Caucasian ancestry, are genetically isolated due to high rate of endogamous marriages. Recent interest in these populations has led to studies on their genetic similarities, differences, and epidemiological differences in various diseases. Research has explored their predisposition to conditions like diabetes, hypertension, and cancer. Moreover, pharmacogenetic (PGx) studies have also investigated medication response variations within these populations, and forensic studies have further contributed to understanding these populations. In this review article, we first discuss the background of these minority groups. We then show the results of a principle component analysis (PCA) to investigate the genetic relationships between Circassian and Chechen populations living in Jordan. We here present a summary of the findings from the 10 years of research conducted on them. The review article provides a comprehensive summary of research findings that are truly valuable for understanding the unique genetic characteristics, diseases' prevalence, and medication responses among Circassians and Chechens living in Jordan. We believe that gaining deeper comprehension of the root causes of various diseases and developing effective treatment methods that benefit the society as a whole are imperative to engaging a wide range of ethnic groups in genetic research.

Effect of MEF2A and SLC22A3-LPAL2-LPA gene polymorphisms on warfarin sensitivity and responsiveness in Jordanian cardiovascular patients

AIMS

This study aims to investigate the influence of MEF2A and SLC22A3-LPAL2-LPA polymorphisms on cardiovascular disease susceptibility and responsiveness to warfarin medication in Jordanian patients, during the initiation and maintenance phases of treatment.

BACKGROUNDS

Several candidate genes have been reported to be involved in warfarin metabolism and studying such genes may help in finding an accurate way to determine the needed warfarin dose to lower the risk of adverse drug effects, resulting in more safe anticoagulant therapy.

METHODS

The study population included 212 cardiovascular patients and 213 healthy controls. Genotyping of MEF2A and SLC22A3-LPAL2-LPA polymorphisms was conducted to examine their effects on warfarin efficiency and cardiovascular disease susceptibility using PCR-based methods.

RESULTS

One SNP (SLC22A3-LPAL2-LPA rs10455872) has been associated with cardiovascular disease in the Jordanian population, whereas the other SNPs in the MEF2A gene and SLC22A3-LPAL2-LPA gene cluster did not have any significant differences between cardiovascular patients and healthy individuals. Moreover, SLC22A3-LPAL2-LPA rs10455872 was correlated with moderate warfarin sensitivity, the other SNPs examined in the current study have not shown any significant associations with warfarin sensitivity and responsiveness.

CONCLUSION

Our data refer to a lack of correlation between the MEF2A polymorphism and the efficacy of warfarin treatment in both phases of treatment, the initiation, and maintenance phases. However, only rs10455872 SNP was associated with sensitivity to warfarin during the initiation phase. Furthermore, rs3125050 has been found to be associated with the international normalized number treatment outcomes in the maintenance phase.

Personalized medicine in cardiovascular disease: review of literature

Purpose

Personalized medicine (PM) is the concept of managing patients based on their characteristics, including genotypes. In the field of cardiology, advantages of PM could be found in the diagnosis and treatment of several conditions such as arrhythmias and cardiomyopathies; moreover, it may be beneficial to prevent adverse drug reactions (ADR) and select the best medication. Genetic background can help us in selecting effective treatments, appropriate dose requirements, and preventive strategies in individuals with particular genotypes.

Method

In this review, we provide examples of personalized medicine based on human genetics for the most used pharmaceutics in cardiology, including warfarin, clopidogrel, and statins. We also review cardiovascular diseases, including coronary artery disease, arrhythmia, and cardiomyopathies.

Conclusion

Genetic factors are as important as environmental factors and they should be tested and evaluated more in the future by improving in genetic testing tools.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40200-021-00840-0.