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Alfahed A. Molecular pathology of colorectal cancer: The Saudi situation in perspective. Saudi Med J 2023; 44:836-847. [PMID: 37717975 PMCID: PMC10505285 DOI: 10.15537/smj.2023.44.9.20230257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common cancers worldwide, and one of the most common causes of cancer deaths. In recent times, significant advancements have been made in elucidating the molecular alterations of the disease, and the results have been an improved understanding of CRC biology, as well as the discovery of biomarkers of diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic significance. In this review, an evaluation is carried out of the molecular pathology research of CRC emanating from Saudi Arabia. The verdict is that the data on the molecular alterations in CRC from Saudi patients is at best modest. This dearth of molecular pathology data is aptly reflected in the paucity of molecular markers recommended for testing by the Saudi National Cancer Centre guidelines for CRC management. Large scale multi-institutional and multiregional translational studies are required to generate molecular data that would inform diagnostic, prognostic, and risk-stratification guidelines for Saudi CRC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulaziz Alfahed
- From the Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Alkharj, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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El Omari N, Bakrim S, Khalid A, Albratty M, Abdalla AN, Lee LH, Goh KW, Ming LC, Bouyahya A. Anticancer clinical efficiency and stochastic mechanisms of belinostat. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 165:115212. [PMID: 37541175 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer progression is strongly affected by epigenetic events in addition to genetic modifications. One of the key elements in the epigenetic control of gene expression is histone modification through acetylation, which is regulated by the synergy between histone acetyltransferases (HATs) and histone deacetylases (HDACs). HDACs are thought to offer considerable potential for the development of anticancer medications, particularly when used in conjunction with other anticancer medications and/or radiotherapy. Belinostat (Beleodaq, PXD101) is a pan-HDAC unsaturated hydroxamate inhibitor with a sulfonamide group that has been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of refractory or relapsed peripheral T-cell lymphoma (PTCL) and solid malignancies or and other hematological tissues. This drug modifies histones and epigenetic pathways. Because HDAC and HAT imbalance can lead to downregulation of regulatory genes, resulting in tumorigenesis. Inhibition of HDACs by belinostat indirectly promotes anti-cancer therapeutic effect by provoking acetylated histone accumulation, re-establishing normal gene expressions in cancer cells and stimulating other routes such as the immune response, p27 signaling cascades, caspase 3 activation, nuclear protein poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) degradation, cyclin A (G2/M phase), cyclin E1 (G1/S phase) and other events. In addition, belinostat has already been discovered to increase p21WAF1 in a number of cell lines (melanoma, prostate, breast, lung, colon, and ovary). This cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor actually has a role in processes that cause cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Belinostat's clinical effectiveness, comprising Phase I and II studies within the areas of solid and hematological cancers, has been evidenced through several investigative trials that have supported its potential to be a valuable anti-cancer drug. The purpose of this research was to provide insight on the specific molecular processes through which belinostat inhibits HDAC. The ability to investigate new therapeutic options employing targeted therapy and acquire a deeper understanding of cancer cell abnormalities may result from a better understanding of these particular routes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasreddine El Omari
- Laboratory of Histology, Embryology, and Cytogenetic, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Rabat 10100, Morocco; Laboratory of Human Pathologies Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Rabat 10106, Morocco.
| | - Saad Bakrim
- Geo-Bio-Environment Engineering and Innovation Laboratory, Molecular Engineering, Biotechnology and Innovation Team, Polydisciplinary Faculty of Taroudant, Ibn Zohr University, Agadir 80000, Morocco; Laboratory of Human Pathologies Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Rabat 10106, Morocco.
| | - Asaad Khalid
- Substance Abuse and Toxicology Research Center, Jazan University, P.O. Box: 114, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia; Laboratory of Human Pathologies Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Rabat 10106, Morocco.
| | - Mohammed Albratty
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, P.O. Box 114, 45142, Jazan, Saudi Arabia; Laboratory of Human Pathologies Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Rabat 10106, Morocco.
| | - Ashraf N Abdalla
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia; Laboratory of Human Pathologies Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Rabat 10106, Morocco.
| | - Learn-Han Lee
- Sunway Microbiomics Centre, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Sunway City 47500, Malaysia; Novel Bacteria and Drug Discovery Research Group (NBDD), Microbiome and Bioresource Research Strength (MBRS), Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Malaysia.
| | - Khang Wen Goh
- Faculty of Data Science and Information Technology, INTI International University, Nilai, Malaysia.
| | - Long Chiau Ming
- School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Sunway City 47500, Malaysia.
| | - Abdelhakim Bouyahya
- School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Sunway City 47500, Malaysia; Laboratory of Human Pathologies Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Rabat 10106, Morocco.
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Genetic Polymorphisms of Cytochromes P450 in Finno-Permic Populations of Russia. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13122353. [PMID: 36553620 PMCID: PMC9777976 DOI: 10.3390/genes13122353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 is an enzyme involved in the metabolism of phase 1 xenobiotics, toxins, endogenous hormones, and drugs, including those used in COVID-19 treatment. Cytochrome p450 genes are linked to the pathogenesis of some multifactorial traits and diseases, such as cancer, particularly prostate cancer, colorectal cancer, breast cancer, and cervical cancer. Genotyping was performed on 540 supposedly healthy individuals of 5 Finno-Permic populations from the territories of the European part of the Russian Federation. There was a statistically significant difference between Veps and most of the studied populations in the rs4986774 locus of the CYP2D6 gene; data on the rs3892097 locus of the CYP2D6 gene shows that Izhemsky Komis are different from the Mordovian and Udmurt populations.
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Mufti AH, AlJahdali IA, Elhawary NA, Ekram SN, Abumansour I, Sindi IA, Naffadi H, Elhawary EN, Alyamani NM, Alghamdi G, Alosaimi W, Rawas G, Alharbi A, Tayeb MT. Variations in TAP1 and PSMB9 Genes Involved in Antigen Processing and Presentation Increase the Risk of Vitiligo in the Saudi Community. Int J Gen Med 2022. [PMID: 34984025 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s341079]] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The antigen processing 1 (TAP1) and proteasome 20S subunit beta 9 (PSMB9) genes are associated with strong susceptibility to many autoimmune diseases. Here, we explored whether TAP1/PSMB9 genetic variants, individually or combined, affected susceptibility to the complex, autoimmune-based skin disorder vitiligo. Methods Samples of genomic DNA from buccal cells of 172 patients with vitiligo and 129 healthy controls were analyzed using TaqMan™ genotyping assays for the TAP1 rs1135216 (A>G) and PSMB9 rs17587 (A>G) single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). SNPStats software (https://www.snpstats.net) was utilized to choose the best interactive inheritance mode for selected SNPs. Results The genotype frequencies for the TAP1 rs1135216 and PSMB9 rs17587 SNPs were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium for cases (P= 0.11 and P= 0.10, respectively) but not for controls (P< 0.05). The TAP1 rs1135216 (D637G) and PSMB9 rs17587 (R60H) SNPs increased the risk of vitiligo four-fold and two-fold, respectively (odds ratio [OR]= 4.6; 95% confidence interval [CI], 3.2-6.5; P< 0.0001 and OR= 2.2; 95% CI, 1.5-3.1; P< 0.0001). The recessive model (G/G-D/G versus D/D) and the codominant model (R/R versus R/H) were the best models of inheritance for the rs113526 and rs17587 SNPs, respectively (OR= 16.4; 95% CI, 2.0-138; P= 0.0006 and OR= 1.7; 95% CI, 0.3-1.8; P= 0.013). Vulgaris, focal vulgaris, and acryl/acrofacial were the most common vitiligo subtypes in our sample (51%, 21%, and 19%, respectively). Heterozygous rs113526 (637D/G) and rs17587 (60R/H) were the most common genotypes in most vitiligo subtypes. The heterozygous 637D/G genotype and the 637G variant allele were significantly more common in patients with active disease than in patients with stable disease (P= 0.000052 and P= 0.0063, respectively). Conclusion Our findings suggest a crucial role for TAP1 rs1135216 and PSMB9 rs17587 in the risk and progression of vitiligo in the Saudi community. Genomic analyses are needed to identify more candidate genes and more genetic variants associated with vitiligo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad H Mufti
- Department of Medical Genetics, College of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Mecca, 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Imad A AlJahdali
- Department of Community Medicine, College of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Mecca, 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nasser A Elhawary
- Department of Medical Genetics, College of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Mecca, 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Samar N Ekram
- Department of Medical Genetics, College of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Mecca, 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Iman Abumansour
- Department of Medical Genetics, College of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Mecca, 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ikhlas A Sindi
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hind Naffadi
- Common Science, First Year Deanship, Umm Al-Qura University, Mecca, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ezzeldin N Elhawary
- MS Genomic Medicine Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK
| | - Najiah M Alyamani
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ghydda Alghamdi
- Department of Medical Genetics, College of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Mecca, 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wafaa Alosaimi
- Department of Hematology, Maternity and Children Hospital, Mecca, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Amaal Alharbi
- Saudi Biobank National ProjectKing Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed T Tayeb
- Department of Medical Genetics, College of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Mecca, 21955, Saudi Arabia
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Mufti AH, AlJahdali IA, Elhawary NA, Ekram SN, Abumansour I, Sindi IA, Naffadi H, Elhawary EN, Alyamani NM, Alghamdi G, Alosaimi W, Rawas G, Alharbi A, Tayeb MT. Variations in TAP1 and PSMB9 Genes Involved in Antigen Processing and Presentation Increase the Risk of Vitiligo in the Saudi Community. Int J Gen Med 2021; 14:10031-10044. [PMID: 34984025 PMCID: PMC8702990 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s341079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The antigen processing 1 (TAP1) and proteasome 20S subunit beta 9 (PSMB9) genes are associated with strong susceptibility to many autoimmune diseases. Here, we explored whether TAP1/PSMB9 genetic variants, individually or combined, affected susceptibility to the complex, autoimmune-based skin disorder vitiligo. METHODS Samples of genomic DNA from buccal cells of 172 patients with vitiligo and 129 healthy controls were analyzed using TaqMan™ genotyping assays for the TAP1 rs1135216 (A>G) and PSMB9 rs17587 (A>G) single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). SNPStats software (https://www.snpstats.net) was utilized to choose the best interactive inheritance mode for selected SNPs. RESULTS The genotype frequencies for the TAP1 rs1135216 and PSMB9 rs17587 SNPs were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium for cases (P= 0.11 and P= 0.10, respectively) but not for controls (P< 0.05). The TAP1 rs1135216 (D637G) and PSMB9 rs17587 (R60H) SNPs increased the risk of vitiligo four-fold and two-fold, respectively (odds ratio [OR]= 4.6; 95% confidence interval [CI], 3.2-6.5; P< 0.0001 and OR= 2.2; 95% CI, 1.5-3.1; P< 0.0001). The recessive model (G/G-D/G versus D/D) and the codominant model (R/R versus R/H) were the best models of inheritance for the rs113526 and rs17587 SNPs, respectively (OR= 16.4; 95% CI, 2.0-138; P= 0.0006 and OR= 1.7; 95% CI, 0.3-1.8; P= 0.013). Vulgaris, focal vulgaris, and acryl/acrofacial were the most common vitiligo subtypes in our sample (51%, 21%, and 19%, respectively). Heterozygous rs113526 (637D/G) and rs17587 (60R/H) were the most common genotypes in most vitiligo subtypes. The heterozygous 637D/G genotype and the 637G variant allele were significantly more common in patients with active disease than in patients with stable disease (P= 0.000052 and P= 0.0063, respectively). CONCLUSION Our findings suggest a crucial role for TAP1 rs1135216 and PSMB9 rs17587 in the risk and progression of vitiligo in the Saudi community. Genomic analyses are needed to identify more candidate genes and more genetic variants associated with vitiligo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad H Mufti
- Department of Medical Genetics, College of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Mecca, 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Imad A AlJahdali
- Department of Community Medicine, College of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Mecca, 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nasser A Elhawary
- Department of Medical Genetics, College of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Mecca, 21955, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: Nasser A Elhawary Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, P.O. Box 57543, Mecca, 21955, Saudi ArabiaTel +966 55 369 2180 Email
| | - Samar N Ekram
- Department of Medical Genetics, College of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Mecca, 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Iman Abumansour
- Department of Medical Genetics, College of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Mecca, 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ikhlas A Sindi
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hind Naffadi
- Common Science, First Year Deanship, Umm Al-Qura University, Mecca, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ezzeldin N Elhawary
- MS Genomic Medicine Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK
| | - Najiah M Alyamani
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ghydda Alghamdi
- Department of Medical Genetics, College of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Mecca, 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wafaa Alosaimi
- Department of Hematology, Maternity and Children Hospital, Mecca, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Amaal Alharbi
- Saudi Biobank National ProjectKing Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed T Tayeb
- Department of Medical Genetics, College of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Mecca, 21955, Saudi Arabia
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