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Trevisano RG, Matias H, de Jesus Teani T, Silvino VO, Ferreira CP, Dos Santos MAP, Braga PLG, Almeida SS. The frequency of the ACE I/D polymorphism in South America: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Mol Cell Biochem 2024:10.1007/s11010-023-04923-9. [PMID: 38310174 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-023-04923-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) is a key component of the renin-angiotensin system and plays an important role in homeostasis and maintenance of blood pressure. However, little is known about allele and genotypic frequencies, as well as phenotypic characteristics associated with ACE polymorphism genotypes in South American populations. This study aimed to verify the allelic predominance and genotype frequency of ACE I/D polymorphism in South America and its association with the main diseases and related conditions. We conducted a systematic review considering studies published in the last 25 years available in PubMed, Scielo, LILACS, LIPECS, Coleciona SUS, CUMED, BINACIS, IBECS, and MEDLINE databases, resulting in the inclusion of 121 studies. Quality of the studies was assessed according to the Strengthening the Reporting of Genetic Association (STREGA) guidelines. We mapped the frequency of the ACE I/D polymorphism in South American populations. 8,856 (32.1%) subjects were DD, 13,050 were ID (47.4%), and 5,644 were II (20.5%) carriers. The main associated conditions included systemic arterial hypertension and other cardiovascular conditions, cardiorespiratory or respiratory characteristics, physical activity level, kidney conditions, aging-related diseases, as well as different types of cancers and metabolic conditions. 61.1% of the studies found no significant association between the respective conditions investigated and the ACE I/D polymorphism. Considering DD genotype or D allele, 21.5% of the studies observed negative and 4.9% positive outcomes. Regarding ID genotype, 4.1% of the studies identified negative and 0.8% positive outcomes, and for II genotype or I allele, 4.1% of the results had negative and 10.7% positive associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebeca Gonçalves Trevisano
- Department of Obstetrician, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Helen Matias
- Department of Obstetrician, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Valmir Oliveira Silvino
- Department of Biophysics and Physiology, Nucleus of Study in Physiology Applied to Performance and Health (NEFADS), Federal University of Piaui, Teresina, Brazil
- Rede Nordeste de Biotecnologia (RENORBIO) post-graduation program, Teresina, Brazil
| | - Cirley Pinheiro Ferreira
- Department of Biophysics and Physiology, Nucleus of Study in Physiology Applied to Performance and Health (NEFADS), Federal University of Piaui, Teresina, Brazil
- Rede Nordeste de Biotecnologia (RENORBIO) post-graduation program, Teresina, Brazil
| | - Marcos Antonio Pereira Dos Santos
- Department of Biophysics and Physiology, Nucleus of Study in Physiology Applied to Performance and Health (NEFADS), Federal University of Piaui, Teresina, Brazil
- Rede Nordeste de Biotecnologia (RENORBIO) post-graduation program, Teresina, Brazil
| | | | - Sandro Soares Almeida
- Department of Obstetrician, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
- Universidade Ibirapuera, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
- Faculdade Anhanguera de Guarulhos, Guarulhos, SP, Brazil.
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Zhou H, Wang S, Zhao C, He H. Effect of exercise on vascular function in hypertension patients: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:1013490. [PMID: 36620631 PMCID: PMC9812646 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.1013490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The purpose of this study was to systematically evaluate the effect of exercise on vascular function in patients with pre- and hypertension. Methods A systematic review of articles retrieved via the PubMed, Embase, EBSCO, and Web of Science databases was conducted. All the randomized controlled trials published between the establishment of the databases and October 2022 were included. Studies that evaluated the effects of exercise intervention on vascular function in patients with pre- and hypertension were selected. Results A total of 717 subjects were included in 12 randomized controlled trials. The meta-analysis showed that in patients with pre- and hypertension, exercise can significantly reduce systolic blood pressure (SBP) (MD = -4.89; 95% CI, -7.05 to -2.73; P < 0.00001) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) (MD = -3.74; 95% CI, -5.18 to -2.29; P < 0.00001) and can improve endothelium-dependent flow-mediated dilatation (MD = 2.14; 95% CI, 1.71-2.61; P < 0.00001), and exercise did not reduce pulse wave velocity (PWV) (MD = 0.03, 95% CI, -0.45-0.50; P = 0.92). Regression analysis showed that changes in exercise-related vascular function were independent of subject medication status, baseline SBP, age and duration of intervention. Conclusion Aerobic, resistance, and high-intensity intermittent exercise all significantly improved SBP, DBP, and FMD in pre- and hypertensive patients, however, they were not effective in reducing PWV, and this effect was independent of the subject's medication status, baseline SBP, age and duration of intervention. Systematic review registration https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/, identifier CRD42022302646.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huayi Zhou
- College of Sport and Human Science, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Shengya Wang
- College of Sport and Human Science, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Changtao Zhao
- Department of Physical Health and Arts Education, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Hui He
- China Institute of Sport and Health Science, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China,*Correspondence: Hui He,
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Cardiovascular Autonomic Responses to Aerobic, Resistance and Combined Exercises in Resistance Hypertensive Patients. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:8202610. [PMID: 35496038 PMCID: PMC9046001 DOI: 10.1155/2022/8202610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Here, we report the acute effects of aerobic (AER), resistance (RES), and combined (COM) exercises on blood pressure, central blood pressure and augmentation index, hemodynamic parameters, and autonomic modulation of resistant (RH) and nonresistant hypertensive (NON-RH) subjects. Twenty participants (10 RH and 10 NON-RH) performed three exercise sessions (i.e., AER, RES, and COM) and a control session. Hemodynamic (Finometer®, Beatscope), office blood pressure (BP), and autonomic variables (accessed through spectral analysis of the pulse-to-pulse BP signal, in the time and frequency domain-Fast Fourrier Transform) were assessed before (T0), one-hour (T1), and twenty-four (T2) hours after each experimental session. There were no changes in office BP, pulse wave behavior, and hemodynamic parameters after (T0 and T1) exercise sessions. However, AER and COM exercises significantly reduced sympathetic modulation in RH patients. It is worth mentioning that more significant changes in sympathetic modulation were observed after AER as compared to COM exercise. These findings suggest that office blood pressure, arterial stiffness, and hemodynamic parameters returned to baseline levels in the first hour and remained stable in the 24 hours after the all-exercise sessions. Notably, our findings bring new light to the effects of exercise on RH, indicating that RH patients show different autonomic responses to exercise compared to NON-RH patients. This trial is registered with trial registration number NCT02987452.
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Impact of therapeutic lifestyle changes in resistant hypertension. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2019; 63:4-9. [PMID: 31756356 DOI: 10.1016/j.pcad.2019.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Hypertensive individuals are at an increased risk of developing heart disease and stroke. Adopting healthy lifestyles, such as being active on ≥4 days per week, weight-loss in the presence of obesity, consuming a diet rich in fruits and vegetables, and sodium below the recommended threshold, avoiding high alcohol consumption and refraining from smoking have been effective lifestyle therapies to prevent or control stage 1 hypertension (HTN). Among the 1 in 3 Americans who have HTN (systolic blood pressure ≥ 130 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure ≥ 80 mmHg), 16% are diagnosed with resistant HTN (RHT). Although there are comparatively fewer studies examining the blood pressure lowering effects of therapeutic lifestyle interventions in patients with resistant HTN, the available literature appears promising. This paper reviews key studies that quantify the blood pressure lowering effects of certain therapeutic lifestyles in patients with RHT and highlights areas needing more attention.
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The influence of angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) I/D gene polymorphism on cardiovascular and muscular adaptations following 8 weeks of isometric handgrip training (IHG) in untrained normotensive males. Biol Sport 2019; 36:81-94. [PMID: 30899143 PMCID: PMC6413574 DOI: 10.5114/biolsport.2019.79975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Revised: 11/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined the association between the angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) I/D gene polymorphism and isometric handgrip (IHG) training on cardiovascular and muscular responses among normotensive males. Thirty (II = 10, ID = 10, and DD = 10) normotensive untrained males underwent IHG training at 30% of their maximal voluntary contraction 3 days per week for 8 weeks. Cardiovascular and muscular variables were measured before IHG, after a session of IHG and after 8 weeks of IHG. No significant interaction effect was found between ACE I/D genotype and IHG training session on all dependent variables (all p > 0.05). There was a significant main effect of IHG training session on systolic blood pressure (SBP) (p = 0.002), mean arterial pressure (MAP) (p = 0.015) and handgrip strength (HGS) (p = 0.001) scores, while no difference in diastolic blood pressure (DBP), pulse pressure, or heart rate scores was found. A greater improvement in cardiovascular parameters following 8 weeks of IHG training was observed in participants with the D allele than the I allele (SBP reduction: ID+DD genotype group (-5.53 ± 6.2 mmHg) vs. II genotype group (-1.52 ± 5.3 mmHg)); MAP reduction: ID + DD genotype group (-2.80 ± 4.5 mmHg) vs. II genotype group (-1.45 ± 3.5 mmHg). Eight weeks of IHG training improved cardiovascular and muscular performances of normotensive men. Reduction in SBP and MAP scores in D allele carriers compared to I allele carriers indicates that the ACE I/D polymorphism may have an influence on IHG training adaptation in a normotensive population.
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Coelho-Júnior HJ, Gonçalves IDO, Câmara NOS, Cenedeze MA, Bacurau RF, Asano RY, Santana J, Caperuto E, Uchida MC, Rodrigues B. Non-periodized and Daily Undulating Periodized Resistance Training on Blood Pressure of Older Women. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1525. [PMID: 30542289 PMCID: PMC6277793 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed at investigating the effects of a daily undulating periodization (DUP) and non-periodized (NP) resistance training programs on hemodynamic parameters of older women. Forty-two older women were randomized into one of the three experimental groups: NP, DUP, and control group (CG). Evaluations of the hemodynamic parameters occurred before, during and after the intervention. The exercise programs were performed twice a week over 22 weeks. NP and DUP groups were based on 3 sets of 8-10 repetitions in 9 exercises. In NP, the two exercise sessions were based on traditional strength training, which was performed at a Difficult intensity according to the rating of perceived exertion (RPE) method. In DUP, the first session was based on power resistance exercise, in which the concentric muscle contraction was performed as fast as possible at a moderate intensity based on RPE, while the second session was the same that was performed by NP. The findings demonstrated that diastolic blood pressure (90.4 vs. 76.2 mmHg) and mean arterial pressure (108.6 vs. 92.7 mmHg) were significantly reduced after NP, while no significant alterations were observed in DUP. Nevertheless, both training groups seem to have a cardio protective effect, since both training modes prevented the increase in HR reported in the experimental period in CG. In conclusion, our findings indicate that a 22-week NP resistance training program causes beneficial effects on hemodynamic parameters of older women. Trial Registration: NCT03443375.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélio J. Coelho-Júnior
- Applied Kinesiology Laboratory, Department of Adapted Physical Activity, Faculty of Physical Education, Universidade Estadual de Campinas - UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil
- Exercise Physiology Applied to Disease Research Group, Department of Adapted Physical Activity, Faculty of Physical Education, Universidade Estadual de Campinas - UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil
| | | | - Niels O. S. Câmara
- Laboratory of Transplantation Immunology, Department of Immunobiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marco A. Cenedeze
- Nephrology Division, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Reury F. Bacurau
- School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Yukio Asano
- School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jeferson Santana
- Human Movement Laboratory, Universidade São Judas Tadeu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Erico Caperuto
- Human Movement Laboratory, Universidade São Judas Tadeu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marco C. Uchida
- Applied Kinesiology Laboratory, Department of Adapted Physical Activity, Faculty of Physical Education, Universidade Estadual de Campinas - UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Bruno Rodrigues
- Applied Kinesiology Laboratory, Department of Adapted Physical Activity, Faculty of Physical Education, Universidade Estadual de Campinas - UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil
- Exercise Physiology Applied to Disease Research Group, Department of Adapted Physical Activity, Faculty of Physical Education, Universidade Estadual de Campinas - UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil
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Silva GO, Farah BQ, Germano-Soares AH, Andrade-Lima A, Santana FS, Rodrigues SLC, Ritti-Dias RM. Acute blood pressure responses after different isometric handgrip protocols in hypertensive patients. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2018; 73:e373. [PMID: 30365821 PMCID: PMC6172980 DOI: 10.6061/clinics/2018/e373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present study analyzed blood pressure responses after a single session of isometric handgrip exercise performed with different volumes and intensities by patients with hypertension. METHODS This randomized crossover trial submitted 12 hypertensive patients (58±5 years old) to four isometric handgrip exercise sessions in a random order: 4 x 2 min at 30% of the maximal voluntary contraction (S30%); 4 x 2 min at 50% of the maximal voluntary contraction (S50%2min); 4 x 3 min at 30% of the maximal voluntary contraction (S30%3min); and a control session. The systolic and diastolic blood pressure, heart rate, and rate-pressure product were measured pre- and post-exercise (30th min). RESULTS No significant changes were observed in cardiovascular variables after any session (p>0.05 for all comparisons). Similarly, individual analyses revealed heterogeneity in the responses, including increases in blood pressure observed in some sessions. Patients with reduced blood pressure after an isometric handgrip exercise session exhibited a higher body mass index, diastolic blood pressure and heart rate (p<0.05). They also tended to be younger (p=0.07). CONCLUSION Isometric handgrip exercise performed with different intensities and volumes did not reduce the blood pressure of hypertensive patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Breno Q Farah
- Departamento de Educacao Fisica, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, BR
| | | | | | | | | | - Raphael M Ritti-Dias
- Programa de Pos-graduacao em Ciencias da Reabilitacao, Universidade Nove de Julho, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
- Corresponding author. E-mail:
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Fenwick PH, Jeejeebhoy K, Dhaliwal R, Royall D, Brauer P, Tremblay A, Klein D, Mutch DM. Lifestyle genomics and the metabolic syndrome: A review of genetic variants that influence response to diet and exercise interventions. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2018; 59:2028-2039. [PMID: 29400991 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2018.1437022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) comprises a cluster of risk factors that includes central obesity, dyslipidemia, impaired glucose homeostasis and hypertension. Individuals with MetS have elevated risk of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease; thus placing significant burdens on social and healthcare systems. Lifestyle interventions (comprised of diet, exercise or a combination of both) are routinely recommended as the first line of treatment for MetS. Only a proportion of people respond, and it has been assumed that psychological and social aspects primarily account for these differences. However, the etiology of MetS is multifactorial and stems, in part, on a person's genetic make-up. Numerous single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are associated with the various components of MetS, and several of these SNPs have been shown to modify a person's response to lifestyle interventions. Consequently, genetic variants can influence the extent to which a person responds to changes in diet and/or exercise. The goal of this review is to highlight SNPs reported to influence the magnitude of change in body weight, dyslipidemia, glucose homeostasis and blood pressure during lifestyle interventions aimed at improving MetS components. Knowledge regarding these genetic variants and their ability to modulate a person's response will provide additional context for improving the effectiveness of personalized lifestyle interventions that aim to reduce the risks associated with MetS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peri H Fenwick
- a Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences , University of Guelph , Guelph , Ontario , Canada
| | - Khursheed Jeejeebhoy
- b Emeritus Professor of Medicine and Physician , St. Michael's Hospital , Toronto , Ontario , Canada
| | | | - Dawna Royall
- d Department of Family Relations and Applied Nutrition , University of Guelph , Guelph , Ontario , Canada
| | - Paula Brauer
- d Department of Family Relations and Applied Nutrition , University of Guelph , Guelph , Ontario , Canada
| | - Angelo Tremblay
- e Department of Kinesiology , Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval , Québec City , Québec , Canada
| | - Doug Klein
- f Department of Family Medicine , University of Alberta , Edmonton , Alberta , Canada
| | - David M Mutch
- a Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences , University of Guelph , Guelph , Ontario , Canada
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George M, Azhar G, Pangle A, Peeler E, Dawson A, Coker R, Coleman KS, Schrader A, Wei J. Feasibility of Conducting a 6-month long Home-based Exercise Program with Protein Supplementation in Elderly Community-dwelling Individuals with Heart Failure. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 2. [PMID: 29226282 DOI: 10.4172/2573-0312.1000137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Objective Cardiac cachexia is a condition associated with heart failure, particularly in the elderly, and is characterized by loss of muscle mass with or without the loss of fat mass. Approximately 15% of elderly heart failure patients will eventually develop cardiac cachexia; such a diagnosis is closely associated with high morbidity and increased mortality. While the mechanism(s) involved in the progression of cardiac cachexia is incompletely established, certain factors appear to be contributory. Dietary deficiencies, impaired bowel perfusion, and metabolic dysfunction all contribute to reduced muscle mass, increased muscle wasting, increased protein degradation, and reduced protein synthesis. Thus slowing or preventing the progression of cardiac cachexia relies heavily on dietary and exercise-based interventions in addition to standard heart failure treatments and medications. Methods The aim of the present study was to test the feasibility of an at-home exercise and nutrition intervention program in a population of elderly with heart failure, in an effort to determine whether dietary protein supplementation and increased physical activity may slow the progression, or prevent the onset, of cardiac cachexia. Frail elderly patients over the age of 55 with symptoms of heart failure from UAMS were enrolled in one of two groups, intervention or control. To assess the effect of protein supplementation and exercise on the development of cardiac cachexia, data on various measures of muscle quality, cardiovascular health, mental status, and quality of life were collected and analyzed from the two groups at the beginning and end of the study period. Results More than 50% of those who were initially enrolled actually completed the 6-month study. While both groups showed some improvement in their study measures, the protein and exercise group showed a greater tendency to improve than the control group by the end of the six months. Conclusion These findings suggest that with a larger cohort, this intervention may show significant positive effects for elderly patients who are at risk of developing cardiac cachexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masil George
- Department of Geriatrics, Reynolds Institute on Aging, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Gohar Azhar
- Department of Geriatrics, Reynolds Institute on Aging, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Amanda Pangle
- Department of Geriatrics, Reynolds Institute on Aging, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Eric Peeler
- Department of Geriatrics, Reynolds Institute on Aging, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Amanda Dawson
- Department of Geriatrics, Reynolds Institute on Aging, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Robert Coker
- Department of Geriatrics, Reynolds Institute on Aging, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Kellie S Coleman
- Department of Geriatrics, Reynolds Institute on Aging, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Amy Schrader
- Department of Geriatrics, Reynolds Institute on Aging, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Jeanne Wei
- Department of Geriatrics, Reynolds Institute on Aging, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
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Sanhueza JA, Zambrano T, Bahamondes-Avila C, Salazar LA. Association of Anxiety-Related Polymorphisms with Sports Performance in Chilean Long Distance Triathletes: A Pilot Study. J Sports Sci Med 2016; 15:554-561. [PMID: 27928199 PMCID: PMC5131207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Different factors affecting athletic performance are well established: intensity and type of training, anthropometric characteristics as well as an important psychological component. However, the contribution of the genetic background has been less investigated. The aim of the present study was to investigate the influence of polymorphisms within genes associated with stress and anxiety (5HTT, CRH2R, ACE, NK1R, 5HT1AR and CRF-BP) on the physical capability and sports performance in triathletes. One hundred and ninety two (192) unrelated Chilean triathletes who participated in the 2014 70.3 Pucón city triathlon were divided into opposite subgroups of sports performance according to their time results. We identified significant associations for five polymorphisms (5HTT 5-HTTLPR, ACE I/D, NK1R rs6715729, 5HT1AR -1019C>G and CRF-BP CRF-BPs11) with athletic performance. Our results indicate that these polymorphisms are associated with differential sports performance in Chilean triathletes, establishing an initial background for better understanding the relationship between physical performance, genetics and anxiety disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge A Sanhueza
- Center of Molecular Biology & Pharmacogenetics, Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus (BIOREN), Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile; Medicine School, Universidad Mayor, Temuco, Chile
| | - Tomás Zambrano
- Center of Molecular Biology & Pharmacogenetics, Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus (BIOREN), Universidad de La Frontera , Temuco, Chile
| | | | - Luis A Salazar
- Center of Molecular Biology & Pharmacogenetics, Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus (BIOREN), Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile; Millennium Institute for Research in Depression and Personality (MIDAP), Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
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11
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MacDonald HV, Johnson BT, Huedo-Medina TB, Livingston J, Forsyth KC, Kraemer WJ, Farinatti PTV, Pescatello LS. Dynamic Resistance Training as Stand-Alone Antihypertensive Lifestyle Therapy: A Meta-Analysis. J Am Heart Assoc 2016; 5:JAHA.116.003231. [PMID: 27680663 PMCID: PMC5121472 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.116.003231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background Aerobic exercise (AE) is recommended as first‐line antihypertensive lifestyle therapy based on strong evidence showing that it lowers blood pressure (BP) 5 to 7 mm Hg among adults with hypertension. Because of weaker evidence showing that dynamic resistance training (RT) reduces BP 2 to 3 mm Hg among adults with hypertension, it is recommended as adjuvant lifestyle therapy to AE training. Yet, existing evidence suggests that dynamic RT can lower BP as much or more than AE. Methods and Results We meta‐analyzed 64 controlled studies (71 interventions) to determine the efficacy of dynamic RT as stand‐alone antihypertensive therapy. Participants (N=2344) were white (57%), middle‐aged (47.2±19.0 years), and overweight (26.8±3.4 kg/m2) adults with prehypertension (126.7±10.3/76.8±8.7 mm Hg); 15% were on antihypertensive medication. Overall, moderate‐intensity dynamic RT was performed 2.8±0.6 days/week for 14.4±7.9 weeks and elicited small‐to‐moderate reductions in systolic BP (SBP; d+=−0.31; 95% CIs, −0.43, −0.19; −3.0 mm Hg) and diastolic BP (DBP; d+=−0.30; 95% CIs, −0.38, −0.18; −2.1 mm Hg) compared to controls (Ps<0.001). Greater BP reductions occurred among samples with higher resting SBP/DBP: ≈6/5 mm Hg for hypertension, ≈3/3 mm Hg for prehypertension, and ≈0/1 mm Hg for normal BP (Ps<0.023). Furthermore, nonwhite samples with hypertension experienced BP reductions that were approximately twice the magnitude of those previously reported following AE training (−14.3 mm Hg [95% CIs, −19.0, −9.4]/−10.3 mm Hg [95% CIs, −14.5, −6.2]). Conclusions Our results indicate that for nonwhite adult samples with hypertension, dynamic RT may elicit BP reductions that are comparable to or greater than those reportedly achieved with AE training. Dynamic RT should be further investigated as a viable stand‐alone therapeutic exercise option for adult populations with high BP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayley V MacDonald
- Department of Kinesiology, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL Department of Kinesiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT Institute for Collaboration on Health, Intervention, and Policy (InCHIP), University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT
| | - Blair T Johnson
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT Institute for Collaboration on Health, Intervention, and Policy (InCHIP), University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT
| | - Tania B Huedo-Medina
- Department of Allied Health Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT Institute for Collaboration on Health, Intervention, and Policy (InCHIP), University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT
| | - Jill Livingston
- Homer Babbidge Library, Health Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT
| | - Kym C Forsyth
- The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH
| | - William J Kraemer
- Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Paulo T V Farinatti
- Institute of Physical Education and Sports, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Linda S Pescatello
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT Institute for Collaboration on Health, Intervention, and Policy (InCHIP), University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT
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What is the best moment to apply phototherapy when associated to a strength training program? A randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial : Phototherapy in association to strength training. Lasers Med Sci 2016; 31:1555-1564. [PMID: 27371449 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-016-2015-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The effects of phototherapy (or photobiomodulation therapy) with low-level laser therapy (LLLT) and/or light-emitting diodes (LEDs) on human performance improvement have been widely studied. Few studies have examined its effect on muscular training and no studies have explored the necessary moment of phototherapy irradiations (i.e., before and/or after training sessions). The aim of this study was to determine the optimal moment to apply phototherapy irradiation when used in association with strength training. Forty-eight male volunteers (age between 18 to 35 years old) completed all procedures in this study. Volunteers performed the strength training protocol where either a phototherapy and/or placebo before and/or after each training session was performed using cluster probes with four laser diodes of 905 nm, four LEDs of 875 nm, and four LEDs of 640 nm-manufactured by Multi Radiance Medical™. The training protocol duration was 12 weeks with assessments of peak torque reached in maximum voluntary contraction test (MVC), load in 1-repetition maximum test (1-RM) and thigh circumference (perimetry) at larger cross-sectional area (CSA) at baseline, 4 weeks, 8 weeks, and 12 weeks. Volunteers from group treated with phototherapy before and placebo after training sessions showed significant (p < 0.05) changes in MVC and 1-RM tests for both exercises (leg extension and leg press) when compared to other groups. With an apparent lack of side effects and safety due to no thermal damage to the tissue, we conclude that the application of phototherapy yields enhanced strength gains when it is applied before exercise. The application may have additional beneficial value in post-injury rehabilitation where strength improvements are needed.
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Pescatello LS, MacDonald HV, Lamberti L, Johnson BT. Exercise for Hypertension: A Prescription Update Integrating Existing Recommendations with Emerging Research. Curr Hypertens Rep 2015; 17:87. [PMID: 26423529 PMCID: PMC4589552 DOI: 10.1007/s11906-015-0600-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hypertension is the most common, costly, and preventable cardiovascular disease risk factor. Numerous professional organizations and committees recommend exercise as initial lifestyle therapy to prevent, treat, and control hypertension. Yet, these recommendations differ in the components of the Frequency, Intensity, Time, and Type (FITT) principle of exercise prescription (Ex Rx); the evidence upon which they are based is only of fair methodological quality; and the individual studies upon which they are based generally do not include people with hypertension, which are some of the limitations in this literature. The purposes of this review are to (1) overview the professional exercise recommendations for hypertension in terms of the FITT principle of Ex Rx; (2) discuss new and emerging research related to Ex Rx for hypertension; and (3) present an updated FITT Ex Rx for adults with hypertension that integrates the existing recommendations with this new and emerging research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda S Pescatello
- Department of Kinesiology, College of Agriculture, Health, and Natural Resources, University of Connecticut, 2095 Hillside Rd, U-1110, Storrs, CT, 06269-1110, USA.
| | - Hayley V MacDonald
- Department of Kinesiology, College of Agriculture, Health, and Natural Resources, University of Connecticut, 2095 Hillside Rd, U-1110, Storrs, CT, 06269-1110, USA.
| | - Lauren Lamberti
- Department of Kinesiology, College of Agriculture, Health, and Natural Resources, University of Connecticut, 2095 Hillside Rd, U-1110, Storrs, CT, 06269-1110, USA.
| | - Blair T Johnson
- Department of Psychological Sciences, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, University of Connecticut, 406 Babbidge Rd, U-1020, Storrs, CT, 06269-1020, USA.
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Gerage AM, Ritti-Dias RM, do Nascimento MA, Pina FLC, Gonçalves CGS, Sardinha LB, Cyrino ES. Chronic resistance training does not affect post-exercise blood pressure in normotensive older women: a randomized controlled trial. AGE (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2015; 37:63. [PMID: 26047957 PMCID: PMC4493716 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-015-9801-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Resistance training has been recommended for maintenance or improvement of the functional health of older adults, but its effect on acute cardiovascular responses remains unclear. Thus, the purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of 12 weeks of resistance training on post-exercise blood pressure (BP) in normotensive older women. Twenty-eight normotensive and physically inactive women (≥ 60 years) were randomly assigned to a training group (TG) or a control group (CG). The TG underwent a resistance training program (12 weeks, 8 exercises, 2 sets, 10-15 repetitions, 3 days/week), while the CG performed stretching exercises (12 weeks, 2 sets, 20 s each, 2 days/week). At baseline and after the intervention, participants were randomly submitted to two experimental sessions: a resistance exercise session (7 exercises, 2 sets, 10-15 repetitions) and a control session. BP was obtained pre- and post-sessions (90 min), through auscultation. Post-exercise hypotension was observed for systolic, diastolic, and mean BP in the TG (-6.1, -3.4, and -4.3 mmHg, respectively; P < 0.05) and in the CG (-4.1, -0.7, and -1.8 mmHg, respectively; P < 0.05). After the intervention period, the magnitude and pattern of this phenomenon for systolic, diastolic, and mean BP were similar between groups (TG -8.8, -4.1, and -5.7 mmHg, respectively; P < 0.05 vs CG -11.1, -5.8, and -7.6 mmHg, respectively; P < 0.05). These results indicate that a single session of resistance exercise promotes reduction in post-exercise BP and 12 weeks of resistance training program do not change the occurrence or magnitude of this hypotension. (ClinicalTrial.gov: NCT02346981).
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Mendes Gerage
- Metabolism, Nutrition, and Exercise Laboratory, Physical Education and Sport Center, Londrina State University, Londrina, PR, Brazil,
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Brito ADF, de Oliveira CVC, Brasileiro-Santos MDS, Santos ADC. Resistance exercise with different volumes: blood pressure response and forearm blood flow in the hypertensive elderly. Clin Interv Aging 2014; 9:2151-8. [PMID: 25540580 PMCID: PMC4270306 DOI: 10.2147/cia.s53441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of two sessions of resistance exercise with different volumes on post-exercise hypotension, forearm blood flow, and forearm vascular resistance in hypertensive elderly subjects. Methods The study was conducted with ten hypertensive elderly (65±3 years, 28.7±3 kg/m2) subjected to three experimental sessions, ie, a control session, exercise with a set (S1), and exercise with three sets (S3). For each session, the subjects were evaluated before and after intervention. In the pre-intervention period, blood pressure, forearm blood flow, and forearm vascular resistance were measured after 10 minutes of rest in the supine position. Thereafter, the subjects were taken to the gym to perform their exercise sessions or remained at rest during the same time period. Both S1 and S3 comprised a set of ten repetitions of ten exercises, with an interval of 90 seconds between exercises. Subsequently, the measurements were again performed at 10, 30, 50, 70, and 90 minutes of recovery (post-intervention) in the supine position. Results Post-exercise hypotension was greater in S3 than in S1 (systolic blood pressure, −26.5±4.2 mmHg versus −17.9±4.7 mmHg; diastolic blood pressure, −13.8±4.9 mmHg versus −7.7±5 mmHg, P<0.05). Similarly, forearm blood flow and forearm vascular resistance changed significantly in both sessions with an increase and decrease, respectively, that was more evident in S3 than in S1 (P<0.05). Conclusion Resistance exercises with higher volume were more effective in causing post-exercise hypotension, being accompanied by an increase in forearm blood flow and a reduction of forearm vascular resistance.
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