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Li J, Parakhonskiy BV, Skirtach AG. A decade of developing applications exploiting the properties of polyelectrolyte multilayer capsules. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:807-835. [PMID: 36472384 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc04806j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Transferring the layer-by-layer (LbL) coating approach from planar surfaces to spherical templates and subsequently dissolving these templates leads to the fabrication of polyelectrolyte multilayer capsules. The versatility of the coatings of capsules and their flexibility upon bringing in virtually any material into the coatings has quickly drawn substantial attention. Here, we provide an overview of the main developments in this field, highlighting the trends in the last decade. In the beginning, various methods of encapsulation and release are discussed followed by a broad range of applications, which were developed and explored. We also outline the current trends, where the range of applications is continuing to grow, including addition of whole new and different application areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Li
- Nano-Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Bogdan V Parakhonskiy
- Nano-Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Andre G Skirtach
- Nano-Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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2
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Microcapsule-Based Dose-Dependent Regulation of the Lifespan and Behavior of Adipose-Derived MSCs as a Cell-Mediated Delivery System: In Vitro Study. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010292. [PMID: 36613737 PMCID: PMC9820487 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of “biohybrid” drug delivery systems (DDS) based on mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) is an important focus of current biotechnology research, particularly in the areas of oncotheranostics, regenerative medicine, and tissue bioengineering. However, the behavior of MSCs at sites of inflammation and tumor growth is relevant to potential tumor transformation, immunosuppression, the inhibition or stimulation of tumor growth, metastasis, and angiogenesis. Therefore, the concept was formulated to control the lifespan of MSCs for a specific time sufficient for drug delivery to the target tissue by varying the number of internalized microcontainers. The current study addressed the time-dependent in vitro assessment of the viability, migration, and division of human adipose-derived MSCs (hAMSCs) as a function of the dose of internalized polyelectrolyte microcapsules prepared using a layer-by-layer technique. Polystyrene sulfonate (PSS)—poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH)-coated spherical micrometer-sized (diameter ~2−3 µm) vaterite (CaCO3) microcapsules (PAH-PSS)6 with the capping PSS layer were prepared after dissolution of the CaCO3 core template. The Cell-IQ phase contrast imaging results showed that hAMSCs internalized all (PAH-PSS)6 microcapsules saturating the intercellular medium (5−90 particles per cell). A strong (r > 0.7) linear dose-dependent and time-dependent (up to 8 days) regression was observed between the in vitro decrease in cell viability and the number of internalized microvesicles. The approximate time-to-complete-death of hAMSCs at different concentrations of microcapsules in culture was 428 h (1:5 ratio), 339 h (1:10), 252 h (1:20), 247 h (1:45), and 170 h (1:90 ratio). By varying the number of microcontainers loaded into the cells (from 1:10 to 1:90), a dose-dependent exponential decrease in both the movement rate and division rate of hAMSCs was observed. A real-time cell analysis (RTCA) of the effect of (PAH-PSS)6 microcapsules (from 1:5 to 1:20) on hAMSCs also showed a dose- and time-dependent decrease in cell longevity after a 50h study at ratios of 1:10 and 1:20. The incorporation of microcapsules (1:5, 1:20, and 1:45) resulted in a dose-dependent increase in 24−48 h secretion of GRO-α (CXCL1), MIF, and SDF-1α (CXCL12) chemokines in hAMSC culture. In turn, the normalization or inhibition of chemokine secretion occurred after 72 h, except for MIF levels below 5−20 microcapsules, which were internalized by MSCs. Thus, the proposed concept of controlling the lifespan of MSC-based DDS using a dose of internalized PAH-PSS microcapsules could be useful for biomedical applications. (PAH-PSS)6 microcapsule ratios of 1:5 and 1:10 have little effect on the lifespan of hAMSCs for a long time (up to 14−18 days), which can be recommended for regenerative therapy and tissue bioengineering associated with low oncological risk. The microcapsule ratios of 1:20 and 1:45 did not significantly restrict the migratory activity of hAMSCs-based DDS during the time interval required for tissue delivery (up to 4−5 days), followed by cell death after 10 days. Therefore, such doses of microcapsules can be used for hAMSC-based DDS in oncotheranostics.
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3
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Nifontova G, Tsoi T, Karaulov A, Nabiev I, Sukhanova A. Structure-function relationships in polymeric multilayer capsules designed for cancer drug delivery. Biomater Sci 2022; 10:5092-5115. [PMID: 35894444 DOI: 10.1039/d2bm00829g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The targeted delivery of cancer drugs to tumor-specific molecular targets represents a major challenge in modern personalized cancer medicine. Engineering of micron and submicron polymeric multilayer capsules allows the obtaining of multifunctional theranostic systems serving as controllable stimulus-responsive tools with a high clinical potential to be used in cancer therapy and detection. The functionalities of such theranostic systems are determined by the design and structural properties of the capsules. This review (1) describes the current issues in designing cancer cell-targeting polymeric multilayer capsules, (2) analyzes the effects of the interactions of the capsules with the cellular and molecular constituents of biological fluids, and (3) presents the key structural parameters determining the effectiveness of capsule targeting. The influence of the morphological and physicochemical parameters and the origin of the structural components and surface ligands on the functional activity of polymeric multilayer capsules at the molecular, cellular, and whole-body levels are summarized. The basic structural and functional principles determining the future trends of theranostic capsule development are established and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galina Nifontova
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Nanosciences, LRN-EA4682, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51100 Reims, France.
| | - Tatiana Tsoi
- National Research Nuclear University MEPhI (Moscow Engineering Physics Institute), 115409 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander Karaulov
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119146 Moscow, Russia
| | - Igor Nabiev
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Nanosciences, LRN-EA4682, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51100 Reims, France. .,National Research Nuclear University MEPhI (Moscow Engineering Physics Institute), 115409 Moscow, Russia.,Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119146 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alyona Sukhanova
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Nanosciences, LRN-EA4682, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51100 Reims, France.
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4
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Nozdriukhin D, Kalva SK, Li W, Yashchenok A, Gorin D, Razansky D, Deán-Ben XL. Rapid Volumetric Optoacoustic Tracking of Individual Microparticles In Vivo Enabled by a NIR-Absorbing Gold-Carbon Shell. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:48423-48432. [PMID: 34613688 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c15509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Rapid volumetric in vivo visualization of circulating microparticles can facilitate new biomedical applications, such as blood flow characterization or targeted drug delivery. However, existing imaging modalities generally lack the sensitivity to detect the weak signals generated by individual micrometer-sized particles distributed across millimeter- to centimeter-scale depths in living mammalian tissues. Also, the temporal resolution is typically insufficient to track the particles in an entire three-dimensional region. Herein, we introduce a new type of monodisperse (4 μm) silica-core microparticle coated with a shell formed by a multilayered structure of carbon nanotubes (CNT) and gold nanoparticles (AuNP) to provide strong optoacoustic (OA) absorption-based contrast. We capitalize on the unique advantages of a state-of-the-art high-frame-rate OA tomography system to visualize and track the motion of these core-shell particles individually and volumetrically as they flow throughout the mouse brain vasculature. The feasibility of localizing individual solid particles smaller than red blood cells opens new opportunities for mapping the blood flow velocity, enhancing the resolution and visibility of OA images, and developing new biosensing assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniil Nozdriukhin
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering and Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zürich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
- Center for Photonics and Quantum Materials, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, 121205 Moscow, Russia
| | - Sandeep Kumar Kalva
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering and Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zürich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Weiye Li
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering and Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zürich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Alexey Yashchenok
- Center for Photonics and Quantum Materials, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, 121205 Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitry Gorin
- Center for Photonics and Quantum Materials, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, 121205 Moscow, Russia
| | - Daniel Razansky
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering and Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zürich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Xosé Luís Deán-Ben
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering and Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zürich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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5
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Claus C, Fritz R, Schilling E, Reibetanz U. The Metabolic Response of Various Cell Lines to Microtubule-Driven Uptake of Lipid- and Polymer-Coated Layer-by-Layer Microcarriers. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:1441. [PMID: 34575517 PMCID: PMC8465159 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13091441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid structures, such as liposomes or micelles, are of high interest as an approach to support the transport and delivery of active agents as a drug delivery system. However, there are many open questions regarding their uptake and impact on cellular metabolism. In this study, lipid structures were assembled as a supported lipid bilayer on top of biopolymer-coated microcarriers based on the Layer-by-Layer assembly strategy. The functionalized microcarriers were then applied to various human and animal cell lines in addition to primary human macrophages (MΦ). Here, their influence on cellular metabolism and their intracellular localization were detected by extracellular flux analysis and immunofluorescence analysis, respectively. The impact of microcarriers on metabolic parameters was in most cell types rather low. However, lipid bilayer-supported microcarriers induced a decrease in oxygen consumption rate (OCR, indicative for mitochondrial respiration) and extracellular acidification rate (ECAR, indicative for glycolysis) in Vero cells. Additionally, in Vero cells lipid bilayer microcarriers showed a more pronounced association with microtubule filaments than polymer-coated microcarrier. Furthermore, they localized to a perinuclear region and induced nuclei with some deformations at a higher rate than unfunctionalized carriers. This association was reduced through the application of the microtubule polymerization inhibitor nocodazole. Thus, the effect of respective lipid structures as a drug delivery system on cells has to be considered in the context of the respective target cell, but in general can be regarded as rather low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Claus
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Virology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Johannisallee 30, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Robert Fritz
- Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Härtelstrasse 16-18, 04107 Leipzig, Germany;
| | - Erik Schilling
- Institute of Clinical Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Johannisallee 30, 04103 Leipzig, Germany;
| | - Uta Reibetanz
- Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Härtelstrasse 16-18, 04107 Leipzig, Germany;
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Demina PA, Sindeeva OA, Abramova AM, Prikhozhdenko ES, Verkhovskii RA, Lengert EV, Sapelkin AV, Goryacheva IY, Sukhorukov GB. Fluorescent Convertible Capsule Coding Systems for Individual Cell Labeling and Tracking. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:19701-19709. [PMID: 33900738 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c02767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In modern biomedical science and developmental biology, there is significant interest in optical tagging to study individual cell behavior and migration in large cellular populations. However, there is currently no tagging system that can be used for labeling individual cells on demand in situ with subsequent discrimination in between and long-term tracking of individual cells. In this article, we demonstrate such a system based on photoconversion of the fluorescent dye rhodamine B co-confined with carbon nanodots in the volume of micron-sized polyelectrolyte capsules. We show that this new fluorescent convertible capsule coding system is robust and is actively uptaken by cell lines while demonstrating low toxicity. Using a variety of cellular lines, we demonstrate how this tagging system can be used for code-like marking and long-term tracking of multiple individual cells in large cellular populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Polina A Demina
- Saratov State University, 83 Astrakhanskaya Street, Saratov 410012, Russia
| | - Olga A Sindeeva
- Saratov State University, 83 Astrakhanskaya Street, Saratov 410012, Russia
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow 121205, Russia
| | - Anna M Abramova
- Saratov State University, 83 Astrakhanskaya Street, Saratov 410012, Russia
| | | | | | | | - Andrei V Sapelkin
- Saratov State University, 83 Astrakhanskaya Street, Saratov 410012, Russia
- Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, U.K
| | | | - Gleb B Sukhorukov
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow 121205, Russia
- Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, U.K
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7
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Marin E, Tiwari N, Calderón M, Sarasua JR, Larrañaga A. Smart Layer-by-Layer Polymeric Microreactors: pH-Triggered Drug Release and Attenuation of Cellular Oxidative Stress as Prospective Combination Therapy. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:18511-18524. [PMID: 33861060 PMCID: PMC9161222 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c01450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Polymer capsules fabricated via the layer-by-layer (LbL) approach have emerged as promising biomedical systems for the release of a wide variety of therapeutic agents, owing to their tunable and controllable structure and the possibility to include several functionalities in the polymeric membrane during the fabrication process. However, the limitation of the capsules with a single functionality to overcome the challenges involved in the treatment of complex pathologies denotes the need to develop multifunctional capsules capable of targeting several mediators and/or mechanisms. Oxidative stress is caused by the accumulation of reactive oxygen species [e.g., hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), hydroxyl radicals (•OH), and superoxide anion radicals (•O2-)] in the cellular microenvironment and is a key modulator in the pathology of a broad range of inflammatory diseases. The disease microenvironment is also characterized by the presence of proinflammatory cytokines, increased levels of matrix metalloproteinases, and acidic pH, all of which could be exploited to trigger the release of therapeutic agents. In the present work, multifunctional capsules were fabricated via the LbL approach. Capsules were loaded with an antioxidant enzyme (catalase) and functionalized with a model drug (doxorubicin), which was conjugated to an amine-containing dendritic polyglycerol through a pH-responsive linker. These capsules efficiently scavenge H2O2 from solution, protecting cells from oxidative stress, and release the model drug in acidic microenvironments. Accordingly, in this work, a polymeric microplatform is presented as an unexplored combinatorial approach applicable for multiple targets of inflammatory diseases, in order to perform controlled spatiotemporal enzymatic reactions and drug release in response to biologically relevant stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edurne Marin
- Department
of Mining-Metallurgy Engineering and Materials Science, POLYMAT, Faculty
of Engineering in Bilbao, University of
the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Plaza Torres Quevedo 1, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Neha Tiwari
- POLYMAT,
Applied Chemistry Department, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 3, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Marcelo Calderón
- POLYMAT,
Applied Chemistry Department, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 3, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
- IKERBASQUE,
Basque Foundation for Science, 48009 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Jose-Ramon Sarasua
- Department
of Mining-Metallurgy Engineering and Materials Science, POLYMAT, Faculty
of Engineering in Bilbao, University of
the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Plaza Torres Quevedo 1, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Aitor Larrañaga
- Department
of Mining-Metallurgy Engineering and Materials Science, POLYMAT, Faculty
of Engineering in Bilbao, University of
the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Plaza Torres Quevedo 1, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
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8
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Popova NR, Popov AL, Ermakov AM, Reukov VV, Ivanov VK. Ceria-Containing Hybrid Multilayered Microcapsules for Enhanced Cellular Internalisation with High Radioprotection Efficiency. Molecules 2020; 25:E2957. [PMID: 32605031 PMCID: PMC7411955 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25132957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerium oxide nanoparticles (nanoceria) are believed to be the most versatile nanozyme, showing great promise for biomedical applications. At the same time, the controlled intracellular delivery of nanoceria remains an unresolved problem. Here, we have demonstrated the radioprotective effect of polyelectrolyte microcapsules modified with cerium oxide nanoparticles, which provide controlled loading and intracellular release. The optimal (both safe and uptake efficient) concentrations of ceria-containing microcapsules for human mesenchymal stem cells range from 1:10 to 1:20 cell-to-capsules ratio. We have revealed the molecular mechanisms of nanoceria radioprotective action on mesenchymal stem cells by assessing the level of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), as well as by a detailed 96-genes expression analysis, featuring genes responsible for oxidative stress, mitochondrial metabolism, apoptosis, inflammation etc. Hybrid ceria-containing microcapsules have been shown to provide an indirect genoprotective effect, reducing the number of cytogenetic damages in irradiated cells. These findings give new insight into cerium oxide nanoparticles' protective action for living beings against ionising radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. R. Popova
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region 142290, Russia; (N.R.P.); (A.L.P.); (A.M.E.)
| | - A. L. Popov
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region 142290, Russia; (N.R.P.); (A.L.P.); (A.M.E.)
| | - A. M. Ermakov
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region 142290, Russia; (N.R.P.); (A.L.P.); (A.M.E.)
| | - V. V. Reukov
- University of Georgia, 315 Dawson Hall, Athens, GA 30602, USA;
| | - V. K. Ivanov
- Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia
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Abstract
Delivery of the drug to a desired point of body and controlled release of the therapeutic agent are important features, provided by drug delivery systems (DDSs), for development of today's effective medicines. A variety of nanomaterials or nanomolecules such as lipids/liposomes, nucleic acids, peptides/proteins, composites, polymers, or carbon nanotubes can be used as DDSs. Single-molecule characterization of these small materials in terms of their size, shape, surface, encapsulation efficiency, as well as interaction with the drug-receiving cell has importance for their efficiency. The loading, distribution, or leakage of the drug as well as its interaction with DDS should also be characterized. Although diverse techniques are present for characterization of specific DDS material, methods such as electron microscopy and fluorescence microscopy are widely used. In this review, the current methodologies utilized for the single-molecule characterization of mostly preferred DDS materials were presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sezer Okay
- Department of Vaccine Technology, Vaccine Institute, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey.,Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Çankırı Karatekin University, Çankırı, Turkey
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10
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Sudareva N, Suvorova O, Saprykina N, Smirnova N, Bel'tyukov P, Petunov S, Radilov A, Vilesov A. Two-level delivery systems based on CaCO3 cores for oral administration of therapeutic peptides. J Microencapsul 2019; 35:619-634. [DOI: 10.1080/02652048.2018.1559247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Sudareva
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - Olga Suvorova
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - Natalia Saprykina
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - Natalia Smirnova
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - Petr Bel'tyukov
- Occupational Pathology and Human Ecology, Research Institute of Hygiene, Kuzmolovsky, Russian Federation
| | - Sergey Petunov
- Occupational Pathology and Human Ecology, Research Institute of Hygiene, Kuzmolovsky, Russian Federation
| | - Andrey Radilov
- Occupational Pathology and Human Ecology, Research Institute of Hygiene, Kuzmolovsky, Russian Federation
| | - Alexander Vilesov
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation
- I.P.Pavlov St. Petersburg Medical University, Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation
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11
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Brueckner M, Scheffler K, Reibetanz U. Enhanced cytoplasmic release of drug delivery systems: chloroquine as a multilayer and template constituent of layer-by-layer microcarriers. J Mater Chem B 2018; 6:5153-5163. [PMID: 32254542 DOI: 10.1039/c8tb01202d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Nano- and microcarriers as vehicles for active agents are applied to support them to reach their target in a defined, specific, and protected way. This implies not only a safe transport of agents towards the desired cell type or tissue but also the intracellular processing of the carrier: in particular, release of the incorporated carriers into the cytoplasm is a prerequisite for the successful subsequent delivery of most active agents and is often impeded by endolysosomal degenerative enzymes. We address this issue by using the layer-by-layer strategy of carrier assembly offering the opportunity to independently integrate and carry active agents but also specific agents preventing endolysosomal acidification. The weak base chloroquine (CQ) was investigated as a multilayer, template and capsule constituent regarding its ability to delay endolysosomal acidification and prolong the tolerable time frame in endolysosomes, which allows the carrier to finally escape into the cytoplasm. As a model and reporter active agent, plasmid encoding enhanced green fluorescent protein was used as a multilayer-assembly component to illustrate the cytoplasmic release of the intact carrier by final expression of the green fluorescent protein. Integrating CQ into the carrier, GFP expression could be strongly increased and a transfection efficiency of up to 20% could be obtained. This represents a very high transfection rate for a drug delivery system reached by only one additional reagent that has no further influence on the activity of the transported drug and cell viability, offering a significantly enhanced delivery efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandy Brueckner
- Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, University of Leipzig, Härtelstr. 16-18, 04107 Leipzig, Germany.
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