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Gurunathan S, Thangaraj P, Wang L, Cao Q, Kim JH. Nanovaccines: An effective therapeutic approach for cancer therapy. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 170:115992. [PMID: 38070247 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer vaccines hold considerable promise for the immunotherapy of solid tumors. Nanomedicine offers several strategies for enhancing vaccine effectiveness. In particular, molecular or (sub) cellular vaccines can be delivered to the target lymphoid tissues and cells by nanocarriers and nanoplatforms to increase the potency and durability of antitumor immunity and minimize negative side effects. Nanovaccines use nanoparticles (NPs) as carriers and/or adjuvants, offering the advantages of optimal nanoscale size, high stability, ample antigen loading, high immunogenicity, tunable antigen presentation, increased retention in lymph nodes, and immunity promotion. To induce antitumor immunity, cancer vaccines rely on tumor antigens, which are administered in the form of entire cells, peptides, nucleic acids, extracellular vesicles (EVs), or cell membrane-encapsulated NPs. Ideal cancer vaccines stimulate both humoral and cellular immunity while overcoming tumor-induced immune suppression. Herein, we review the key properties of nanovaccines for cancer immunotherapy and highlight the recent advances in their development based on the structure and composition of various (including synthetic and semi (biogenic) nanocarriers. Moreover, we discuss tumor cell-derived vaccines (including those based on whole-tumor-cell components, EVs, cell membrane-encapsulated NPs, and hybrid membrane-coated NPs), nanovaccine action mechanisms, and the challenges of immunocancer therapy and their translation to clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangiliyandi Gurunathan
- Department of Biotechnology, Rathinam College of Arts and Science, Eachanari, Coimbatore 641 021, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Pratheep Thangaraj
- Department of Biotechnology, Rathinam College of Arts and Science, Eachanari, Coimbatore 641 021, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Lin Wang
- Research and Development Department, Qingdao Haier Biotech Co., Ltd., Qingdao, China
| | - Qilong Cao
- Research and Development Department, Qingdao Haier Biotech Co., Ltd., Qingdao, China
| | - Jin-Hoi Kim
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea.
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Protease-triggered bioresponsive drug delivery for the targeted theranostics of malignancy. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11:2220-2242. [PMID: 34522585 PMCID: PMC8424222 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteases have a fundamental role in maintaining physiological homeostasis, but their dysregulation results in severe activity imbalance and pathological conditions, including cancer onset, progression, invasion, and metastasis. This striking importance plus superior biological recognition and catalytic performance of proteases, combining with the excellent physicochemical characteristics of nanomaterials, results in enzyme-activated nano-drug delivery systems (nanoDDS) that perform theranostic functions in highly specific response to the tumor phenotype stimulus. In the tutorial review, the key advances of protease-responsive nanoDDS in the specific diagnosis and targeted treatment for malignancies are emphatically classified according to the effector biomolecule types, on the premise of summarizing the structure and function of each protease. Subsequently, the incomplete matching and recognition between enzyme and substrate, structural design complexity, volume production, and toxicological issues related to the nanocomposites are highlighted to clarify the direction of efforts in nanotheranostics. This will facilitate the promotion of nanotechnology in the management of malignant tumors.
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Zhang X, Chen X, Song J, Zhang J, Ren X, Zhao Y. Size-Transformable Nanostructures: From Design to Biomedical Applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e2003752. [PMID: 33103829 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202003752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The size of nanostructures (NSs) strongly affects their chemical and physical properties and further impacts their actions in biological systems. Both small and large NSs possess respective advantages for disease theranostics, and this therefore presents a paradox when choosing NSs with suitable sizes. To overcome this challenge, size-transformable NSs have emerged as a powerful tool, as they can be manipulated to possess the merits of both types of NSs. Herein, various strategies to construct size-transformable NSs are summarized, and the recent research progress regarding their biomedical applications, particularly within the fields of cancer and bacterial theranostics, is highlighted. This review will inspire researchers to further develop various methods that can be used to construct size-transformable NSs for use in novel applications within different fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Zhang
- International Joint Research Center for Molecular Science, College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
- College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
| | - Xiaokai Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Jun Song
- College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Junmin Zhang
- International Joint Research Center for Molecular Science, College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Xiangzhong Ren
- International Joint Research Center for Molecular Science, College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Yanli Zhao
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
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Cheng X, Li H, Ge X, Chen L, Liu Y, Mao W, Zhao B, Yuan WE. Tumor-Microenvironment- Responsive Size-Shrinkable Drug-Delivery Nanosystems for Deepened Penetration Into Tumors. Front Mol Biosci 2020; 7:576420. [PMID: 33330618 PMCID: PMC7729065 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2020.576420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the years, the manipulation and clinical application of drug-delivery nanosystems for cancer diseases have attracted a rapid growth of academic research interests, and some nanodrugs have been approved for clinic application. Although encouraging achievements have been made, the potency of nanomedicines in cancer treatment is far from satisfaction, and one significant reason is the inefficient penetration of nanoparticles into solid tumors. Particle size is one of the most significant features that influence diffusion ability of the drug-delivery system in tumors. Size-shrinkable drug-delivery nanosystems possess a size-switchable property that can achieve passive targeting via the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect and transform into ultrasmall particles in tumors for deep penetration into tumors. The tumor microenvironment is characterized by acidic pH, hypoxia, upregulated levels of enzymes, and a redox environment. In this review, we summarize and analyze the current research progresses and challenges in tumor microenvironment responsive size-shrinkable drug-delivery nanosystems. We further expect to present some meaningful proposals and enlightenments on promoting deep penetration into tumors of nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoliang Cheng
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Houli Li
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xuemei Ge
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Light Industry Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lijuan Chen
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Light Industry Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yao Liu
- Instrumental Analysis Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenwei Mao
- Engineering Research Center of Cell and Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, and School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bo Zhao
- Engineering Research Center of Cell and Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, and School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei-En Yuan
- Engineering Research Center of Cell and Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, and School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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Application of gelatin nanoconjugates as potential internal stimuli-responsive platforms for cancer drug delivery. J Mol Liq 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2020.114053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Majidzadeh H, Araj-Khodaei M, Ghaffari M, Torbati M, Ezzati Nazhad Dolatabadi J, Hamblin MR. Nano-based delivery systems for berberine: A modern anti-cancer herbal medicine. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2020; 194:111188. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2020.111188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Peng F, Li R, Zhang F, Qin L, Ling G, Zhang P. Potential drug delivery nanosystems for improving tumor penetration. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2020; 151:220-238. [PMID: 32311427 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2020.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Nanosystems, as one of the most important drug delivery systems, play a crucial rule in tumor therapy. However, the deep tumor penetration is retarded by the tumor physiological factors and nanomedicine properties. In this review, we firstly elaborate the factors which impact tumor penetration, including the tumor physiological factors and nanomedicine properties. Then, the latest and potential drug delivery nanosystems for improving tumor penetration are summarized and analyzed in detail. Moreover, recent combination therapies for improving penetration are described to enhance penetration. Finally, we summarize the typical clinical therapies of potential drug delivery nanosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifei Peng
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China.
| | - Ruirui Li
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China.
| | - Fang Zhang
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China.
| | - Li Qin
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China.
| | - Guixia Ling
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China.
| | - Peng Zhang
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China.
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Zhong S, Ling Z, Zhou Z, He J, Ran H, Wang Z, Zhang Q, Song W, Zhang Y, Luo J. Herceptin-decorated paclitaxel-loaded poly(lactide- co-glycolide) nanobubbles: ultrasound-facilitated release and targeted accumulation in breast cancers. Pharm Dev Technol 2020; 25:454-463. [PMID: 31873051 DOI: 10.1080/10837450.2019.1709500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Ultrasound can promote the drug release from drug-loaded substances and alter the tumor local microenvironment to facilitate the transport of drug carriers into the tumor tissues. Based on the altered tumor microenvironment, nanobubbles (NBs) as drug carriers with surfaces functionalized with targeting ligands can reach the tumor sites, thereby increasing the efficacy of chemotherapy. Herein, paclitaxel (PTX)-loaded poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) NBs are prepared as drug carriers with covalently conjugated herceptin (anti-HER2 monoclonal antibody) on the surface to guide the target. The effect of ultrasound on the drug release and targeting of the herceptin-conjugated drug-loaded nanobubbles (PTX-NBs-HER) on the cancerous cells is determined. The use of ultrasound significantly improves the cell targeting capability in vitro, and efficiency of enhanced permeability and retention in vivo. The combination of PTX-NBs-HER and ultrasound facilitates the release of PTX, as well as the uptake and cell apoptosis in vitro. The in vivo application of both PTX-NBs-HER and ultrasound enhances the PTX targeting and accumulation in breast cancers while reducing the transmission and distribution of PTX in healthy organs. The combination of ultrasound with PTX-NBs-HER as contrast agents and drug carriers affords an image-guided drug delivery system for the precise targeted therapy of tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigen Zhong
- Institute of Ultrasound Imaging of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhiyu Ling
- Institute of Ultrasound Imaging of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhiyi Zhou
- Department of Ultrasound, The General Hospital of Chongqing, Chongqing, China
| | - Jin He
- Department of Ultrasound, The General Hospital of Chongqing, Chongqing, China
| | - Haitao Ran
- Institute of Ultrasound Imaging of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhigang Wang
- Institute of Ultrasound Imaging of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qunxia Zhang
- Institute of Ultrasound Imaging of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Weixiang Song
- Institute of Ultrasound Imaging of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Department of Ultrasound, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jie Luo
- Department of Ultrasound, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Zhao J, Liu P, Ma J, Li D, Yang H, Chen W, Jiang Y. Enhancement of Radiosensitization by Silver Nanoparticles Functionalized with Polyethylene Glycol and Aptamer As1411 for Glioma Irradiation Therapy. Int J Nanomedicine 2019; 14:9483-9496. [PMID: 31819445 PMCID: PMC6897066 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s224160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The efficacy of radiotherapy for glioma is often limited by the radioresistance of glioma cells. The radiosensitizing effects of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) on glioma were found in the previous studies of our group. In order to enhance the radiosensitivity of tumor cells and selectively kill them while reducing the side effects of irradiation therapy, targeted modification of AgNPs is urgently needed. Materials and methods In the present study, AgNPs functionalized with polyethylene glycol (PEG) and aptamer As1411 (AsNPs) were synthesized and subsequently characterized by transmission electron microscopy, ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Then the targeting property of AsNPs was evaluated by dark-field imaging, confocal microscopy and in vivo imaging. Both colony formation assay and glioma-bearing mouse model were employed to study the radiosensitizing effect of AsNPs. Results The characterization results revealed a spherical shape of AgNPs with an average diameter of 18 nm and the successful construction of AsNPs. AsNPs were confirmed to specifically target C6 glioma cells, but not normal human microvascular endothelial cells. Moreover, AsNPs could not only internalize into tumor cells, but also penetrate into the core of tumor spheroids. In vitro experiments showed that AsNPs exhibited a better radiosensitizing effect than AgNPs and PEGylated AgNPs (PNPs), inducing a higher rate of apoptotic cell death. In vivo imaging demonstrated that Cy5-AsNPs preferentially accumulated at the tumor site, and the ratio of fluorescence intensity of Cy5-AsNPs to that of Cy5-PNPs reached the maximum at 6 h post-systemic administration. Furthermore, the combination of AsNPs with irradiation significantly prolonged the median survival time of C6 glioma-bearing mice. Conclusion Our results indicated that AsNPs could be an effective nano-radiosensitizer for glioma targeting treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhao
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Peidang Liu
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Ma
- Radiotherapy Department, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210029, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongdong Li
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Huiquan Yang
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenbin Chen
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaowen Jiang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, People's Republic of China
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Li X, Bottini M, Zhang L, Zhang S, Chen J, Zhang T, Liu L, Rosato N, Ma X, Shi X, Wu Y, Guo W, Liang XJ. Core-Satellite Nanomedicines for in Vivo Real-Time Monitoring of Enzyme-Activatable Drug Release by Fluorescence and Photoacoustic Dual-Modal Imaging. ACS NANO 2019; 13:176-186. [PMID: 30592401 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b05136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
It remains an unresolved challenge to achieve spatial and temporal monitoring of drug release from nanomedicines (NMs) in vivo, which is of crucial importance in disease treatment. To tackle this issue, we constructed core-satellite ICG/DOX@Gel-CuS NMs, which consist of gelatin (Gel) nanoparticles (NPs) with payloads of near-infrared fluorochrome indocyanine green (ICG) and chemo-drug doxorubicin (DOX) and surrounding CuS NPs. The fluorescence of ICG was initially shielded by satellite CuS NPs within the intact ICG/DOX@Gel-CuS NMs and increased in proportion to the amount of DOX released from NMs in response to enzyme-activated NMs degradation. For more comprehensive understanding of the drug-release profile, a theoretical model derived from computer simulation was employed to reconstruct the enzyme-activatable drug release of the ICG/DOX@Gel-CuS NMs, which demonstrated the underlying kinetics functional relationship between the released DOX amount and recovered ICG fluorescence intensity. The kinetics of drug release in vivo was assessed by administrating ICG/DOX@Gel-CuS NMs both locally and systemically into MDA-MB-231 tumor-bearing mice. Upon accumulation of ICG/DOX@Gel-CuS NMs in the tumor, overexpressed enzymes triggered the degradation of the gelatin scaffold as well as the release of DOX and ICG, which can be visually depicted with the ICG fluorescence signal increasing only in the tumor area by fluorescence imaging. Additionally, the photoacoustic signal from CuS NPs was independent from the physical status of ICG/DOX@Gel-CuS NMs and hence was utilized for real-time NMs tracking. Thus, by taking advantage of the core-satellite architecture and NMs degradability in tumor site, the DOX release profile of ICG/DOX@Gel-CuS NMs was monitored by fluorescence and photoacoustic dual-modal imaging in a real-time noninvasive manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianlei Li
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience , National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China , No. 11, First North Road , Zhongguancun, Beijing 100190 , P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , P. R. China
| | - Massimo Bottini
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience , National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China , No. 11, First North Road , Zhongguancun, Beijing 100190 , P. R. China
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery , University of Rome Tor Vergata , Via Montpellier 1 , 00133 Rome , Italy
| | - Luyao Zhang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , P. R. China
- LNM, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , P. R. China
| | - Shuai Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging , Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , P. R. China
| | - Jing Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience , National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China , No. 11, First North Road , Zhongguancun, Beijing 100190 , P. R. China
| | - Tingbin Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience , National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China , No. 11, First North Road , Zhongguancun, Beijing 100190 , P. R. China
| | - Lu Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience , National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China , No. 11, First North Road , Zhongguancun, Beijing 100190 , P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , P. R. China
| | - Nicola Rosato
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery , University of Rome Tor Vergata , Via Montpellier 1 , 00133 Rome , Italy
| | - Xibo Ma
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , P. R. China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging , Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , P. R. China
| | - Xinghua Shi
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , P. R. China
- CAS Key Laboratory for Nanosystem and Hierarchy Fabrication, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience , National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , P. R. China
| | - Yan Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience , National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China , No. 11, First North Road , Zhongguancun, Beijing 100190 , P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , P. R. China
| | - Weisheng Guo
- Translational Medicine Center, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital , Guangzhou Medical University , Guangzhou 510260 , P. R. China
| | - Xing-Jie Liang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience , National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China , No. 11, First North Road , Zhongguancun, Beijing 100190 , P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , P. R. China
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