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Mosca I, Rivolta I, Labalme A, Ambrosino P, Castellotti B, Gellera C, Granata T, Freri E, Binda A, Lesca G, DiFrancesco JC, Soldovieri MV, Taglialatela M. Functional Characterization of Two Variants at the Intron 6—Exon 7 Boundary of the KCNQ2 Potassium Channel Gene Causing Distinct Epileptic Phenotypes. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:872645. [PMID: 35770094 PMCID: PMC9234691 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.872645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic variants in KCNQ2 encoding for Kv7.2 potassium channel subunits have been found in patients affected by widely diverging epileptic phenotypes, ranging from Self-Limiting Familial Neonatal Epilepsy (SLFNE) to severe Developmental and Epileptic Encephalopathy (DEE). Thus, understanding the pathogenic molecular mechanisms of KCNQ2 variants and their correlation with clinical phenotypes has a relevant impact on the clinical management of these patients. In the present study, the genetic, biochemical, and functional effects prompted by two variants, each found in a non-familial SLNE or a DEE patient but both affecting nucleotides at the KCNQ2 intron 6-exon 7 boundary, have been investigated to test whether and how they affected the splicing process and to clarify whether such mechanism might play a pathogenetic role in these patients. Analysis of KCNQ2 mRNA splicing in patient-derived lymphoblasts revealed that the SLNE-causing intronic variant (c.928-1G > C) impeded the use of the natural splice site, but lead to a 10-aa Kv7.2 in frame deletion (Kv7.2 p.G310Δ10); by contrast, the DEE-causing exonic variant (c.928G > A) only had subtle effects on the splicing process at this site, thus leading to the synthesis of a full-length subunit carrying the G310S missense variant (Kv7.2 p.G310S). Patch-clamp recordings in transiently-transfected CHO cells and primary neurons revealed that both variants fully impeded Kv7.2 channel function, and exerted strong dominant-negative effects when co-expressed with Kv7.2 and/or Kv7.3 subunits. Notably, Kv7.2 p.G310S, but not Kv7.2 p.G310Δ10, currents were recovered upon overexpression of the PIP2-synthesizing enzyme PIP5K, and/or CaM; moreover, currents from heteromeric Kv7.2/Kv7.3 channels incorporating either Kv7.2 mutant subunits were differentially regulated by changes in PIP2 availability, with Kv7.2/Kv7.2 G310S/Kv7.3 currents showing a greater sensitivity to PIP2 depletion when compared to those from Kv7.2/Kv7.2 G310Δ10/Kv7.3 channels. Altogether, these results suggest that the two variants investigated differentially affected the splicing process at the intron 6-exon 7 boundary, and led to the synthesis of Kv7.2 subunits showing a differential sensitivity to PIP2 and CaM regulation; more studies are needed to clarify how such different functional properties contribute to the widely-divergent clinical phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Mosca
- Department of Medicine and Health Science “V. Tiberio”, University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Ilaria Rivolta
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza-Center for Neuroscience (NeuroMI), Milan, Italy
| | - Audrey Labalme
- Department of Medical Genetics, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Paolo Ambrosino
- Department of Science and Technology (DST), University of Sannio, Benevento, Italy
| | - Barbara Castellotti
- Unit of Medical Genetics and Neurogenetics, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Cinzia Gellera
- Unit of Medical Genetics and Neurogenetics, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Tiziana Granata
- Department of Pediatric Neuroscience, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Freri
- Department of Pediatric Neuroscience, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Anna Binda
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza-Center for Neuroscience (NeuroMI), Milan, Italy
| | - Gaetan Lesca
- Department of Medical Genetics, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Jacopo C. DiFrancesco
- Department of Pediatric Neuroscience, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
- Department of Neurology, ASST “San Gerardo” Hospital, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Maria Virginia Soldovieri
- Department of Medicine and Health Science “V. Tiberio”, University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy
- *Correspondence: Maria Virginia Soldovieri, ; Maurizio Taglialatela,
| | - Maurizio Taglialatela
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Naples “Federico II”, Naples, Italy
- *Correspondence: Maria Virginia Soldovieri, ; Maurizio Taglialatela,
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Hernandez C, Shukla S. Liposome based drug delivery as a potential treatment option for Alzheimer's disease. Neural Regen Res 2022; 17:1190-1198. [PMID: 34782553 PMCID: PMC8643057 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.327328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is a neurodegenerative condition leading to atrophy of the brain and robbing nearly 5.8 million individuals in the United States age 65 and older of their cognitive functions. Alzheimer's disease is associated with dementia and a progressive decline in memory, thinking, and social skills, eventually leading to a point that the individual can no longer perform daily activities independently. Currently available drugs on the market temporarily alleviate the symptoms, however, they are not successful in slowing down the progression of Alzheimer's disease. Treatment and cures have been constricted due to the difficulty of drug delivery to the blood-brain barrier. Several studies have led to identification of vesicles to transport the necessary drugs through the blood-brain barrier that would typically not achieve the targeted area through systemic delivered medications. Recently, liposomes have emerged as a viable drug delivery agent to transport drugs that are not able to cross the blood-brain barrier. Liposomes are being used as a component of nanoparticle drug delivery; due to their biocompatible nature; and possessing the capability to carry both lipophilic and hydrophilic therapeutic agents across the blood brain barrier into the brain cells. Studies indicate the importance of liposomal based drug delivery in treatment of neurodegenerative disorders. The idea is to encapsulate the drugs inside the properly engineered liposome to generate a response of treatment. Liposomes are engineered to target specific diseased moieties and also several surface modifications of liposomes are under research to create a clinical path to the management of Alzheimer's disease. This review deals with Alzheimer's disease and emphasize on challenges associated with drug delivery to the brain, and how liposomal drug delivery can play an important role as a drug delivery method for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. This review also sheds some light on variation of liposomes. Additionally, it emphasizes on the liposomal formulations which are currently researched or used for treatment of Alzheimer's disease and also discusses the future prospect of liposomal based drug delivery in Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carely Hernandez
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Larkin University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Surabhi Shukla
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Larkin University, Miami, FL, USA
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Arsenault D, Tremblay C, Emond V, Calon F. Sex-dependent alterations in the physiology of entorhinal cortex neurons in old heterozygous 3xTg-AD mice. Biol Sex Differ 2020; 11:63. [PMID: 33198813 PMCID: PMC7667843 DOI: 10.1186/s13293-020-00337-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
While the higher prevalence of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) in women is clear, studies suggest that biological sex may also influence AD pathogenesis. However, mechanisms behind these differences are not clear. To investigate physiological differences between sexes at the cellular level in the brain, we investigated the intrinsic and synaptic properties of entorhinal cortex neurons in heterozygous 3xTg-AD mice of both sexes at the age of 20 months. This brain region was selected because of its early association with AD symptoms. First, we found physiological differences between male and female non-transgenic mice, providing indirect evidence of axonal alterations in old females. Second, we observed a transgene-dependent elevation of the firing activity, post-burst afterhyperpolarization (AHP), and spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic current (EPSC) activity, without any effect of sex. Third, the passive properties and the hyperpolarization-activated current (Ih) were altered by transgene expression only in female mice, whereas the paired-pulse ratio (PPR) of evoked EPSC was changed only in males. Fourth, both sex and transgene expression were associated with changes in action potential properties. Consistent with previous work, higher levels of Aβ neuropathology were detected in 3xTg-AD females, whereas tau deposition was similar. In summary, our results support the idea that aging and AD neuropathology differentially alter the physiology of entorhinal cortex neurons in males and females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dany Arsenault
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada.,Neuroscience, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec (CHUQ), Quebec City, QC, Canada.,Physiotek, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Cyntia Tremblay
- Neuroscience, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec (CHUQ), Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Vincent Emond
- Neuroscience, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec (CHUQ), Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Frédéric Calon
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada. .,Neuroscience, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec (CHUQ), Quebec City, QC, Canada.
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Zhao J, Yao L, Nie S, Xu Y. Low-viscosity sodium alginate combined with TiO 2 nanoparticles for improving neuroblastoma treatment. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 167:921-933. [PMID: 33181214 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.11.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles have been explored to prevent various cancer developments but it may cause oxidation, inflammation and high cytotoxicity. Alginate has nontoxic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant effects. We aimed to explore the effects of alginate-TiO2 temozolomide (TMZ) nanoparticles on neuroblastoma. A neuroblastoma model was established with neuroblastoma cells and alginate-TiO2 TMZ nanoparticles were made by spraying low-viscosity sodium alginate (250-360 kDa). The morphology of nanoparticles was observed via scanning electron microscope (SEM). The crystallinity values were analyzed via X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopic study. Neuroblastoma mice were treated with saline solution, TMZ, TiO2-TMZ and alginate-TiO2-TMZ nanoparticles. Anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-tumor properties and the mouse survival rates were measured. The spectrometric profiles of alginate-TiO2 were consistent with those of TiO2 and alginate. Alginate-TiO2 TMZ nanoparticles had higher cytotoxicity toward neuroblastoma cells and less inhibitory activity toward normal neuronal cells. The combined nanoparticles increased antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antitumor activities and prolonged the survival time of the neuroblastoma model (P < 0.05). On the other hand, Alginate-TiO2 TMZ nanoparticles reduced the levels of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB). The combined nanoparticles improved neuroblastoma treatment by affecting NF-κB and MAPK signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jixue Zhao
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130000, China
| | - Liyu Yao
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130000, China
| | - Shu Nie
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130000, China
| | - Yang Xu
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130000, China.
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5
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Gabapentin treatment in a patient with KCNQ2 developmental epileptic encephalopathy. Pharmacol Res 2020; 160:105200. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Porro A, Binda A, Pisoni M, Donadoni C, Rivolta I, Saponaro A. Rational design of a mutation to investigate the role of the brain protein TRIP8b in limiting the cAMP response of HCN channels in neurons. J Gen Physiol 2020; 152:e202012596. [PMID: 32633755 PMCID: PMC7478871 DOI: 10.1085/jgp.202012596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
TRIP8b (tetratricopeptide repeat-containing Rab8b-interacting protein) is the neuronal regulatory subunit of HCN channels, a family of voltage-dependent cation channels also modulated by direct cAMP binding. TRIP8b interacts with the C-terminal region of HCN channels and controls both channel trafficking and gating. The association of HCN channels with TRIP8b is required for the correct expression and subcellular targeting of the channel protein in vivo. TRIP8b controls HCN gating by interacting with the cyclic nucleotide-binding domain (CNBD) and competing for cAMP binding. Detailed structural knowledge of the complex between TRIP8b and CNBD was used as a starting point to engineer a mutant channel, whose gating is controlled by cAMP, but not by TRIP8b, while leaving TRIP8b-dependent regulation of channel trafficking unaltered. We found two-point mutations (N/A and C/D) in the loop connecting the CNBD to the C-linker (N-bundle loop) that, when combined, strongly reduce the binding of TRIP8b to CNBD, leaving cAMP affinity unaltered both in isolated CNBD and in the full-length protein. Proof-of-principle experiments performed in cultured cortical neurons confirm that the mutant channel provides a genetic tool for dissecting the two effects of TRIP8b (gating versus trafficking). This will allow the study of the functional role of the TRIP8b antagonism of cAMP binding, a thus far poorly investigated aspect of HCN physiology in neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna Binda
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | | | - Chiara Donadoni
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Ilaria Rivolta
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Andrea Saponaro
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milano, Milano, Italy
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Particulate systems for improving therapeutic efficacy of pharmaceuticals against central nervous system-related diseases. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2020.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Binda A, Murano C, Rivolta I. Innovative Therapies and Nanomedicine Applications for the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease: A State-of-the-Art (2017-2020). Int J Nanomedicine 2020; 15:6113-6135. [PMID: 32884267 PMCID: PMC7434571 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s231480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The field of nanomedicine is constantly expanding. Since the first work dated in 1999, almost 28 thousand articles have been published, and more and more are published every year: just think that only in the last five years 20,855 have come out (source PUBMED) including original research and reviews. The goal of this review is to present the current knowledge about nanomedicine in Alzheimer’s disease, a widespread neurodegenerative disorder in the over 60 population that deeply affects memory and cognition. Thus, after a brief introduction on the pathology and on the state-of-the-art research for NPs passing the BBB, special attention is placed to new targets that can enter the interest of nanoparticle designers and to new promising therapies. The authors performed a literature review limited to the last three years (2017–2020) of available studies with the intention to present only novel formulations or approaches where at least in vitro studies have been performed. This choice was made because, while limiting the sector to nanotechnology applied to Alzheimer, an organic census of all the relevant news is difficult to obtain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Binda
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza (MB) 20900, Italy
| | - Carmen Murano
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza (MB) 20900, Italy
| | - Ilaria Rivolta
- School of Medicine and Surgery, Nanomedicine Center NANOMIB, NeuroMI Milan Center for Neuroscience, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza (MB) 20900, Italy
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Kong L, Li XT, Ni YN, Xiao HH, Yao YJ, Wang YY, Ju RJ, Li HY, Liu JJ, Fu M, Wu YT, Yang JX, Cheng L. Transferrin-Modified Osthole PEGylated Liposomes Travel the Blood-Brain Barrier and Mitigate Alzheimer's Disease-Related Pathology in APP/PS-1 Mice. Int J Nanomedicine 2020; 15:2841-2858. [PMID: 32425521 PMCID: PMC7186891 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s239608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Osthole (Ost) is a coumarin compound that strengthens hippocampal neurons and neural stem cells against Aβ oligomer-induced neurotoxicity in mice, and is a potential drug for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the effectiveness of the drug is limited by its solubility and bioavailability, as well as by the low permeability of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). In this study, a kind of transferrin-modified Ost liposomes (Tf-Ost-Lip) was constructed, which could improve the bioavailability and enhance brain targeting. METHODS Tf-Ost-Lip was prepared by thin-film hydration method. The ability of liposomal formulations to translocate across BBB was investigated using in vitro BBB model. And the protective effect of Tf-Ost-Lip was evaluated in APP-SH-SY5Y cells. In addition, we performed pharmacokinetics study and brain tissue distribution analysis of liposomal formulations in vivo. We also observed the neuroprotective effect of the varying formulations in APP/PS-1 mice. RESULTS In vitro studies reveal that Tf-Ost-Lip could increase the intracellular uptake of hCMEC/D3 cells and APP-SH-SY5Y cells, and increase the drug concentration across the BBB. Additionally, Tf-Ost-Lip was found to exert a protective effect on APP-SH-SY5Y cells. In vivo studies of pharmacokinetics and the Ost distribution in brain tissue indicate that Tf-Ost-Lip prolonged the cycle time in mice and increased the accumulation of Ost in the brain. Furthermore, Tf-Ost-Lip was also found to enhance the effect of Ost on the alleviation of Alzheimer's disease-related pathology. CONCLUSION Transferrin-modified liposomes for delivery of Ost has great potential for AD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Kong
- School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian116600, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xue-tao Li
- School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian116600, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ying-nan Ni
- School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian116600, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hong-he Xiao
- School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian116600, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ying-jia Yao
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang110819, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuan-yuan Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian, Liaoning116001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Rui-jun Ju
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Petrochemical Technology, Beijing102617, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hong-yan Li
- School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian116600, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing-jing Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian116600, People’s Republic of China
| | - Min Fu
- School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian116600, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yu-tong Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian116600, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing-xian Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian116600, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lan Cheng
- School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian116600, People’s Republic of China
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Chen T, Liu W, Xiong S, Li D, Fang S, Wu Z, Wang Q, Chen X. Nanoparticles Mediating the Sustained Puerarin Release Facilitate Improved Brain Delivery to Treat Parkinson's Disease. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:45276-45289. [PMID: 31638771 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b16047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Recent work has highlighted the potential of puerarin (PU) as a valuable compound to treat Parkinson's disease (PD), but its undesirable water solubility and bioavailability have constrained its utility. In this study, we sought to develop nanoparticles (NPs) that could be used to encapsulate PU, thereby extending its in vivo half-life and improving its bioavailability and accumulation in the brain to treat the symptoms of PD. We prepared spherical NPs (88.36 ± 1.67 nm) from six-armed star-shaped poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (6-s-PLGA) NPs that were used to encapsulate PU (PU-NPs) with 89.52 ± 1.74% encapsulation efficiency, 42.97 ± 1.58% drug loading, and a 48 h sustained drug release. NP formation and drug loading were largely mediated by hydrophobic interactions, while changes in the external environment led these NPs to become increasingly hydrophilic, thereby leading to drug release. Relative to PU alone, PU-NPs exhibited significantly improved cellular internalization, permeation, and neuroprotective effects. Upon the basis of Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) of NPs-administered zebrafish, we were able to determine that these NPs were rapidly absorbed into circulation whereupon they were able to access the brain. We further conducted oral PU-NPs administration to rats, revealing significant improvements in PU accumulation within the plasma and brain relative to rats administered free PU. In MPTP-mediated neurotoxicity in mice, we found that PU-NPs treatment improved disease-associated behavioral deficits and depletion of dopamine and its metabolites. These findings indicated that PU-NPs represent a potentially viable approach to enhancing PU oral absorption, thus improving its delivery to the brain wherein it can aid in the treatment of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongkai Chen
- Science and Technology Innovation Center , Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine , Guangzhou 510405 , China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology , Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine , Guangzhou 510405 , China
| | - Wei Liu
- Science and Technology Innovation Center , Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine , Guangzhou 510405 , China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology , Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine , Guangzhou 510405 , China
| | - Sha Xiong
- Science and Technology Innovation Center , Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine , Guangzhou 510405 , China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology , Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine , Guangzhou 510405 , China
| | - Dongli Li
- Science and Technology Innovation Center , Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine , Guangzhou 510405 , China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology , Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine , Guangzhou 510405 , China
| | - Shuhuan Fang
- Science and Technology Innovation Center , Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine , Guangzhou 510405 , China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology , Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine , Guangzhou 510405 , China
| | - Zhenfeng Wu
- Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education , Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Nanchang 330004 , China
| | - Qi Wang
- Science and Technology Innovation Center , Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine , Guangzhou 510405 , China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology , Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine , Guangzhou 510405 , China
| | - Xiaojia Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences , University of Macau , Macau 999078 , China
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Melrose J. Functional Consequences of Keratan Sulfate Sulfation in Electrosensory Tissues and in Neuronal Regulation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 3:e1800327. [PMID: 32627425 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.201800327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Keratan sulfate (KS) is a functional electrosensory and neuro-instructive molecule. Recent studies have identified novel low sulfation KS in auditory and sensory tissues such as the tectorial membrane of the organ of Corti and the Ampullae of Lorenzini in elasmobranch fish. These are extremely sensitive proton gradient detection systems that send signals to neural interfaces to facilitate audition and electrolocation. High and low sulfation KS have differential functional roles in song learning in the immature male zebra song-finch with high charge density KS in song nuclei promoting brain development and cognitive learning. The conductive properties of KS are relevant to the excitable neural phenotype. High sulfation KS interacts with a large number of guidance and neuroregulatory proteins. The KS proteoglycan microtubule associated protein-1B (MAP1B) stabilizes actin and tubulin cytoskeletal development during neuritogenesis. A second 12 span transmembrane synaptic vesicle associated KS proteoglycan (SV2) provides a smart gel storage matrix for the storage of neurotransmitters. MAP1B and SV2 have prominent roles to play in neuroregulation. Aggrecan and phosphacan have roles in perineuronal net formation and in neuroregulation. A greater understanding of the biology of KS may be insightful as to how neural repair might be improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Melrose
- Raymond Purves Bone and Joint Research Laboratories, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Royal North Shore Hospital and University of Sydney, St. Leonards, NSW, 2065, Australia.,Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, Northern, Sydney University, Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, NSW, 2065, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, NSW, 2065, Australia
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