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Elbanna K, Alsulami FS, Neyaz LA, Abulreesh HH. Poly (γ) glutamic acid: a unique microbial biopolymer with diverse commercial applicability. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1348411. [PMID: 38414762 PMCID: PMC10897055 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1348411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Microbial biopolymers have emerged as promising solutions for environmental pollution-related human health issues. Poly-γ-glutamic acid (γ-PGA), a natural anionic polymeric compound, is composed of highly viscous homo-polyamide of D and L-glutamic acid units. The extracellular water solubility of PGA biopolymer facilitates its complete biodegradation and makes it safe for humans. The unique properties have enabled its applications in healthcare, pharmaceuticals, water treatment, foods, and other domains. It is applied as a thickener, taste-masking agent, stabilizer, texture modifier, moisturizer, bitterness-reducing agent, probiotics cryoprotectant, and protein crystallization agent in food industries. γ-PGA is employed as a biological adhesive, drug carrier, and non-viral vector for safe gene delivery in tissue engineering, pharmaceuticals, and medicine. It is also used as a moisturizer to improve the quality of hair care and skincare cosmetic products. In agriculture, it serves as an ideal stabilizer, environment-friendly fertilizer synergist, plant-growth promoter, metal biosorbent in soil washing, and animal feed additive to reduce body fat and enhance egg-shell strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaled Elbanna
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
- Research Laboratories Unit, Faculty of Science, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Fayoum University, Fayoum, Egypt
| | - Fatimah S Alsulami
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
- Research Laboratories Unit, Faculty of Science, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Leena A Neyaz
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
- Research Laboratories Unit, Faculty of Science, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hussein H Abulreesh
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
- Research Laboratories Unit, Faculty of Science, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
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2
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Cai M, Han Y, Zheng X, Xue B, Zhang X, Mahmut Z, Wang Y, Dong B, Zhang C, Gao D, Sun J. Synthesis of Poly-γ-Glutamic Acid and Its Application in Biomedical Materials. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 17:15. [PMID: 38203869 PMCID: PMC10779536 DOI: 10.3390/ma17010015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Poly-γ-glutamic acid (γ-PGA) is a natural polymer composed of glutamic acid monomer and it has garnered substantial attention in both the fields of material science and biomedicine. Its remarkable cell compatibility, degradability, and other advantageous characteristics have made it a vital component in the medical field. In this comprehensive review, we delve into the production methods, primary application forms, and medical applications of γ-PGA, drawing from numerous prior studies. Among the four production methods for PGA, microbial fermentation currently stands as the most widely employed. This method has seen various optimization strategies, which we summarize here. From drug delivery systems to tissue engineering and wound healing, γ-PGA's versatility and unique properties have facilitated its successful integration into diverse medical applications, underlining its potential to enhance healthcare outcomes. The objective of this review is to establish a foundational knowledge base for further research in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minjian Cai
- Department of Cell Biology and Medical Genetics, College of Basic Medical Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Yumin Han
- Department of Cell Biology and Medical Genetics, College of Basic Medical Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Xianhong Zheng
- Department of Cell Biology and Medical Genetics, College of Basic Medical Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Baigong Xue
- Department of Cell Biology and Medical Genetics, College of Basic Medical Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Xinyao Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology and Medical Genetics, College of Basic Medical Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Zulpya Mahmut
- Department of Cell Biology and Medical Genetics, College of Basic Medical Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Yuda Wang
- Department of Cell Biology and Medical Genetics, College of Basic Medical Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Biao Dong
- State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China;
| | - Chunmei Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology and Medical Genetics, College of Basic Medical Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Donghui Gao
- Department of Anesthesiology and Operating Room, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Jiao Sun
- Department of Cell Biology and Medical Genetics, College of Basic Medical Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
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Huang X, Song R, Wang X, He K, Shan R, Xie F, Huang G. Study on co-delivery of pemetrexed disodium and Bcl-2 siRNA by poly-γ-glutamic acid-modified cationic liposomes for the inhibition of NSCLC. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2023; 49:62-74. [PMID: 36803267 DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2023.2182125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
Due to the complexity of the pathophysiology of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and the susceptibility of single chemotherapy to drug resistance, the combination of drugs and small interfering RNA (siRNA) may produce a desired therapeutic effect on NSCLC through the action of multiple pathways. We designed to develop poly-γ-glutamic acid-modified cationic liposomes (γ-PGA-CL) to co-deliver pemetrexed disodium (PMX) and siRNA to treat NSCLC. Firstly, γ-PGA was modified on the surface of PMX and siRNA co-loaded cationic liposomes by electrostatic interaction (γ-PGA modified PMX/siRNA-CL). In order to evaluate whether the prepared γ-PGA modified PMX/siRNA-CL could be taken up by tumor cells and exert significant anti-tumor effects, in vitro and in vivo studies were performed, with A549 cells and LLC-bearing BABL/c mice as experimental models, respectively. The particle size and zeta potential of γ-PGA modified PMX/siRNA-CL was (222.07 ± 1.23) nm and (-11.38 ± 1.44) mV. A preliminary stability experiment showed the complex could protect siRNA from degradation. In vitro cell uptake experiment indicated the complex group exerted stronger fluorescence intensity and expressed higher flow detection value. Cytotoxicity study showed the cell survival rate of γ-PGA-CL was (74.68 ± 0.94)%. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis and western blot technology displayed that the complex could inhibit the expression of Bcl-2 mRNA and protein to promote cell apoptosis. In vivo anti-tumor experiments represented the complex group showed a significant inhibitory effect on tumor growth, while the vector showed no obvious toxicity. Therefore, the current studies proved the feasibility of combining PMX and siRNA by γ-PGA-CL as a potential strategy for the treatment of NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Huang
- The School of Pharmaceutical Science, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Ruonan Song
- The School of Pharmaceutical Science, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xiao Wang
- The School of Pharmaceutical Science, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Kongfang He
- The School of Pharmaceutical Science, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Rumeng Shan
- The School of Pharmaceutical Science, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Fei Xie
- Department of Pharmacy, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Guihua Huang
- The School of Pharmaceutical Science, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
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Parati M, Philip C, Mendrek B, Townrow D, Khalil I, Tchuenbou-Magaia F, Stanley M, Kowalczuk M, Adamus G, Radecka I. A circular bioprocess application of algal-based substrate for Bacillus subtilis natto production of γ-PGA. Front Chem 2023; 11:1158147. [PMID: 37153520 PMCID: PMC10158937 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2023.1158147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Poly-γ-glutamic acid (γ-PGA) is a bio-derived water-soluble, edible, hydrating, non-immunogenic polymer. Bacillus subtilis natto is a wild-type γ-PGA producer originally isolated from Japanese fermented natto beans whose activity has been shown to be enhanced through ion-specific activation of Extrachromosomal DNA maintenance mechanisms. Being a GRAS γ-PGA producer, this microorganism has attracted great interest in its use within an industrial context. Here we successfully synthesised amorphous, crystalline and semi-crystalline γ-PGA between 11-27 g/L. In line with circular economy principles, scalable macroalgal biomass has been evaluated as substrate for γ-PGA, displaying great potential in both yields and material composition. In this study whole cell, freeze dried seaweed -namely Laminaria digitata, Saccharina latissima and Alaria esculenta-were pre-treated by means of mechanical methods, sterilised and subsequently inoculated with B. subtilis natto. High shear mixing was found to be the most suitable pre-treatment technique. Supplemented L. digitata (9.1 g/L), S. latissima (10.2 g/L), A. esculenta (13 g/L) displayed γ-PGA yields comparable to those of standard GS media (14.4 g/L). Greatest yields of pure γ-PGA were obtained during the month of June for L. digitata (Avg. 4.76 g/L) comparable to those obtained with GS media (7.0 g/L). Further, pre-treated S. latissima and L. digitata complex media enabled for high molar mass (4,500 kDa) γ-PGA biosynthesis at 8.6 and 8.7 g/L respectively. Compared to standard GS media, algal derived γ-PGA displayed significantly higher molar masses. Further studies will be necessary to further evaluate the impact of varying ash contents upon the stereochemical properties and modify the properties of algal media based γ-PGA with the aid of key nutrients; however, the material synthesised to date can directly displace a number of fossil fuel derived chemicals in drug delivery applications, cosmetics, bioremediation, wastewater treatment, flocculation and as cryoprotectants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Parati
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Mattia Parati, ; Iza Radecka,
| | - Catherine Philip
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, United Kingdom
| | - Barbara Mendrek
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, Zabrze, Poland
| | - David Townrow
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, United Kingdom
| | - Ibrahim Khalil
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, United Kingdom
| | | | - Michele Stanley
- Scottish Association for Marine Sciences, Oban, United Kingdom
| | - Marek Kowalczuk
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, United Kingdom
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, Zabrze, Poland
| | - Grazyna Adamus
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, Zabrze, Poland
| | - Iza Radecka
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Mattia Parati, ; Iza Radecka,
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Rossi L, Kerekes K, Kovács-Kocsi J, Körhegyi Z, Bodnár M, Fazekas E, Prépost E, Pignatelli C, Caneva E, Nicotra F, Russo L. Multivalent γ-PGA-Exendin-4 conjugates to target pancreatic β-cells. Chembiochem 2022; 23:e202200196. [PMID: 35762648 PMCID: PMC9542156 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202200196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Targeting of glucagon‐like peptide 1 receptor (GLP‐1R), expressed on the surface of pancreatic β‐cells, is of great interest for the development of advanced therapies for diabetes and diagnostics for insulinoma. We report the conjugation of exendin‐4 (Ex‐4), an approved drug to treat type 2 diabetes, to poly‐γ‐glutamic acid (γ‐PGA) to obtain more stable and effective GLP‐1R ligands. Exendin‐4 modified at Lysine‐27 with PEG4‐maleimide was conjugated to γ‐PGA functionalized with furan, in different molar ratios, exploiting a chemoselective Diels‐Alder cycloaddition. The γ‐PGA presenting the highest number of conjugated Ex‐4 molecules (average 120 per polymeric chain) showed a double affinity towards GLP‐1R with respect to exendin per se, paving the way to improved therapeutic and diagnostic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Rossi
- University of Milano-Bicocca: Universita degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Biotechnology and Biosciences, ITALY
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Cataldo Pignatelli
- University of Milano-Bicocca: Universita degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Biotechnology and Biosciences, ITALY
| | - Enrico Caneva
- Unitech Cospect: Comprehensive Substances Characterization via advances SPECTroscopy, -, ITALY
| | - Francesco Nicotra
- University of Milano-Bicocca: Universita degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Biotechnology and Biosciences, ITALY
| | - Laura Russo
- Universita degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Biotechnology and Biosciences, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126, Milan, ITALY
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Al-Mansoori L, Elsinga P, Goda SK. Bio-vehicles of cytotoxic drugs for delivery to tumor specific targets for cancer precision therapy. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 144:112260. [PMID: 34607105 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Abnormal structural and molecular changes in malignant tissues were thoroughly investigated and utilized to target tumor cells, hence rescuing normal healthy tissues and lowering the unwanted side effects as non-specific cytotoxicity. Various ligands for cancer cell specific markers have been uncovered and inspected for directional delivery of the anti-cancer drug to the tumor site, in addition to diagnostic applications. Over the past few decades research related to the ligand targeted therapy (LTT) increased tremendously aiming to treat various pathologies, mainly cancers with well exclusive markers. Malignant tumors are known to induce elevated levels of a variety of proteins and peptides known as cancer "markers" as certain antigens (e.g., Prostate specific membrane antigen "PSMA", carcinoembryonic antigen "CEA"), receptors (folate receptor, somatostatin receptor), integrins (Integrin αvβ3) and cluster of differentiation molecules (CD13). The choice of an appropriate marker to be targeted and the design of effective ligand-drug conjugate all has to be carefully selected to generate the required therapeutic effect. Moreover, since some tumors express aberrantly high levels of more than one marker, some approaches investigated targeting cancer cells with more than one ligand (dual or multi targeting). We aim in this review to report an update on the cancer-specific receptors and the vehicles to deliver cytotoxic drugs, including recent advancements on nano delivery systems and their implementation in targeted cancer therapy. We will discuss the advantages and limitations facing this approach and possible solutions to mitigate these obstacles. To achieve the said aim a literature search in electronic data bases (PubMed and others) using keywords "Cancer specific receptors, cancer specific antibody, tumor specific peptide carriers, cancer overexpressed proteins, gold nanotechnology and gold nanoparticles in cancer treatment" was carried out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Layla Al-Mansoori
- Qatar University, Biomedical Research Centre, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar.
| | - Philip Elsinga
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Groningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Sayed K Goda
- Cairo University, Faculty of Science, Giza, Egypt; University of Derby, College of Science and Engineering, Derby, UK.
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7
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Macedo A, Filipe P, Thomé NG, Vieira J, Oliveira C, Teodósio C, Ferreira R, Roque L, Fonte P. A Brief Overview of the Oral Delivery of Insulin as an Alternative to the Parenteral Delivery. Curr Mol Med 2021; 20:134-143. [PMID: 31965934 DOI: 10.2174/1566524019666191010095522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus greatly affects the quality of life of patients and has a worldwide prevalence. Insulin is the most commonly used drug to treat diabetic patients and is usually administered through the subcutaneous route. However, this route of administration is ineffective due to the low concentration of insulin at the site of action. This route of administration causes discomfort to the patient and increases the risk of infection due to skin barrier disturbance caused by the needle. The oral administration of insulin has been proposed to surpass the disadvantages of subcutaneous administration. In this review, we give an overview of the strategies to deliver insulin by the oral route, from insulin conjugation to encapsulation into nanoparticles. These strategies are still under development to attain efficacy and effectiveness that are expected to be achieved in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Macedo
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Department of Chemical Sciences - Applied Chemistry Lab, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.,CBIOS, Universidade Lusófona Research Center for Biosciences & Health Technologies, Campo Grande 376, 1749-024 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Patrícia Filipe
- CBIOS, Universidade Lusófona Research Center for Biosciences & Health Technologies, Campo Grande 376, 1749-024 Lisboa, Portugal.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Alcalá, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km. 33.600, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Natália G Thomé
- Center for Marine Sciences (CCMAR), University of Algarve, Gambelas Campus, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal.,Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Algarve, Gambelas Campus, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - João Vieira
- CBIOS, Universidade Lusófona Research Center for Biosciences & Health Technologies, Campo Grande 376, 1749-024 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Carolina Oliveira
- CBIOS, Universidade Lusófona Research Center for Biosciences & Health Technologies, Campo Grande 376, 1749-024 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Catarina Teodósio
- CBIOS, Universidade Lusófona Research Center for Biosciences & Health Technologies, Campo Grande 376, 1749-024 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Raquel Ferreira
- CBIOS, Universidade Lusófona Research Center for Biosciences & Health Technologies, Campo Grande 376, 1749-024 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Luís Roque
- CBIOS, Universidade Lusófona Research Center for Biosciences & Health Technologies, Campo Grande 376, 1749-024 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Pedro Fonte
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Department of Chemical Sciences - Applied Chemistry Lab, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.,CBIOS, Universidade Lusófona Research Center for Biosciences & Health Technologies, Campo Grande 376, 1749-024 Lisboa, Portugal.,Center for Marine Sciences (CCMAR), University of Algarve, Gambelas Campus, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal.,Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Algarve, Gambelas Campus, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal.,IBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, University of Lisbon, Avenida Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
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Sun N, Ye Z, Hao T, Zheng S, Sun Y, Zhang Y, Zhang L. Inhibition of Arterial Thrombus Formation by Blocking Exposed Collagen Surface Using LWWNSYY-Poly(l-Glutamic Acid) Nanoconjugate. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:6792-6799. [PMID: 34047558 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c00894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Exposed collagen surface on diseased blood vessel wall is a trigger of platelet adhesion and subsequent thrombus formation, which is associated with many serious diseases such as myocardial infarction and stroke. Various antithrombotic agents have been developed, but are usually targeted on blood components such as platelet, which suffered from the risk of bleeding due to interference with hemostasis. In contrast, blocking the exposed collagen surface would prevent thrombus formation without the risk of bleeding. In the present study, an antithrombotic nanoconjugate (LWWNSYY-poly glutamic acid, L7-PGA) targeting collagen surface was designed by immobilizing heptapeptide LWWNSYY, a biomimetic inhibitor designed in our previous work, on poly(l-glutamic acid). Successful binding of L7-PGA on the collagen surface was confirmed by a negative ΔG of -5.99 ± 0.26 kcal/mol. L7-PGA was found to effectively inhibit platelet adhesion on the collagen surface, with a reduced IC50 of only 1/5 of that of free LWWNSYY. The inhibition of thrombus formation by L7-PGA was also validated in vivo by a reduction of 31.2% in the weight of thrombus. These results highlight L7-PGA as an effective inhibitor of arterial thrombus formation via blocking exposed collagen surface, which would be helpful for the development of novel antithrombotic nanomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Sun
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering of the Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhao Ye
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering of the Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, People's Republic of China
| | - Tanyi Hao
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering of the Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, People's Republic of China
| | - Si Zheng
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering of the Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Sun
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering of the Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, People's Republic of China
| | - Youcai Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering of the Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, People's Republic of China
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9
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γ-PGA-Rich Chungkookjang, Short-Term Fermented Soybeans: Prevents Memory Impairment by Modulating Brain Insulin Sensitivity, Neuro-Inflammation, and the Gut-Microbiome-Brain Axis. Foods 2021; 10:foods10020221. [PMID: 33494481 PMCID: PMC7911192 DOI: 10.3390/foods10020221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Fermented soybean paste is an indigenous food for use in cooking in East and Southeast Asia. Korea developed and used its traditional fermented foods two thousand years ago. Chungkookjang has unique characteristics such as short-term fermentation (24–72 h) without salt, and fermentation mostly with Bacilli. Traditionally fermented chungkookjang (TFC) is whole cooked soybeans that are fermented predominantly by Bacillus species. However, Bacillus species are different in the environment according to the regions and seasons due to the specific bacteria. Bacillus species differently contribute to the bioactive components of chungkookjang, resulting in different functionalities. In this review, we evaluated the production process of poly-γ-glutamic acid (γ-PGA)-rich chungkookjang fermented with specific Bacillus species and their effects on memory function through the modulation of brain insulin resistance, neuroinflammation, and the gut–microbiome–brain axis. Bacillus species were isolated from the TFC made in Sunchang, Korea, and they included Bacillus (B.) subtilis, B. licheniformis, and B. amyloliquefaciens. Chungkookjang contains isoflavone aglycans, peptides, dietary fiber, γ-PGA, and Bacillus species. Chungkookjangs made with B. licheniformis and B. amyloliquefaciens have higher contents of γ-PGA, and they are more effective for improving glucose metabolism and memory function. Chungkookjang has better efficacy for reducing inflammation and oxidative stress than other fermented soy foods. Insulin sensitivity is improved, not only in systemic organs such as the liver and adipose tissues, but also in the brain. Chungkookjang intake prevents and alleviates memory impairment induced by Alzheimer’s disease and cerebral ischemia. This review suggests that the intake of chungkookjang (20–30 g/day) rich in γ-PGA acts as a synbiotic in humans and promotes memory function by suppressing brain insulin resistance and neuroinflammation and by modulating the gut–microbiome–brain axis.
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10
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Transferrin Receptor Targeted Cellular Delivery of Doxorubicin Via a Reduction-Responsive Peptide-Drug Conjugate. Pharm Res 2019; 36:168. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-019-2688-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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11
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Pradeepkumar P, Sangeetha R, Gunaseelan S, Varalakshmi P, Chuturgoon AA, Rajan M. Folic Acid Conjugated Polyglutamic Acid Drug Vehicle Synthesis through Deep Eutectic Solvent for Targeted Release of Paclitaxel. ChemistrySelect 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201902256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Periyakaruppan Pradeepkumar
- Biomaterials in Medicinal Chemistry LaboratoryDepartment of Natural Products ChemistrySchool of ChemistryMadurai Kamaraj University Madurai - 625021 India
| | - Ramalingam Sangeetha
- Department of Molecular MicrobiologySchool of BiotechnologyMadurai Kamaraj University Madurai 625021, Tamil Nadu India
| | - Sathaiah Gunaseelan
- Department of Molecular MicrobiologySchool of BiotechnologyMadurai Kamaraj University Madurai 625021, Tamil Nadu India
| | - Perumal Varalakshmi
- Department of Molecular MicrobiologySchool of BiotechnologyMadurai Kamaraj University Madurai 625021, Tamil Nadu India
| | - Anil A Chuturgoon
- Medical BiochemistrySchool of Laboratory Medicine and Medical SciencesUniversity of KwaZulu-Natal Durban South Africa
| | - Mariappan Rajan
- Biomaterials in Medicinal Chemistry LaboratoryDepartment of Natural Products ChemistrySchool of ChemistryMadurai Kamaraj University Madurai - 625021 India
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12
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Novel therapeutic interventions in cancer treatment using protein and peptide-based targeted smart systems. Semin Cancer Biol 2019; 69:249-267. [PMID: 31442570 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Cancer, being the most prevalent and resistant disease afflicting any gender, age or social status, is the ultimate challenge for the scientific community. The new generation therapeutics for cancer management has shifted the approach to personalized/precision medicine, making use of patient- and tumor-specific markers for specifying the targeted therapies for each patient. Peptides targeting these cancer-specific signatures hold enormous potential for cancer therapy and diagnosis. The rapid advancements in the combinatorial peptide libraries served as an impetus to the development of multifunctional peptide-based materials for targeted cancer therapy. The present review outlines benefits and shortcomings of peptides as cancer therapeutics and the potential of peptide modified nanomedicines for targeted delivery of anticancer agents.
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