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Marocco L, Umrath F, Sachsenmaier S, Rabiner R, Wülker N, Danalache M. 5-Aminolevulinic Acid-Mediated Photodynamic Therapy Potentiates the Effectiveness of Doxorubicin in Ewing Sarcomas. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10112900. [PMID: 36428464 PMCID: PMC9687703 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10112900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ewing sarcomas (ES) are aggressive primary bone tumors that require radical therapy. Promising low toxicity, 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA)-mediated photodynamic therapy (PDT) could enhance the effectiveness of conventional treatment modalities (e.g., doxorubicin (DOX)), improving, thus, the anti-tumorigenic effects. In this study, we investigated the effects of DOX and 5-ALA PDT alone or in combination on three different human ES cell lines. Cell viability, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and cellular stiffness were measured 24 h after PDT (blue light-wavelength 436 nm with 5-ALA) with or without DOX. ES cell lines have a different sensitivity to the same doses and exposure of 5-ALA PDT. DOX in combination with 5-ALA PDT was found to be effective in impairing the viability of all ES cells while also increasing cytotoxic activity by high ROS production. The stiffness of the ES cells increased significantly (p < 0.05) post treatment. Overall, our results showed that across multiple ES cell lines, 5-ALA PDT can successfully and safely be combined with DOX to potentiate the therapeutic effect. The 5-ALA PDT has the potential to be a highly effective treatment when used alone or in conjunction with other treatments. More research is needed to assess the effectiveness of 5-ALA PDT in in vivo settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea Marocco
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University Hospital of Tübingen, 72072 Tübingen, Germany
- Correspondence:
| | - Felix Umrath
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University Hospital of Tübingen, 72072 Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Saskia Sachsenmaier
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University Hospital of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Nikolaus Wülker
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University Hospital of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Marina Danalache
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University Hospital of Tübingen, 72072 Tübingen, Germany
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C5α secreted by tumor mesenchymal stem-like cells mediates resistance to 5-aminolevulinic acid-based photodynamic therapy against glioblastoma tumorspheres. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2022:10.1007/s00432-022-04347-w. [DOI: 10.1007/s00432-022-04347-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Li MY, Mi L, Meerovich G, Soe TW, Chen T, Than NN, Yan YJ, Chen ZL. The biological activities of 5,15-diaryl-10,20-dihalogeno porphyrins for photodynamic therapy. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2022; 148:2335-2346. [PMID: 35522290 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-022-04037-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Esophageal cancer is the most common gastrointestinal tumor and is difficult to be eradicated with conventional treatment. Porphyrin-based photosensitizers (PSs) mediated photodynamic therapy (PDT) could kill tumor cells with less damage to normal cells. As the most widely used porphyrin-based photosensitizer in clinics, Photofrin II has excellent anti-tumor effect. However, it has some disadvantages such as weak absorption at near infrared region, the complexity of components and prolonged skin photosensitivity. Here series novel 5,15-diaryl-10,20-dihalogeno porphyrin derivatives were afforded and evaluated to develop more effective and safer photosensitizers for tumor therapy. METHODS The photophysical properties and singlet oxygen generation rates of 5,15-diaryl-10,20-dihalogeno porphyrins (I1-6, II1-4) were tested. The cytotoxicity of I1-6 and II1-4 were measured by MTT assay. The pathway of cell death was studied by flow cytometry. In vivo photodynamic efficacy of I3 and II2-4 in Eca-109 tumor-bearing BABL/c nude mice were measured and histopathological analysis were examined. RESULTS 5,15-Diaryl-10,20-dihalogeno porphyrins I1-6 and II1-4 were synthesized. The longest absorption wavelength of these halogenated porphyrins (λmax = 660 nm) displayed a red shift around 30 nm compared to the unhalogenated porphyrins PS1 (λmax = 630 nm). The singlet oxygen generation rates of I1-6 and II1-4 were significantly higher than PS1 and HMME. All PSs mediated PDT showed obvious cytotoxic effect against Eca-109 cells compared to HMME in vitro and in vivo. Among these PSs, II4 exhibited appropriate absorption in the phototherapeutic window, higher 1O2 generation rate (k = 0.0061 s-1), the strongest phototoxicity (IC50 = 0.4 μM), lower dark toxicity, high generation of intracellular ROS in Eca-109 cells and excellent photodynamic anti-tumor efficacy in vivo. Besides, cell necrosis was induced by compound II4 mediated PDT. CONCLUSION All new compounds have obvious photodynamic anti-esophageal cancer effects. Among them, the photosensitizer II4 showed excellent efficacy in vitro and in vivo, which has the potential to become a photodynamic anti-tumor drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Yi Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, College of Chemistry and Biology, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Le Mi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, College of Chemistry and Biology, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Gennady Meerovich
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119435, Russia
| | - Thin Wut Soe
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, College of Chemistry and Biology, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China.,Department of Chemistry, University of Yangon, Yangon, 11041, Myanmar
| | - Ting Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, College of Chemistry and Biology, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Ni Ni Than
- Department of Chemistry, University of Yangon, Yangon, 11041, Myanmar
| | - Yi Jia Yan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, College of Chemistry and Biology, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China.
| | - Zhi Long Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, College of Chemistry and Biology, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China. .,Department of Pharmacy, Huadong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China.
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Yoon J, Kim H, Jeong YIL, Yang HS. CD44 Receptor-Mediated/Reactive Oxygen Species-Sensitive Delivery of Nanophotosensitizers against Cervical Cancer Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073594. [PMID: 35408970 PMCID: PMC8998256 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Stimulus-sensitive, nanomedicine-based photosensitizer delivery has an opportunity to target tumor tissues since oxidative stress and the expression of molecular proteins, such as CD44 receptors, are elevated in the tumor microenvironment. The aim of this study is to investigate the CD44 receptor- and reactive oxygen species (ROS)-sensitive delivery of nanophotosensitizers of chlorin e6 (Ce6)-conjugated hyaluronic acid (HA) against HeLa human cervical cancer cells. For the synthesis of nanophotosensitizers, thioketal diamine was conjugated with the carboxyl group in HA and then the amine end group of HA-thioketal amine conjugates was conjugated again with Ce6 (Abbreviated as HAthCe6). The HAthCe6 nanophotosensitizers were of small diameter, with sizes less than 200. Their morphology was round-shaped in the observations using a transmission electron microscope (TEM). The HAthCe6 nanophotosensitizers responded to oxidative stress-induced changes in size distribution when H2O2 was added to the nanophotosensitizer aqueous solution, i.e., their monomodal distribution pattern at 0 mM H2O2 was changed to dual- and/or multi-modal distribution patterns at higher concentrations of H2O2. Furthermore, the oxidative stress induced by the H2O2 addition contributed to the disintegration of HAthCe6 nanophotosensitizers in morphology, and this phenomenon accelerated the release rate of Ce6 from nanophotosensitizers. In a cell culture study using HeLa cells, nanophotosensitizers increased Ce6 uptake ratio, ROS generation and PDT efficacy compared to free Ce6. Since HA specifically bonds with the CD44 receptor of cancer cells, the pretreatment of free HA against HeLa cells decreased the Ce6 uptake ratio, ROS generation and PDT efficacy of HAthCe6 nanophotosensitizers. These results indicated that intracellular delivery of HAthCe6 nanophotosensitizers can be controlled by the CD44 receptor-mediated pathway. Furthermore, these phenomena induced CD44 receptor-controllable ROS generation and PDT efficacy by HAthCe6 nanophotosensitizers. During in vivo tumor imaging using HeLa cells, nanophotosensitizer administration showed that the fluorescence intensity of tumor tissues was relatively higher than that of other organs. When free HA was pretreated, the fluorescence intensity of tumor tissue was relatively lower than those of other organs, indicating that HAthCe6 nanophotosensitizers have CD44 receptor sensitivity and that they can be delivered by receptor-specific manner. We suggest that HAthCe6 nanophotosensitizers are promising candidates for PDT in cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieun Yoon
- Department of Medicine, Graduate School, Dongguk University, Gyeongju 38067, Korea; (J.Y.); (H.K.)
| | - Howard Kim
- Department of Medicine, Graduate School, Dongguk University, Gyeongju 38067, Korea; (J.Y.); (H.K.)
| | - Young-IL Jeong
- Research Institute of Convergence of Biomedical Sciences, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Gyeongnam 50612, Korea
- The Institute of Dental Science, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Korea
- Correspondence: (Y.-I.J.); (H.S.Y.)
| | - Hoe Saeng Yang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Dongguk University College of Medicine, Gyeongju 38067, Korea
- Correspondence: (Y.-I.J.); (H.S.Y.)
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Detection of Canine Urothelial Carcinoma Cells in Urine Using 5-Aminolevulinic Acid. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12040485. [PMID: 35203195 PMCID: PMC8868528 DOI: 10.3390/ani12040485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to establish a method to detect canine urothelial carcinoma cells in urine using 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) and to evaluate its diagnostic accuracy. Urine samples were collected from 21 dogs diagnosed with urothelial carcinoma and three urothelial carcinoma cell lines were used. Urine samples obtained from seven healthy dogs were used as controls. Cells in the urine sediment, or urothelial carcinoma cell lines, were cultured with 5-ALA and then observed under a fluorescence microscope. Moreover, we examined the relationship between fluorescence intensity and the presence of metastasis as well as tumor invasion into the bladder wall in cases of urothelial carcinoma. Urine-derived cells from urothelial carcinoma and urothelial carcinoma cell lines showed clearer red fluorescence with the addition of 5-ALA compared to that exhibited by the cells from healthy dogs. The sensitivity and specificity of the diagnosis of urothelial carcinoma were 90% and 86%, respectively. Significant associations were found between fluorescence intensity and tumor metastasis and bladder wall invasion. This study showed that 5-ALA can be used to detect urothelial carcinoma cells in dogs with relatively high diagnostic accuracy. Further, the fluorescence intensity of tumor cells caused by 5-ALA correlated with the clinical condition of urothelial carcinoma cases, which suggested that 5-ALA could be used as a prognostic marker for canine urothelial carcinoma.
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Sasaki M, Tanaka M, Ichikawa H, Suzuki T, Nishie H, Ozeki K, Shimura T, Kubota E, Tanida S, Kataoka H. 5-aminolaevulinic acid (5-ALA) accumulates in GIST-T1 cells and photodynamic diagnosis using 5-ALA identifies gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) in xenograft tumor models. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0249650. [PMID: 33826667 PMCID: PMC8026038 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0249650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) diagnosis using conventional gastrointestinal endoscopy is difficult because such malignancies cannot be distinguished from other types of submucosal tumors. Photodynamic diagnosis (PDD) is based on the preferential uptake of photosensitizers by tumor tissues and its detection by fluorescence emission upon laser excitation. In this study, we investigated whether PDD using 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA), a standard photosensitizer used worldwide, could be used for GIST diagnosis. 5-ALA is metabolized to endogenous fluorescent protoporphyrin IX (PpIX). We examined the accumulation of PpIX in GIST-T1 cells using flow cytometry and immunofluorescent staining. Furthermore, we established GIST-T1 xenograft mouse models and examined PpIX accumulation in the resultant tumors. PpIX accumulated in GIST-T1 cells and was localized mainly to lysosomes. PpIX accumulation was also observed in murine xenograft tumors. Moreover, tumor and normal tissues could be distinctly identified by relative PpIX fluorescence. Thus, our results demonstrated that PDD with 5-ALA has substantial clinical potential for GIST diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makiko Sasaki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Science, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Mamoru Tanaka
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Science, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ichikawa
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Science, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Taketo Suzuki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Science, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Hirotada Nishie
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Science, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Keiji Ozeki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Science, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Takaya Shimura
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Science, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Eiji Kubota
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Science, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Satoshi Tanida
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Science, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Hiromi Kataoka
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Science, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
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Jung S, Jung S, Kim DM, Lim SH, Shim YH, Kwon H, Kim DH, Lee CM, Kim BH, Jeong YI. Hyaluronic Acid-Conjugated with Hyperbranched Chlorin e6 Using Disulfide Linkage and Its Nanophotosensitizer for Enhanced Photodynamic Therapy of Cancer Cells. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 12:E3080. [PMID: 31546620 PMCID: PMC6803876 DOI: 10.3390/ma12193080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The main purpose of this study is to synthesize novel types of nanophotosensitizers that are based on hyperbranched chlorin e6 (Ce6) via disulfide linkages. Moreover, hyperbranched Ce6 was conjugated with hyaluronic acid (HA) for CD44-receptor mediated delivery and redox-sensitive photodynamic therapy (PDT) against cancer cells. Hyperbranched Ce6 was considered to make novel types of macromolecular photosensitizer since most of the previous studies regarding nanophotosensizers are concerned with simple conjugation between monomeric units of photosensitizer and polymer materials. Hyperbranched Ce6 was synthesized by conjugation of Ce6 each other while using disulfide linkage. To synthesize Ce6 tetramer, carboxyl groups of Ce6 were conjugated with cystamine and three equivalents of Ce6 were then conjugated again with the end of amine groups of Ce6-cystamine. To synthesize Ce6 decamer as a hyperbranched Ce6, six equivalents of Ce6 was conjugated with the end of Ce6 tetramer via cystamine linkage. Furthermore, HA-cystamine was attached with Ce6 tetramer or Ce6 decamer to synthesize HA-Ce6 tetramer (Ce6tetraHA) or HA-Ce6 decamer (Ce6decaHA) conjugates. Ce6tetraHA and Ce6decaHA nanophotosensitizers showed small diameters of less than 200 nm. The addition of dithiothreitol (DTT) and hyaluronidase (HAse) induced a faster Ce6 release rate in vitro drug release study, which indicated that Ce6tetraHA nanophotosensitizers possess redox-sensitive and HAse-sensitive release properties. Ce6tetraHA nanophotosensitizers showed higher intracellular Ce6 accumulation, higher ROS generation, and higher PDT efficacy than that of Ce6 alone. Ce6tetraHA nanophotosensitizers responded to the CD44 receptor of cancer cell surface, i.e., the pre-treatment of HA blocked CD44 receptor of U87MG or HCT116 cells and then inhibited delivery of nanophotosensitizers in vitro cell culture study. Furthermore, in vivo tumorxenograft study showed that fluorescence intensity in the tumor tissues was stronger than those of other organs, while CD44 receptor blocking by HA pretreatment induced a decrease of fluorescence intensity in tumor tissues when compared to liver. These results indicated that Ce6tetraHA nanophotosensitizers delivered to tumors by redox-sensitive and CD44-sensitive manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin Jung
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun 58128, Korea.
- Brain Tumor Research Laboratory, Chonnam National University Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun 58128, Korea.
| | - Seunggon Jung
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea.
| | - Doo Man Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea.
| | - Sa-Hoe Lim
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun 58128, Korea.
- Brain Tumor Research Laboratory, Chonnam National University Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun 58128, Korea.
| | | | - Hanjin Kwon
- UltraV Co. Ltd. R&D Center, Seoul 04779, Korea.
| | - Do Hoon Kim
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Pathobiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
| | - Chang-Min Lee
- Department of Dental Materials, College of Dentistry, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Korea.
| | - Byung Hoon Kim
- Department of Dental Materials, College of Dentistry, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Korea.
| | - Young-Il Jeong
- Research Institute of Convergence of Biomedical Sciences, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Gyeongnam 50612, Korea.
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Hua H, Cheng JW, Bu WB, Liu J, Ma WW, Ni N, Shi J, Zhou BR, Luo D. 5-aminolaevulinic acid-based photodynamic therapy inhibits ultraviolet B-induced skin photodamage. Int J Biol Sci 2019; 15:2100-2109. [PMID: 31592145 PMCID: PMC6775304 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.31583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
To evaluate the photoprotective effect of 5-aminolaevulinic acid-based photodynamic therapy (ALA-PDT) on ultraviolet B (UVB)-induced skin photodamage. In vivo experiments, the dorsal skin of hairless mice were treated with ALA-PDT or saline-PDT, and then exposed to 180 mJ/m2 UVB. Results showed that the number of sunburn cells and apoptotic cells in the epidermis of ALA-PDT-treated groups at 24 h after UVB irradiation were significantly decreased compared with those in the UVB groups. And the removal rate of CPDs was obviously higher in ALA-PDT-treated groups. At 48 h, the number of Ki67 positive nuclei in ALA-PDT-UVB group was significantly fewer than that in UVB group. Further in vitro experiments, human keratinocyte cell line (HaCaT) cells of two groups (one treated with ALA-PDT, the other untreated), were exposed to 60 mJ/m2 UVB irradiation. We found 0.5 mmol/L of ALA and 3 J/cm2 of red light did not affect the vitality of cells, and could reduce UVB induced apoptosis, accelerate the clearance of CPDs, inhibit proliferation and activate p53. Thus, our data demonstrate that ALA-PDT pretreatment can induce a protective DNA damage response that protects skin cells from UVB-induced photodamages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Hua
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jia-wei Cheng
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wen-bo Bu
- Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, China
| | - Juan Liu
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wei-wei Ma
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Na Ni
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jian Shi
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Bing-rong Zhou
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Dan Luo
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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Kitajima Y, Ishii T, Kohda T, Ishizuka M, Yamazaki K, Nishimura Y, Tanaka T, Dan S, Nakajima M. Mechanistic study of PpIX accumulation using the JFCR39 cell panel revealed a role for dynamin 2-mediated exocytosis. Sci Rep 2019; 9:8666. [PMID: 31209282 PMCID: PMC6572817 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-44981-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) has recently been employed for photodynamic diagnosis (ALA-PDD) and photodynamic therapy (ALA-PDT) of various types of cancer because hyperproliferating tumor cells do not utilize oxidative phosphorylation and do not efficiently produce heme; instead, they accumulate protoporphyrin IX (PpIX), which is a precursor of heme that is activated by violet light irradiation that results in the production of red fluorescence and singlet oxygen. The efficiencies of ALA-PDD and ALA-PDT depend on the efficient cellular uptake of 5-ALA and the inefficient excretion of PpIX. We employed the JFCR39 cell panel to determine whether tumor cells originating from different tissues can produce and accumulate PpIX. We also investigated cellular factors/molecules involved in PpIX excretion by tumor cells with the JFCR39 cell panel. Unexpectedly, the expression levels of ABCG2, which has been considered to play a major role in PpIX extracellular transport, did not show a strong correlation with PpIX excretion levels in the JFCR39 cell panel, although an ABCG2 inhibitor significantly increased intracellular PpIX accumulation in several tumor cell lines. In contrast, the expression levels of dynamin 2, which is a cell membrane-associated molecule involved in exocytosis, were correlated with the PpIX excretion levels. Moreover, inhibitors of dynamin significantly suppressed PpIX excretion and increased the intracellular levels of PpIX. This is the first report demonstrating the causal relationship between dynamin 2 expression and PpIX excretion in tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Kanami Yamazaki
- Division of Molecular Pharmacology, Cancer Chemotherapy Center, Japan Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yumiko Nishimura
- Division of Molecular Pharmacology, Cancer Chemotherapy Center, Japan Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Shingo Dan
- Division of Molecular Pharmacology, Cancer Chemotherapy Center, Japan Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan.
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Mitotic Catastrophe Induced in HeLa Tumor Cells by Photodynamic Therapy with Methyl-aminolevulinate. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20051229. [PMID: 30862116 PMCID: PMC6429057 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20051229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) constitutes a cancer treatment modality based on the administration of a photosensitizer, which accumulates in tumor cells. The subsequent irradiation of the tumoral area triggers the formation of reactive oxygen species responsible for cancer cell death. One of the compounds approved in clinical practice is methyl-aminolevulinate (MAL), a protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) precursor intermediate of heme synthesis. We have identified the mitotic catastrophe (MC) process after MAL-PDT in HeLa human carcinoma cells. The fluorescence microscopy revealed that PpIX was located mainly at plasma membrane and lysosomes of HeLa cells, although some fluorescence was also detected at endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus. Cell blockage at metaphase-anaphase transition was observed 24 h after PDT by phase contrast microscopy and flow cytometry. Mitotic apparatus components evaluation by immunofluorescence and Western blot indicated: multipolar spindles and disorganized chromosomes in the equatorial plate accompanied with dispersion of centromeres and alterations in aurora kinase proteins. The mitotic blockage induced by MAL-PDT resembled that induced by two compounds used in chemotherapy, taxol and nocodazole, both targeting microtubules. The alterations in tumoral cells provided evidence of MC induced by MAL-PDT, resolving mainly by apoptosis, directly or through the formation of multinucleate cells.
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Zhuo Z, Song Z, Ma Z, Zhang Y, Xu G, Chen G. Chlorophyllin e6‑mediated photodynamic therapy inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis in human bladder cancer cells. Oncol Rep 2019; 41:2181-2193. [PMID: 30816498 PMCID: PMC6412394 DOI: 10.3892/or.2019.7013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) frequently relapse following surgery due to incomplete resection and chemoresistance, highlighting the importance of developing novel therapeutic strategies that mechanistically assist in eradicating the residual tumor. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the anticancer effect of chlorophyllin e6-mediated photodynamic therapy (e6-PDT) and its potential mechanisms by using monolayer cells or multicellular tumor spheroid models of human bladder cancer cells (T24 and 5637). The results revealed that e6-PDT exhibited significant cytotoxicity in the T24 and 5637 cells of these two models as detected by the Water-Soluble Tetrazolium Salts-1 and CellTiter-Glo Luminescent Cell Viability assays, respectively. Cell migration and invasion capacities decreased markedly following e6-PDT. In addition, the cells following e6-PDT exhibited typical morphological changes of apoptosis as detected by fluorescence microscopy with 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole staining and transmission electron microscopy. A greater number of apoptotic cells were observed post-e6-PDT by flow cytometry. The expression levels of poly(adenosine diphosphate-ribose) polymerase (PARP) and B-cell lymphoma 2 protein were decreased, while cleaved PARP was increased, significantly following e6-PDT as determined by western blotting. The level of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) was increased, while the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) was decreased, significantly in e6-PDT-treated cells. Thus, the novel e6-PDT exhibits prominent photo-cytotoxicity effect and the induction of apoptosis was probably due to the inhibition of SOD activity and the generation of ROS. These results indicate that chlorophyllin e6 is an effective photosensitizer and that e6-PDT may have a therapeutic application for the treatment of bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyuan Zhuo
- Department of Urology, Jinshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, P.R. China
| | - Zhenyu Song
- Department of Urology, Jinshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, P.R. China
| | - Zhe Ma
- Department of Urology, Jinshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, P.R. China
| | - Yuanfang Zhang
- Department of Urology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, P.R. China
| | - Guoxiong Xu
- Center Laboratory, Jinshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, P.R. China
| | - Gang Chen
- Department of Urology, Jinshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, P.R. China
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5-Aminolevulinic Acid-Based Photodynamic Therapy Pretreatment Mitigates Ultraviolet A-Induced Oxidative Photodamage. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2018; 2018:9420745. [PMID: 30524664 PMCID: PMC6247436 DOI: 10.1155/2018/9420745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Aim To determine whether 5-aminolevulinic acid-based photodynamic therapy (ALA-PDT) is effective in combating ultraviolet A- (UVA-) induced oxidative photodamage of hairless mice skin in vivo and human epidermal keratinocytes in vitro. Methods In in vitro experiments, the human keratinocyte cell line (HaCaT cells) was divided into two groups: the experimental group was treated with ALA-PDT and the control group was left untreated. Then, the experimental group and the control group of cells were exposed to 10 J/m2 of UVA radiation. ROS, O2− species, and MMP were determined by fluorescence microscopy; p53, OGG1, and XPC were determined by Western blot analysis; apoptosis was determined by flow cytometry; and 8-oxo-dG was determined by immunofluorescence. Moreover, HaCaT cells were also treated with ALA-PDT. Then, SOD1 and SOD2 were examined by Western blot analysis. In in vivo experiments, the dorsal skin of hairless mice was treated with ALA-PDT or saline-PDT, and then, they were exposed to 20 J/m2 UVA light. The compound 8-oxo-dG was detected by immunofluorescence. Conclusion In human epidermal keratinocytes and hairless mice skin, UVA-induced oxidative damage can be prevented effectively with ALA-PDT pretreatment.
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Feng X, Shi Y, Xie L, Zhang K, Wang X, Liu Q, Wang P. Synthesis, Characterization, and Biological Evaluation of a Porphyrin-Based Photosensitizer and Its Isomer for Effective Photodynamic Therapy against Breast Cancer. J Med Chem 2018; 61:7189-7201. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b00547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolan Feng
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710119, P. R. China
| | - Yin Shi
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710119, P. R. China
| | - Lifen Xie
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710119, P. R. China
| | - Kun Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710119, P. R. China
| | - Xiaobing Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710119, P. R. China
| | - Quanhong Liu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710119, P. R. China
| | - Pan Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710119, P. R. China
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Mira A, Mateo CR, Mallavia R, Falco A. Poly(methyl vinyl ether-alt-maleic acid) and ethyl monoester as building polymers for drug-loadable electrospun nanofibers. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17205. [PMID: 29222482 PMCID: PMC5722912 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-17542-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
New biomaterials are sought for the development of bioengineered nanostructures. In the present study, electrospun nanofibers have been synthesized by using poly(methyl vinyl ether-alt-maleic acid) and poly(methyl vinyl ether-alt-maleic ethyl monoester) (PMVEMA-Ac and PMVEMA-ES, respectively) as building polymers for the first time. To further functionalize these materials, nanofibers of PMVEMA-Ac and PMVEMA-ES containing a conjugated polyelectrolyte (HTMA-PFP, blue emitter, and HTMA-PFNT, red emitter) were achieved with both forms maintaining a high solid state fluorescence yield without altered morphology. Also, 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) was incorporated within these nanofibers, where it remained chemically stable. In all cases, nanofiber diameters were less than 150 nm as determined by scanning and transmission electron microscopy, and encapsulation efficiency of 5-ALA was 97 ± 1% as measured by high-performance liquid chromatography. Both polymeric matrices showed rapid release kinetics in vertical cells (Franz cells) and followed Higuchi kinetics. In addition, no toxicity of nanofibers, in the absence of light, was found in HaCaT and SW480 cell lines. Finally, it was shown that loaded 5-ALA was functional, as it was internalized by cells in nanofiber-treated cultures and served as a substrate for the generation of protoporphyrin IX, suggesting these pharmaceutical vehicles are suitable for photodynamic therapy applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amalia Mira
- Universidad Miguel Hernández (UMH), Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular (IBMC), 03202, Elche (Alicante), Spain
| | - C Reyes Mateo
- Universidad Miguel Hernández (UMH), Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular (IBMC), 03202, Elche (Alicante), Spain
| | - Ricardo Mallavia
- Universidad Miguel Hernández (UMH), Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular (IBMC), 03202, Elche (Alicante), Spain.
| | - Alberto Falco
- Universidad Miguel Hernández (UMH), Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular (IBMC), 03202, Elche (Alicante), Spain.
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15
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Gozali MV, Yi F, Zhang JA, Liu J, Wu HJ, Xu Y, Luo D, Zhou BR. Photodynamic therapy inhibit Fibroblast Growth Factor-10 induced keratinocyte differentiation and proliferation through ROS in Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor-2b pathway. Sci Rep 2016; 6:27402. [PMID: 27273653 PMCID: PMC4895211 DOI: 10.1038/srep27402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
5-aminolevulinic acid-photodynamic therapy (ALA-PDT) is known to be effective in several skin diseases such as acne, actinic keratoses, condyloma acuminata. However, some detailed mechanisms of ALA-PDT to treat these skin diseases still remain elusive. In this study, we aimed to investigate mechanism of ALA-PDT in in-vitro and in-vivo models. For in vitro, we use human keratinocyte cell line (HaCaT) cells. CCK-8 was used to detect cell proliferation activity, immunofluorescence and western blotting method to detect the content of keratin (K)1, K6, K16, protein kinase C (PKC), fibroblast growth factor receptor-2b (FGFR2b) protein, ELISA and RT-PCR to detect expression of interleukin (IL) 1α in the cell supernatant, and detect reactive oxygen species (ROS). For in vivo, we use 20 rabbits to induce hyperkeratosis acne model in their ear. Dermatoscope was used to see follicle hyperkeratosis and skin biopsy to analyze histology and immunohistochemical of PKC, FGFR2b, K1, K6 and K16. Results from this study suggest that ROS stimulated by ALA-PDT lead to inhibition of FGFR2b pathway in PKC downstream to cause reduction of IL1α expression, and eventually, keratinocytes differentiation and proliferation. Our data thus reveal a treatment mechanism of ALA-PDT underlying hyperkeratosis related dermatoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya Valeska Gozali
- Department of Dermatology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Fei Yi
- Department of Dermatology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Jia-An Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Juan Liu
- Department of Dermatology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Hong-Jin Wu
- Department of Dermatology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Yang Xu
- Department of Dermatology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Dan Luo
- Department of Dermatology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Bing-Rong Zhou
- Department of Dermatology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
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Wang X, Hu J, Wang P, Zhang S, Liu Y, Xiong W, Liu Q. Analysis of the in vivo and in vitro effects of photodynamic therapy on breast cancer by using a sensitizer, sinoporphyrin sodium. Theranostics 2015; 5:772-86. [PMID: 25897341 PMCID: PMC4402500 DOI: 10.7150/thno.10853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is an emerging theranostic modality for various cancers and diseases. Photosensitizers are critical components for PDT. Sinoporphyrin sodium, referred to as DVDMS, is a newly identified photosensitizer that was isolated from Photofrin. Here, we evaluated the effects of DVDMS-mediated PDT (DVDMS-PDT) on tumor cell proliferation and metastasis in the highly metastatic 4T1 cell line and a mouse xenograft model. DVDMS-PDT elicited a potent phototoxic effect in vitro, which was abolished using the reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenger N-acetylcysteine. In addition, DVDMS-PDT effectively inhibited the migration of 4T1 cells in scratch wound-healing and transwell assays. Using an in vivo mouse model, DVDMS-PDT greatly prolonged the survival time of tumor-bearing mice and inhibited tumor growth and lung metastasis, consistent with in vitro findings. PDT with DVDMS had a greater anti-tumor efficacy than clinically used Photofrin. Moreover, preliminary toxicological results indicate that DVDMS is relatively safe. These results suggest that DVDMS is a promising sensitizer that warrants further development for use in cancer treatment with PDT or other sensitizing agent-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobing Wang
- 1. Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Ministry of Education, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Developing of Endangered Chinese Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianmin Hu
- 1. Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Ministry of Education, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Developing of Endangered Chinese Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Pan Wang
- 1. Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Ministry of Education, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Developing of Endangered Chinese Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaoliang Zhang
- 2. Qinglong High-Tech Co., Ltd, Yichun, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yichen Liu
- 1. Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Ministry of Education, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Developing of Endangered Chinese Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenli Xiong
- 1. Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Ministry of Education, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Developing of Endangered Chinese Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Quanhong Liu
- 1. Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Ministry of Education, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Developing of Endangered Chinese Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
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Michalski R, Zielonka J, Gapys E, Marcinek A, Joseph J, Kalyanaraman B. Real-time measurements of amino acid and protein hydroperoxides using coumarin boronic acid. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:22536-53. [PMID: 24928516 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.553727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydroperoxides of amino acid and amino acid residues (tyrosine, cysteine, tryptophan, and histidine) in proteins are formed during oxidative modification induced by reactive oxygen species. Amino acid hydroperoxides are unstable intermediates that can further propagate oxidative damage in proteins. The existing assays (oxidation of ferrous cation and iodometric assays) cannot be used in real-time measurements. In this study, we show that the profluorescent coumarin boronic acid (CBA) probe reacts with amino acid and protein hydroperoxides to form the corresponding fluorescent product, 7-hydroxycoumarin. 7-Hydroxycoumarin formation was catalase-independent. Based on this observation, we have developed a fluorometric, real-time assay that is adapted to a multiwell plate format. This is the first report showing real-time monitoring of amino acid and protein hydroperoxides using the CBA-based assay. This approach was used to detect protein hydroperoxides in cell lysates obtained from macrophages exposed to visible light and photosensitizer (rose bengal). We also measured the rate constants for the reaction between amino acid hydroperoxides (tyrosyl, tryptophan, and histidine hydroperoxides) and CBA, and these values (7-23 M(-1) s(-1)) were significantly higher than that measured for H2O2 (1.5 M(-1) s(-1)). Using the CBA-based competition kinetics approach, the rate constants for amino acid hydroperoxides with ebselen, a glutathione peroxidase mimic, were also determined, and the values were within the range of 1.1-1.5 × 10(3) M(-1) s(-1). Both ebselen and boronates may be used as small molecule scavengers of amino acid and protein hydroperoxides. Here we also show formation of tryptophan hydroperoxide from tryptophan exposed to co-generated fluxes of nitric oxide and superoxide. This observation reveals a new mechanism for amino acid and protein hydroperoxide formation in biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radoslaw Michalski
- From the Department of Biophysics and Free Radical Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226 and the Institute of Applied Radiation Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Zeromskiego 116, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
| | - Jacek Zielonka
- From the Department of Biophysics and Free Radical Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226 and the Institute of Applied Radiation Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Zeromskiego 116, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
| | - Ewa Gapys
- the Institute of Applied Radiation Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Zeromskiego 116, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
| | - Andrzej Marcinek
- the Institute of Applied Radiation Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Zeromskiego 116, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
| | - Joy Joseph
- From the Department of Biophysics and Free Radical Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226 and
| | - Balaraman Kalyanaraman
- From the Department of Biophysics and Free Radical Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226 and
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18
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Ito H, Tamura M, Matsui H, Majima HJ, Indo HP, Hyodo I. Reactive oxygen species involved cancer cellular specific 5-aminolevulinic acid uptake in gastric epithelial cells. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2014; 54:81-5. [PMID: 24688215 PMCID: PMC3947976 DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.13-98] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy and photodynamic diagnosis using 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) are clinically useful for cancer treatments. Cancer cells have been reported that 5-aminolevulinic acid is incorporated via peptide transporter 1, which is one of the membrane transport proteins, and has been reported to be significantly expressed in various gastrointestinal cancer cells such as Caco-2. However, the mechanism of this protein expression has not been elucidated. Concentration of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is higher in cancer cells in comparison with that of normal cells. We have previously reported that ROS derived from mitochondria is likely related to invasions and proliferations of cancer cells. Since 5-aminolevulinic acid is the most important precursor of heme which is necessary protein for cellular proliferations, mitochondrial ROS (mitROS) may be also related to peptide transporter 1 expressions. In this study, we used a rat gastric mucosal cell line RGM1 and its cancer-like mutated cell line RGK1, and we clarified the ALA uptake mechanism and its relations between mitROS and peptide transporter 1 expression in RGK1. We also used our self-established stable clone of cell which over-expresses manganese superoxide dismutase, a mitROS scavenger. We studied differences of the photodynamic therapy effects in these cells after ALA administrations to clear the influence of mitROS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromu Ito
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Ten-nohdai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Masato Tamura
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Ten-nohdai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Matsui
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Ten-nohdai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Hideyuki J Majima
- Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
| | - Hiroko P Indo
- Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
| | - Ichinosuke Hyodo
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Ten-nohdai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
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Kim CH, Chung CW, Lee HM, Kim DH, Kwak TW, Jeong YIL, Kang DH. Synergistic effects of 5-aminolevulinic acid based photodynamic therapy and celecoxib via oxidative stress in human cholangiocarcinoma cells. Int J Nanomedicine 2013; 8:2173-86. [PMID: 23807846 PMCID: PMC3685402 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s44394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
5-Aminolevulinic acid (ALA)-based photodynamic therapy (PDT) has the potential to kill cancer cells via apoptotic or necrotic signals that are dependent on the generation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). Celecoxib is an anti-inflammatory drug that induces intracellular ROS generation. We investigated whether the combined application of celecoxib and ALA-PDT improved the efficacy of PDT in human cholangiocarcinoma cells and in tumor bearing mice. In vitro, combined treatment of celecoxib and ALA-PDT increased phototoxicity and intracellular ROS levels after irradiation with 0.75 J/cm(2) when compared to ALA-PDT alone. Even though ROS levels increased with 0.25 J/cm(2) of irradiation, it did not influence phototoxicity. When heme oxygenase-1, a defensive protein induced by oxidative stress, was inhibited in the combined treatment group, phototoxicity was increased at both 0.25 J/cm(2) and 0.75 J/cm(2) of irradiation. We identified the combined effect of ALA-PDT and celecoxib through the increase of oxidative stress such as ROS. In vivo, about 40% tumor growth inhibition was observed with combined application of ALA-PDT and celecoxib when compared to ALA-PDT alone. The combined application of ALA-PDT and celecoxib could be an effective therapy for human cholangiocarcinoma. Moreover, use of a heme oxygenase-1 inhibitor with PDT could play an important role for management of various tumors involving oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cy Hyun Kim
- National Research and Development Center for Hepatobiliary Cancer, Research Institute for Convergence of Biomedical Science and Technology, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
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Chung CW, Chung KD, Jeong YI, Kang DH. 5-aminolevulinic acid-incorporated nanoparticles of methoxy poly(ethylene glycol)-chitosan copolymer for photodynamic therapy. Int J Nanomedicine 2013; 8:809-19. [PMID: 23589688 PMCID: PMC3622652 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s39615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The aim of this study was to make 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA)-incorporated nanoparticles using methoxy polyethylene glycol/chitosan (PEG-Chito) copolymer for application in photodynamic therapy for colon cancer cells. Methods 5-ALA-incorporated (PEG-Chito-5-ALA) nanoparticles were prepared by ion complex formation between 5-ALA and chitosan. Protoporphyrin IX accumulation in the tumor cells and phototoxicity induced by PEG-Chito-5-ALA nanoparticles were assessed using CT26 cells in vitro. Results PEG-Chito-5-ALA nanoparticles have spherical shapes with sizes diameters 200 nm. More specifically, microscopic observation revealed a core-shell structure of PEG-Chito-5-ALA nanoparticles. 1H NMR spectra showed that 5-ALA was incorporated in the core of the nanoparticles. In the absence of light irradiation, all components such as 5-ALA, empty nanoparticles, and PEG-Chito-5-ALA nanoparticles did not affect the viability of cells. However, 5-ALA or PEG-Chito-5-ALA nanoparticles induced tumor cell death under light irradiation, and the viability of tumor cells was dose-dependently decreased according to the increase in irradiation time. In particular, PEG-Chito-5-ALA nanoparticles induced increased phototoxicity and higher protoporphyrin IX accumulation into the tumor cells than did 5-ALA alone. Furthermore, PEG-Chito-5-ALA nanoparticles accelerated apoptosis/necrosis of tumor cells, compared to 5-ALA alone. Conclusion PEG-Chito-5-ALA nanoparticles showed superior delivery capacity of 5-ALA and phototoxicity against tumor cells. These results show that PEG-Chito-5-ALA nanoparticles are promising candidates for photodynamic therapy of colon cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Wook Chung
- National Research and Development Center for Hepatobiliary Disease, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea
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Cheng J, Sun X, Guo S, Cao W, Chen H, Jin Y, Li B, Li Q, Wang H, Wang Z, Zhou Q, Wang P, Zhang Z, Cao W, Tian Y. Effects of 5-aminolevulinic acid-mediated sonodynamic therapy on macrophages. Int J Nanomedicine 2013; 8:669-76. [PMID: 23426386 PMCID: PMC3576038 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s39844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammatory cells exhibit an elevated level of protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) after the administration of 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA). Here, we investigate the sonodynamic effects of ALA-derived PpIX (ALA-PpIX) on macrophages, which are the pivotal inflammatory cells in atherosclerosis. METHODS AND RESULTS Cultured THP-1 macrophages were incubated with ALA. Fluorescence microscope and fluorescence spectrometer detection showed that intracellular PpIX increased with the concentration of ALA in the incubation solution in a time dependent manner; the highest level of intracellular PpIX was observed after 3-hour incubation. 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assays demonstrated that lower concentrations (less than 2 mM) of ALA have no influence on cell viability (more than 90% of cells survived), but sonodynamic therapy (SDT) with a low concentration of ALA significantly decreased the survival rate of cells, and the effect was increased with both ALA concentration and ultrasound exposure time. Cell apoptosis and necrosis induced by ALA-mediated SDT (ALA-SDT) were measured using Hoechst 33258 and propidium iodide assay. ALA-SDT induced both cell apoptosis and necrosis, and the maximum apoptosis/necrosis ratio was observed at 6 hours after SDT with 1 mM of ALA and 5 minutes of ultrasound exposure. Flow cytometry analysis showed that ALA-SDT significantly increased late stage apoptotic cells (about 10-fold control). Furthermore, ALA-SDT induced reactive oxygen species generation in THP-1 macrophages immediately after the treatment and a conspicuous loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) at 6 hours compared with that of the control, ALA alone, and ultrasound alone groups. CONCLUSION ALA-SDT exhibited synergistic apoptotic effects on THP-1 macrophages, involving excessive intracellular reactive oxygen species generation and MMP loss. Therefore, ALA-SDT is a potential treatment for atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiali Cheng
- Division of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Cardiovascular Institute, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
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Hatakeyama T, Murayama Y, Komatsu S, Shiozaki A, Kuriu Y, Ikoma H, Nakanishi M, Ichikawa D, Fujiwara H, Okamoto K, Ochiai T, Kokuba Y, Inoue K, Nakajima M, Otsuji E. Efficacy of 5-aminolevulinic acid-mediated photodynamic therapy using light-emitting diodes in human colon cancer cells. Oncol Rep 2013; 29:911-6. [PMID: 23291627 PMCID: PMC3597538 DOI: 10.3892/or.2013.2220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2012] [Accepted: 12/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
5-Aminolevulinic acid (ALA)-mediated photodynamic therapy (PDT) (ALA-PDT) is a highly selective treatment for malignant cells. ALA-PDT has the potential to develop into a novel therapeutic strategy for various types of cancer. Recently, light-emitting diodes (LEDs), which are inexpensive, stable and easier to handle compared to lasers, have been used in PDT as a light source. However, in colorectal cancer (CRC), the efficacy of ALA-PDT in combination with LEDs has not been fully assessed. Therefore, in this study, we evaluated the antitumor effect of ALA-PDT using various LEDs in colon cancer cells. The HT-29 human colon cancer cell line was used both in vitro and in vivo. HT-29 cells were seeded in 96-well plates. Following 5-ALA administration, cells were irradiated using LEDs at different wavelengths. Three types of LEDs, blue (peak wavelength, 456 nm), white (broad-band) and red (635 nm) were used. Twenty-four hours after irradiation, the cytotoxic effects of ALA-PDT were measured using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. In order to evaluate the antitumor effect of ALA-PDT in vivo, nude mice were inoculated with HT-29 cells. Xenograft mice were injected intraperitoneally with 5-ALA and irradiated with 3 types of LEDs at a measured fluence rate of 96 mW/cm2 and fluence of 32 J/cm2. Each group comprised 6 mice. ALA-PDT was repeated 3 times at weekly intervals. Tumor weights were measured. Compared to the controls, ALA-PDT using LEDs showed significant antitumor effects in vitro and in vivo. The blue and white LEDs demonstrated greater antitumor effects compared to the red LEDs in vitro and in vivo. In particular, tumor inhibition rates in the blue and white LED groups were approximately 88% to those of the control group in the mouse models. In conclusion, ALA-PDT using LEDs is effective and useful in the treatment of CRC cells. This method could be a novel treatment modality for CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoya Hatakeyama
- Division of Digestive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
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Xu H, Liu C, Mei J, Yao C, Wang S, Wang J, Li Z, Zhang Z. Effects of light irradiation upon photodynamic therapy based on 5-aminolevulinic acid-gold nanoparticle conjugates in K562 cells via singlet oxygen generation. Int J Nanomedicine 2012; 7:5029-38. [PMID: 23055721 PMCID: PMC3457679 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s33261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE As a precursor of the potent photosensitizer protoporphyrin IX (PpIX), 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA), was conjugated onto cationic gold nanoparticles (GNPs) to improve the efficacy of photodynamic therapy (PDT). METHODS Cationic GNPs reduced by branched polyethyleneimine and 5-ALA were conjugated onto the cationic GNPs by creating an electrostatic interaction at physiological pH. The efficacy of ALA-GNP conjugates in PDT was investigated under irradiation with a mercury lamp (central wavelength of 395 nm) and three types of light-emitting diode arrays (central wavelengths of 399, 502, and 621 nm, respectively). The impacts of GNPs on PDT were then analyzed by measuring the intracellular PpIX levels in K562 cells and the singlet oxygen yield of PpIX under irradiation. RESULTS The 2 mM ALA-GNP conjugates showed greater cytotoxicity against K562 cells than ALA alone. Light-emitting diode (505 nm) irradiation of the conjugates caused a level of K562 cell destruction similar to that with irradiation by a mercury lamp, although it had no adverse effects on drug-free control cells. These results may be attributed to the singlet oxygen yield of PpIX, which can be enhanced by GNPs. CONCLUSION Under irradiation with a suitable light source, ALA-GNP conjugates can effectively destroy K562 cells. The technique offers a new strategy of PDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Education Ministry, Institute of Biomedical Analytical Technology and Instrumentation, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shannxi, People's Republic of China
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Yoo JJ, Kim C, Chung CW, Jeong YI, Kang DH. 5-aminolevulinic acid-incorporated poly(vinyl alcohol) nanofiber-coated metal stent for application in photodynamic therapy. Int J Nanomedicine 2012; 7:1997-2005. [PMID: 22619537 PMCID: PMC3356192 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s30298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The study investigated the use of combined photodynamic therapy (PDT) and stent placement for the treatment of cholangiocarcinoma (CC). For this purpose, 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) was incorporated into poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) nanofiber, and coated onto metal stents. Their efficacy was assessed in PDT towards HuCC-T1 CC cells. Methods Fabrication of ALA-PVA nanofiber, and simultaneous coating onto metal stents, was performed through electrospinning. The dark-toxicity, generation of protoporphyrin IX (PpIX), and PDT effect of ALA and ALA-PVA nanofiber were studied in vitro, using HuCC-T1 CC cells. Results The ALA-PVA nanofibers were coated onto metal stents less than 1000 nm in diameter. ALA-only displayed marginal cytotoxicity; ALA-PVA nanofiber showed less cytotoxicity. PpIX generation was not sigficantly different between ALA and ALA-PVA nanofiber treatments. PVA itself did not generate PpIX in tumor cells. ALA and ALA-PVA nanofiber displayed a similar PDT effect on tumor cells. Cell viability was decreased, dose-dependently, until ALA concentration reached 100 μg/mL. Necrosis and apoptosis of tumor cells occurred similarly for ALA and ALA- PVA nanofiber treatments. Conclusion The ALA-PVA nanofiber-coated stent is a promising candidate for therapeutic use with cholangiocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Ju Yoo
- National Research and Development Center for Hepatobiliary Diseases, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Gyeongnam 626-770, Korea
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