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Rao C, Shi S. Development of Nanomaterials to Target Articular Cartilage for Osteoarthritis Therapy. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:900344. [PMID: 36032667 PMCID: PMC9402910 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.900344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is an obstinate, degradative, and complicated disease that has drawn much attention worldwide. Characterized by its stubborn symptoms and various sequela, OA causes much financial burden on both patients and the health system. What’s more, conventional systematic therapy is not effective enough and causes multiple side effects. There’s much evidence that nanoparticles have unique properties such as high penetration, biostability, and large specific surface area. Thus, it is urgent to exploit novel medications for OA. Nanomaterials have been sufficiently studied, exploiting diverse nano-drug delivery systems (DDSs) and targeted nano therapeutical molecules. The nanomaterials are primarily intra-articular injected under the advantages of high topical concentration and low dosage. After administration, the DDS and targeted nano therapeutical molecules can specifically react with the components, including cartilage and synovium of a joint in OA, furthermore attenuate the chondrocyte apoptosis, matrix degradation, and macrophage recruitment. Thus, arthritis would be alleviated. The DDSs could load with conventional anti-inflammatory drugs, antibodies, RNA, and so on, targeting chondrocytes, synovium, or extracellular matrix (ECM) and releasing the molecules sequentially. The targeted nano therapeutical molecules could directly get to the targeted tissue, alleviating the inflammation and promoting tissue healing. This review will comprehensively collect and evaluate the targeted nanomaterials to articular cartilage in OA.
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Xin R, Xu Y, Long D, Mao G, Liao H, Zhang Z, Kang Y. Mitochonic Acid-5 Inhibits Reactive Oxygen Species Production and Improves Human Chondrocyte Survival by Upregulating SIRT3-Mediated, Parkin-dependent Mitophagy. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:911716. [PMID: 35734404 PMCID: PMC9207248 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.911716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction is related to the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis (OA); however, there are no effective drugs to treat OA for maintaining mitochondrial homeostasis. Studies have shown that mitochonic acid-5 (MA-5) has a protective effect against mitochondrial damage and plays a role in mitophagy. However, it is not clear whether MA-5 has a beneficial effect on inflammatory articular cartilage. Here, human OA cartilage was obtained from patients undergoing total joint replacement. Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) was used to stimulate chondrocytes and induce inflammatory injury. Cell Counting Kit-8, TUNEL, and flow cytometry assays were used to assess apoptosis. Gene expression was examined using quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Mitochondrial function was evaluated using immunoblotting, mitochondrial membrane potential assay, JC-1 staining, and immunofluorescence analysis. Mitophagy was detected using immunoblotting and immunofluorescence. 3-(1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl) pyridine (3-TYP), a specific inhibitor of Sirtuin 3 (SIRT3), was used to block the SIRT3/Parkin pathway. Mitophagy in the cartilage sections was evaluated via immunohistochemistry. IL-1β was found to induce chondrocyte apoptosis by inhibiting SIRT3 expression and mitophagy. In addition, inflammatory damage reduced the mitochondrial membrane potential and promoted the production of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), leading to increased mitochondrial division, mitochondrial fusion inhibition, and the consequent mitochondrial damage. In contrast, the MA-5 treatment inhibited excessive ROS production by upregulating mitophagy, maintaining the mitochondrial membrane potential, and reducing mitochondrial apoptosis. After chemically blocking SIRT3 with 3-TYP, Parkin-related mitophagy was also inhibited, an effect that was prevented by pretreatment of the chondrocytes with MA-5, thereby suggesting that SIRT3 is upstream of Parkin. Overall, MA-5 was found to enhance the activity of SIRT3, promote Parkin-dependent mitophagy, eliminate depolarized/damaged mitochondria in chondrocytes, and protect cartilage cells. In conclusion, MA-5 inhibits IL-1β-induced oxidative stress and protects chondrocytes by upregulating the SIRT3/Parkin-related autophagy signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruobing Xin
- Department of Joint Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yiyang Xu
- Department of Joint Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Orthopedics, Fujian Provincial Hospital/Shengli Clinical Medical College, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Dianbo Long
- Department of Joint Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guping Mao
- Department of Joint Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongyi Liao
- Department of Joint Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ziji Zhang
- Department of Joint Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Ziji Zhang, ; Yan Kang,
| | - Yan Kang
- Department of Joint Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Ziji Zhang, ; Yan Kang,
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Lv D, Chen H, Feng Y, Cui B, Kang Y, Zhang P, Luo M, Chen J. Small-Molecule Inhibitor Targeting Protein Kinase D: A Potential Therapeutic Strategy. Front Oncol 2021; 11:680221. [PMID: 34249722 PMCID: PMC8263921 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.680221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The protein kinase D (PKD) family is a family of serine-threonine kinases that are members of the calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinase (CaMK) superfamily. PKDs have been increasingly implicated in multiple pivotal cellular processes and pathological conditions. PKD dysregulation is associated with several diseases, including cancer, inflammation, and obesity. Over the past few years, small-molecule inhibitors have emerged as alternative targeted therapy with fewer adverse side effects than currently available chemotherapy, and these specifically targeted inhibitors limit non-specific toxicities. The successful development of PKD inhibitors would significantly suppress the growth and proliferation of various cancers and inhibit the progression of other diseases. Various PKD inhibitors have been studied in the preclinical setting. In this context, we summarize the PKD inhibitors under investigation and their application for different kinds of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Die Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hongli Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yun Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Bomiao Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yingzhu Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ping Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Min Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Liu W, Chen Y, Zeng G, Yang T, Song W. INSR mediated by transcription factor KLF4 and DNA methylation ameliorates osteoarthritis progression via inactivation of JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway. Am J Transl Res 2020; 12:7953-7967. [PMID: 33437372 PMCID: PMC7791516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To probe into the role and regulatory mechanisms of INSR in pathogenesis of osteoarthritis (OA). METHODS KLF4 and INSR expression was detected in cartilage tissues of 40 OA patients and 10 controls using RT-qPCR. IL-1β-induced OA chondrocytes and anterior cruciate ligament transection (ACLT)-induced OA models were respectively constructed. After overexpressing or silencing KLF4 or INSR, flow cytometry assay was utilized to detect chondrocyte apoptosis. Furthermore, JAK2/STAT3, cartilage markers and OA-related markers were examined by western blot. Dual luciferase report and CHIP assay were carried out to verify the interactions between KLF4 and INSR, followed by functional gain and loss assay. INSR promoter methylation was assessed by MS-PCR. RESULTS Both KLF4 and INSR were down-regulated both in OA chondrocytes and cartilage tissues. Knockdown of KLF4 or INSR accelerated apoptosis of IL-1β-induced OA chondrocytes. However, overexpression of KLF4 or INSR ameliorated OA progression both in OA chondrocytes and OA mouse models. Moreover, INSR inactivated JAK2/STAT3 pathway in OA chondrocytes. Dual luciferase report and CHIP assay results confirmed that INSR was transcriptionally regulated by KLF4. As shown in MS-PCR results, INSR expression was mediated by DNA methylation in OA. CONCLUSION Our findings suggested that INSR, as a key regulator for OA, was regulated by transcription factor KLF4 and DNA methylation, thereby mediating the activation of JAK2/STAT3 signaling, which was considered as an underlying therapeutic target for OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenzhou Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou 510000, Guangdong, China
| | - Yanbo Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou 510000, Guangdong, China
| | - Gang Zeng
- Department of Orthopedics, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou 510000, Guangdong, China
| | - Tao Yang
- Department of Emergency, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou 510000, Guangdong, China
| | - Weidong Song
- Department of Orthopedics, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou 510000, Guangdong, China
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