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Gutiérrez-Ruíz SC, Cortes H, González-Torres M, Almarhoon ZM, Gürer ES, Sharifi-Rad J, Leyva-Gómez G. Optimize the parameters for the synthesis by the ionic gelation technique, purification, and freeze-drying of chitosan-sodium tripolyphosphate nanoparticles for biomedical purposes. J Biol Eng 2024; 18:12. [PMID: 38273413 PMCID: PMC10811841 DOI: 10.1186/s13036-024-00403-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polymeric nanoparticles can be used for wound closure and therapeutic compound delivery, among other biomedical applications. Although there are several nanoparticle obtention methods, it is crucial to know the adequate parameters to achieve better results. Therefore, the objective of this study was to optimize the parameters for the synthesis, purification, and freeze-drying of chitosan nanoparticles. We evaluated the conditions of agitation speed, anion addition time, solution pH, and chitosan and sodium tripolyphosphate concentration. RESULTS Chitosan nanoparticles presented an average particle size of 172.8 ± 3.937 nm, PDI of 0.166 ± 0.008, and zeta potential of 25.00 ± 0.79 mV, at the concentration of 0.1% sodium tripolyphosphate and chitosan (pH 5.5), with a dripping time of 2 min at 500 rpm. The most representative factor during nanoparticle fabrication was the pH of the chitosan solution, generating significant changes in particle size and polydispersity index. The observed behavior is attributed to the possible excess of sodium tripolyphosphate during synthesis. We added the surfactants poloxamer 188 and polysorbate 80 to evaluate the stability improvement during purification (centrifugation or dialysis). These surfactants decreased coalescence between nanoparticles, especially during purification. The centrifugation increased the zeta potential to 40.8-56.2 mV values, while the dialyzed samples led to smaller particle sizes (152-184 nm). Finally, freeze-drying of the chitosan nanoparticles proceeded using two cryoprotectants, trehalose and sucrose. Both adequately protected the system during the process, and the sugar concentration depended on the purification process. CONCLUSIONS In Conclusion, we must consider each surfactant's benefits in formulations for selecting the most suitable. Also, it is necessary to do more studies with the molecule to load. At the same time, the use of sucrose and trehalose generates adequate protection against the freeze-drying process, even at a 5% w/v concentration. However, adjusting the percentage concentration by weight must be made to work with the CS-TPP NPs purified by dialysis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hernán Cortes
- Departamento de Genómica, Laboratorio de Medicina Genómica, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Maykel González-Torres
- CONACyT-Laboratorio de Biotecnología, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra, Ciudad de México, 14389, Mexico
| | - Zainab M Almarhoon
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P. O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Eda Sönmez Gürer
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Sivas Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey
| | | | - Gerardo Leyva-Gómez
- Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
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Pratiwi RD, El Muttaqien S, Gustini N, Difa NS, Syahputra G, Rosyidah A. Eco-friendly synthesis of chitosan and its medical application: from chitin extraction to nanoparticle preparation. ADMET AND DMPK 2023; 11:435-455. [PMID: 37937250 PMCID: PMC10626508 DOI: 10.5599/admet.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Purpose Chitosan, a chitin deacetylation product, has been applied in nanoparticle or nano-chitosan for medical applications. However, the chitin extraction from crustacean shells and other natural resources, chitin deacetylation, and crosslinking of the chitosan forming the nano-chitosan mostly involve hazardous chemical and physical processes. The risks of these processes to human health and the environment attract the attention of scientists to develop safer and greener techniques. This review aims to describe the progress of harmless chitosan synthesis. Experimental Approach All strongly related publications to each section, which were found on scientific search engines (Google Scholar, Scopus, and Pubmed), were studied, selected, and then used as references in writing this review. No limitation for the publication year was applied. The publications were searched from April 2022 - June 2023. Key Results Nano-chitosan could be synthesized in harmless techniques, including the preparation of the chitosan raw materials and crosslinking the chitosan polymer. Enzymatic processes in shell deproteination in the chitin extraction and deacetylation are preferable to reduce the negative effects of conventional chemical-physical processes. Mild alkalines and deep eutectic solvents also provide similar benefits. In the nano-chitosan synthesis, naturally derived compounds (carrageenan, genipin, and valinin) show potency as safer crosslinkers, besides tripolyphosphate, the most common safe crosslinker. Conclusion A list of eco-friendly and safer processes in the synthesis of nano-chitosan has been reported in recent years. These findings are suggested for the nano-chitosan synthesis on an industrial scale in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riyona Desvy Pratiwi
- Research Center for Vaccine and Drug, Organization Research of Health, The National Research and Innovation Agency, Jalan Raya Bogor Km 46 Cibinong, Bogor 16911, West Java, Indonesia
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Chang Y, Ping A, Chang C, Betz VM, Cai L, Ren B. Lactoferrin Mediates Enhanced Osteogenesis of Adipose-Derived Stem Cells: Innovative Molecular and Cellular Therapy for Bone Repair. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021749. [PMID: 36675267 PMCID: PMC9864243 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
A prospective source of stem cells for bone tissue engineering is adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs), and BMP-2 has been proven to be highly effective in promoting the osteogenic differentiation of stem cells. Rarely has research been conducted on the impact of lactoferrin (LF) on ADSCs' osteogenic differentiation. As such, in this study, we examined the effects of LF and BMP-2 to assess the ability of LF to stimulate ADSCs' osteogenic differentiation. The osteogenic medium was supplemented with the LF at the following concentrations to culture ADSCs: 0, 10, 20, 50, 100, and 500 μg/mL. The Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assay was used to measure the proliferation of ADSCs. Calcium deposition, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) staining, real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and an ALP activity assay were used to establish osteogenic differentiation. RNA sequencing analysis was carried out to investigate the mechanism of LF boosting the osteogenic development of ADSCs. In the concentration range of 0-100 μg/mL, LF concentration-dependently increased the proliferative vitality and osteogenic differentiation of ADSCs. At a dose of 500 μg/mL, LF sped up and enhanced differentiation, but inhibited ADSCs from proliferating. LF (100 and 500 μg/mL) produced more substantial osteoinductive effects than BMP-2. The PI3 kinase/AKT (PI3K/AKT) and IGF-R1 signaling pathways were significantly activated in LF-treated ADSCs. The in vitro study results showed that LF could effectively promote osteogenic differentiation of ADSCs by activating the PI3K/AKT and IGF-R1 pathways. In our in vitro investigation, an LF concentration of 100 μg/mL was optimal for osteoinduction and proliferation. Our study suggests that LF is an attractive alternative to BMP-2 in bone tissue engineering. As a bioactive molecule capable of inducing adipose stem cells to form osteoblasts, LF is expected to be clinically used in combination with biomaterials as an innovative molecular and cellular therapy to promote bone repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqiang Chang
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Ansong Ping
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Chunyu Chang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Engineering Research Center of Natural Polymer-based Medical Materials in Hubei Province and Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Volker M. Betz
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Musculoskeletal University Center Munich (MUM), University Hospital LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Lin Cai
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Correspondence: (L.C.); (B.R.); Tel.: +86-138-8609-6467 (L.C.); +86-136-5175-6946 (B.R.)
| | - Bin Ren
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Correspondence: (L.C.); (B.R.); Tel.: +86-138-8609-6467 (L.C.); +86-136-5175-6946 (B.R.)
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Ismail A, Raya NR, Orabi A, Ali AM, Abo-zeid Y. Investigating the Antibacterial Activity and Safety of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles versus a Commercial Alcohol-Based Hand-Sanitizer: Can Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Be Useful for Hand Sanitation? Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11111606. [PMID: 36421249 PMCID: PMC9686634 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11111606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hand hygiene is the key factor to control and prevent the spread of infections, for example, hospital-acquired infections (HAIs). People commonly use alcohol-based hand sanitizers to assure hand hygiene. However, frequent use of alcohol-based hand sanitizers in a pandemic situation (e.g., COVID-19) was associated with serious drawbacks such as skin toxicity including irritation, skin dermatitis, and skin dryness or cracking, along with peeling, redness, or itching with higher possibility of infection. This demands the development of alternative novel products that are effective as alcohol-based hand sanitizers but have no hazardous effects. Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) are known to have broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity, be compatible with the biological system and the environment, and have applicable and economic industrial-scale production. Thus, ZnO-NPs might be a good candidate for hand sanitation. To the best of our knowledge, the antibacterial activity of ZnO-NPs in comparison to alcohol-based hand sanitizers has not yet been studied. In the present work, a comparative study of the antibacterial activity of ZnO-NPs vs. Sterillium, a commercial alcohol-based hand sanitizer that is commonly used in Egyptian hospitals, was performed against common microorganisms known to cause HAIs in Egypt, including Acinetobacter baumannii, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), and Staphylococcus aureus. The safety profiles of ZnO-NPs and Sterillium were also assessed. The obtained results demonstrated the superior antibacterial activity and safety of ZnO-NPs compared to Sterillium. Therefore, ZnO-NPs could be a promising candidate for hand sanitation in comparison to alcohol-based hand sanitizers; however, several studies related to long-term toxicity and stability of ZnO-NPs and investigations into their antimicrobial activity and safety in healthcare settings are still required in the future to ascertain their antimicrobial activity and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aliaa Ismail
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Cairo 11795, Egypt
| | - Nermeen R. Raya
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Cairo 11795, Egypt
- Helwan Nanotechnology Center, Helwan University, Cairo 11792, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Orabi
- Microbiology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza 11221, Egypt
| | - Alaa M. Ali
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza 11221, Egypt
| | - Yasmin Abo-zeid
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Cairo 11795, Egypt
- Helwan Nanotechnology Center, Helwan University, Cairo 11792, Egypt
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +20-1092792846
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Vallim JH, Clemente Z, Castanha RF, do Espírito Santo Pereira A, Campos EVR, Assalin MR, Maurer-Morelli CV, Fraceto LF, de Castro VLSS. Chitosan nanoparticles containing the insecticide dimethoate: A new approach in the reduction of harmful ecotoxicological effects. NANOIMPACT 2022; 27:100408. [PMID: 35659539 DOI: 10.1016/j.impact.2022.100408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate insecticides such as dimethoate (DMT) are widely used in agriculture. As a side effect, however, these insecticides contaminate bodies of water, resulting in damage to aquatic organisms. The development of nanopesticides may be an innovative alternative in the control of agricultural pests, increasing effectiveness and reducing their toxicological effects. Based upon this, the present study has investigated encapsulated DMT in alginate chitosan nanoparticles (nanoDMT) and evaluated its toxicological effects on non-target organisms. The nanoparticles were characterized by DLS, NTA and AFM, as well as being evaluated by the release profile. Nanoparticle toxicity was also evaluated in comparison with DMT, empty nanoparticles and DMT (NP + DMT), and commercial formulations (cDMT), in the embryos and larvae of Danio rerio (zebrafish) according to lethality, morphology, and behavior. The nanoparticle control (NP) showed hydrodynamic size values of 283 ± 4 nm, a PDI of 0.5 ± 0.05 and a zeta potential of -31 ± 0.4 mV. For nanoparticles containing dimethoate, the nanoparticles showed 301 ± 7 nm size values, a PDI of 0.45 ± 0.02, a zeta potential of -27.9 ± 0.2 mV, and an encapsulation of 75 ± 0.32%, with slow-release overtime (52% after 48 h). The AFM images showed that both types of nanoparticles showed spherical morphology. Major toxic effects on embryo larval development were observed in commercial dimethoate exposure followed by the technical pesticide, predominantly in the highest tested concentrations. With regard to the toxic effects of sodium alginate/chitosan, although there was an increase for LC50-96 h concerning the technical dimethoate, the behavior of the larvae was not affected. The data obtained demonstrate that nanoencapsulated dimethoate reduces the toxicity of insecticides on zebrafish larvae, suggesting that nanoencapsulation may be safer for non-target species, by eliminating collateral effects and thus promoting sustainable agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Henrique Vallim
- Embrapa Environment, Rod SP 340, km 127.5, 13918-110, Jaguariúna, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Zaira Clemente
- Embrapa Environment, Rod SP 340, km 127.5, 13918-110, Jaguariúna, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Anderson do Espírito Santo Pereira
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Sorocaba Institute of Science and Technology (ICTS), São Paulo State University (Unesp), Avenida Três de Março, 511, 18087-180, Sorocaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Estefânia Vangelie Ramos Campos
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Sorocaba Institute of Science and Technology (ICTS), São Paulo State University (Unesp), Avenida Três de Março, 511, 18087-180, Sorocaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Cláudia Vianna Maurer-Morelli
- Department of Translational Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (Unicamp), 13087-883, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Fernandes Fraceto
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Sorocaba Institute of Science and Technology (ICTS), São Paulo State University (Unesp), Avenida Três de Março, 511, 18087-180, Sorocaba, São Paulo, Brazil
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Zohri M, Arefian E, Akbari Javar H, Gazori T, Aghaee-Bakhtiari SH, Taheri M, Fatahi Y, Azadi A, Khoshayand MR, Ghahremani MH. Potential of chitosan/alginate nanoparticles as a non-viral vector for gene delivery: Formulation and optimization using D-optimal design. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2021; 128:112262. [PMID: 34474821 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2021.112262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Chitosan/alginate (Chi/Alg) nanoparticles as a non-viral vector for the Smad4 encoding plasmid were optimized utilizing D-optimal design based on the nanoparticles/plasmid ratio, Chi/Alg MW, and preparation method type. Following the optimization and validation of the best formula, morphology studies and FTIR measurements were performed to evaluate the optimized Chi/Alg/S NPs. Toxicity (MTT assay) and transfection studies were performed for the best formula in comparison with Lipofectamine 2000, and Polyethyleneimine (PEI) and evaluated using Green Fluorescence Protein (GFP) assay, Flow cytometry, and RT-PCR. The model predicted a particle size of 111 nm, loading efficacy (LE) of 43%, cumulative release (CMR) of 39%, the ζ-potential of +50 mV, and PDI of 0.13. The predicted point condition was as follows: NP ratio = 13, Chi/Alg MW ratio = 2.35, and preparation method type = 1. Microscopic findings revealed that the shape of nanoparticles was spherical. The Chi/Alg/S nanoparticles showed no toxicity and transfection efficacy of 29.9% was observed in comparison with Lipofectamine (35.5%) and PEI (30.9%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Zohri
- Nanotechnology Research Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ehsan Arefian
- Department of Microbiology, School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Hamid Akbari Javar
- Departments of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Taraneh Gazori
- Trita Nanomedicine Research Center (TNRC), Trita Third Millennium Pharmaceuticals, 1917733831 Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Hamid Aghaee-Bakhtiari
- Bioinformatics Research Group, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Taheri
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yousef Fatahi
- Nanotechnology Research Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Azadi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Khoshayand
- Department of Drug and Food Control, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Ghahremani
- Nanotechnology Research Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran.
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