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Jiao L, Sun Z, Sun Z, Liu J, Deng G, Wang X. Nanotechnology-based non-viral vectors for gene delivery in cardiovascular diseases. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2024; 12:1349077. [PMID: 38303912 PMCID: PMC10830866 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2024.1349077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Gene therapy is a technique that rectifies defective or abnormal genes by introducing exogenous genes into target cells to cure the disease. Although gene therapy has gained some accomplishment for the diagnosis and therapy of inherited or acquired cardiovascular diseases, how to efficiently and specifically deliver targeted genes to the lesion sites without being cleared by the blood system remains challenging. Based on nanotechnology development, the non-viral vectors provide a promising strategy for overcoming the difficulties in gene therapy. At present, according to the physicochemical properties, nanotechnology-based non-viral vectors include polymers, liposomes, lipid nanoparticles, and inorganic nanoparticles. Non-viral vectors have an advantage in safety, efficiency, and easy production, possessing potential clinical application value when compared with viral vectors. Therefore, we summarized recent research progress of gene therapy for cardiovascular diseases based on commonly used non-viral vectors, hopefully providing guidance and orientation for future relevant research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Jiao
- The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, China
| | - Zhuokai Sun
- Queen Mary School, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Zhihong Sun
- The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, China
| | - Jie Liu
- The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, China
| | - Guanjun Deng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiaozhong Wang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- School of Public Health, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
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Yang Y, Qing Y, Hao X, Fang C, Ouyang P, Li H, Wang Z, Liao Y, Fang H, Du J. APTES-Modified Remote Self-Assembled DNA-Based Electrochemical Biosensor for Human Papillomavirus DNA Detection. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:bios12070449. [PMID: 35884252 PMCID: PMC9312881 DOI: 10.3390/bios12070449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
High-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is an important cause of cervical cancer formation; therefore, being able to detect high-risk HPV (e.g., HPV-16) is important for the early treatment and prevention of cervical cancer. In this study, a combination of a 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) modified gold electrode and a super sandwich structure was creatively developed, resulting in the development of a biosensor that is both sensitive and stable for the detection of HPV-16. The electrochemical biosensor possesses a lower detection limit compared with previous studies with an LOD of 5.475 × 10−16 mol/L and it possesses a wide linear range from 1.0 × 10−13 mol/L to 1.0 × 10−6 mol/L (R2 = 0.9923) for the target DNA. The experimental data show that the sensor has good stability, and there is no significant decrease in the current response value after 7 days in the low-temperature environment. In addition, the sensor proved to be a powerful clinical tool for disease diagnosis because it showed good interference resistance in complex human serum samples.
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Zhang C, Xie H, Zhang Z, Wen B, Cao H, Bai Y, Che Q, Guo J, Su Z. Applications and Biocompatibility of Mesoporous Silica Nanocarriers in the Field of Medicine. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:829796. [PMID: 35153797 PMCID: PMC8832880 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.829796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesoporous silica nanocarrier (MSN) preparations have a wide range of medical applications. Studying the biocompatibility of MSN is an important part of clinical transformation. Scientists have developed different types of mesoporous silica nanocarriers (MSNs) for different applications to realize the great potential of MSNs in the field of biomedicine, especially in tumor treatment. MSNs have achieved good results in diagnostic bioimaging, tissue engineering, cancer treatment, vaccine development, biomaterial application and diagnostics. MSNs can improve the therapeutic efficiency of drugs, introduce new drug delivery strategies, and provide advantages that traditional drugs lack. It is necessary not only to innovate MSNs but also to comprehensively understand their biological distribution. In this review, we summarize the various medical uses of MSN preparations and explore the factors that affect their distribution and biocompatibility in the body based on metabolism. Designing more reasonable therapeutic nanomedicine is an important task for the further development of the potential clinical applications of MSNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengcheng Zhang
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Natural Products and New Drugs, Guangdong Provincial University Engineering Technology Research Center of Natural Products and Drugs, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Centre of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongyi Xie
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Natural Products and New Drugs, Guangdong Provincial University Engineering Technology Research Center of Natural Products and Drugs, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Centre of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhengyan Zhang
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Natural Products and New Drugs, Guangdong Provincial University Engineering Technology Research Center of Natural Products and Drugs, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Centre of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bingjian Wen
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Natural Products and New Drugs, Guangdong Provincial University Engineering Technology Research Center of Natural Products and Drugs, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Centre of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hua Cao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Zhongshan, China
| | - Yan Bai
- School of Public Health, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qishi Che
- Guangzhou Rainhome Pharm & Tech Co., Ltd., Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiao Guo
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Natural Products and New Drugs, Guangdong Provincial University Engineering Technology Research Center of Natural Products and Drugs, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Jiao Guo, ; Zhengquan Su,
| | - Zhengquan Su
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Natural Products and New Drugs, Guangdong Provincial University Engineering Technology Research Center of Natural Products and Drugs, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Centre of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Jiao Guo, ; Zhengquan Su,
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4
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Stawicki CM, Rinker TE, Burns M, Tonapi SS, Galimidi RP, Anumala D, Robinson JK, Klein JS, Mallick P. Modular fluorescent nanoparticle DNA probes for detection of peptides and proteins. Sci Rep 2021; 11:19921. [PMID: 34620912 PMCID: PMC8497506 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-99084-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Fluorescently labeled antibody and aptamer probes are used in biological studies to characterize binding interactions, measure concentrations of analytes, and sort cells. Fluorescent nanoparticle labels offer an excellent alternative to standard fluorescent labeling strategies due to their enhanced brightness, stability and multivalency; however, challenges in functionalization and characterization have impeded their use. This work introduces a straightforward approach for preparation of fluorescent nanoparticle probes using commercially available reagents and common laboratory equipment. Fluorescent polystyrene nanoparticles, Thermo Fisher Scientific FluoSpheres, were used in these proof-of-principle studies. Particle passivation was achieved by covalent attachment of amine-PEG-azide to carboxylated particles, neutralizing the surface charge from - 43 to - 15 mV. A conjugation-annealing handle and DNA aptamer probe were attached to the azide-PEG nanoparticle surface either through reaction of pre-annealed handle and probe or through a stepwise reaction of the nanoparticles with the handle followed by aptamer annealing. Nanoparticles functionalized with DNA aptamers targeting histidine tags and VEGF protein had high affinity (EC50s ranging from 3 to 12 nM) and specificity, and were more stable than conventional labels. This protocol for preparation of nanoparticle probes relies solely on commercially available reagents and common equipment, breaking down the barriers to use nanoparticles in biological experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Torri E Rinker
- Nautilus Biotechnology, 201 Industrial Rd #310, San Carlos, CA, 94070, USA.
| | - Markus Burns
- Nautilus Biotechnology, 201 Industrial Rd #310, San Carlos, CA, 94070, USA
| | - Sonal S Tonapi
- Nautilus Biotechnology, 201 Industrial Rd #310, San Carlos, CA, 94070, USA
| | - Rachel P Galimidi
- Nautilus Biotechnology, 201 Industrial Rd #310, San Carlos, CA, 94070, USA
| | - Deepthi Anumala
- Nautilus Biotechnology, 201 Industrial Rd #310, San Carlos, CA, 94070, USA
| | - Julia K Robinson
- Nautilus Biotechnology, 201 Industrial Rd #310, San Carlos, CA, 94070, USA
| | - Joshua S Klein
- Nautilus Biotechnology, 201 Industrial Rd #310, San Carlos, CA, 94070, USA
| | - Parag Mallick
- Nautilus Biotechnology, 201 Industrial Rd #310, San Carlos, CA, 94070, USA
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Shahid K, Ramasamy DL, Kaur P, Sillanpää M, Pihlajamäki A. Effect of modified anode on bioenergy harvesting and nutrients removal in a microbial nutrient recovery cell. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 332:125077. [PMID: 33823475 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.125077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The microbial nutrient recovery cell i.e. modified microbial fuel cell containing a middle recovery chamber can be used to purify wastewater and remove valuable nutrients, while simultaneously generating electricity. The study investigated nutrient removal and microorganism interactions with carbon (CB- HT and CB- APTES) and stainless steel (SSB-HT) modified anodes used in microbial nutrient recovery cells. The removal efficiencies of ammonium ions were found higher in carbon-based CB-APTES (~98%) and CB-HT (~98.27%) systems in comparison to SSB-HT (~87.16%) system. On comparing further, the removal efficiencies of chemical oxygen demand (~99.5%) and total phosphorus (~99%) in CB- APTES system were superior to the cases of CB- HT, and SSB- HT systems. Besides, the CB-APTES based microbial fuel cell (MFC) displayed an average stable voltage of 0.5 V and a maximum power density of ~ 850 mW/m2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanwal Shahid
- Department of Separation Science, School of Engineering Science, Lappeenranta-Lahti University of Technology, Sammonkatu 12, FI-50130 Mikkeli, Finland.
| | - Deepika Lakshmi Ramasamy
- Department of Separation Science, School of Engineering Science, Lappeenranta-Lahti University of Technology, Sammonkatu 12, FI-50130 Mikkeli, Finland
| | - Parminder Kaur
- Department of Separation Science, School of Engineering Science, Lappeenranta-Lahti University of Technology, Sammonkatu 12, FI-50130 Mikkeli, Finland
| | - Mika Sillanpää
- Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, 550000, Viet Nam; Faculty of Environment and Chemical Engineering, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, 550000, Viet Nam; School of Civil Engineering and Surveying, Faculty of Health, Engineering and Sciences, University of Southern Queensland, West Street, Toowoomba, QLD, 4350, Australia; Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Mining, Metallurgy and Chemical Engineering, University of Johannesburg, P. O. Box 17011, Doornfontein, 2028, South Africa
| | - Arto Pihlajamäki
- Department of Separation Science, School of Engineering Science, Lappeenranta-Lahti University of Technology, Sammonkatu 12, FI-50130 Mikkeli, Finland
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6
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Yoo J, Jeong H, Park SK, Park S, Lee JS. Interdigitated Electrode Biosensor Based on Plasma-Deposited TiO 2 Nanoparticles for Detecting DNA. BIOSENSORS-BASEL 2021; 11:bios11070212. [PMID: 34209744 PMCID: PMC8301939 DOI: 10.3390/bios11070212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Bioelectrodes mediated by metal oxide nanoparticles have facilitated the development of new sensors in medical diagnosis. High-purity TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesized through thermal plasma and deposited directly on an interdigitated electrode. The surface of the TiO2-deposited electrode was activated with (3-aminopropyl) triethoxysilane (APTES) followed by fixing the single-stranded probe deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) to fabricate the DNA biosensor. The structural properties of the deposited TiO2 nanoparticles were analyzed using a transmission electron microscope (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and a dynamic light scattering (DLS) system. The chemical composition and structural properties of the TiO2 nanoparticle layer and the fixed layer were analyzed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). E. coli O157:H7, a well-known pernicious pathogenic bacterial species, was detected as a target DNA of the prepared DNA biosensor, and the characteristics of DNA detection were determined by the current change using a picoammeter. The degree of binding between the probe DNA and the target DNA was converted into an electrical signal using the picoammeter method to quantitatively analyze the concentration of the target DNA. With the specificity experiment, it was confirmed that the biosensor was able to discriminate between nucleotides with mismatched, non-complementary, or complementary sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jhongryul Yoo
- Department of Life Science and Chemistry, Daejin University, 1007 Hoguk Road, Pocheon-si 11159, Korea; (J.Y.); (H.J.)
| | - Hongin Jeong
- Department of Life Science and Chemistry, Daejin University, 1007 Hoguk Road, Pocheon-si 11159, Korea; (J.Y.); (H.J.)
| | - Seo Kyung Park
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute of Basic Sciences, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Korea;
| | - Sungho Park
- Department of Life Science and Chemistry, Daejin University, 1007 Hoguk Road, Pocheon-si 11159, Korea; (J.Y.); (H.J.)
- Correspondence: (S.P.); (J.S.L.)
| | - Je Seung Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute of Basic Sciences, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Korea;
- Correspondence: (S.P.); (J.S.L.)
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Mukherjee MB, Mullick R, Reddy BU, Das S, Raichur AM. Galactose Functionalized Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles As Delivery Vehicle in the Treatment of Hepatitis C Infection. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2020; 3:7598-7610. [PMID: 35019500 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.0c00814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
DNA and RNA based antiviral strategies using nonviral vectors have shown better potential over the viral pathway due to the fewer chances of gene recombination and immunogenicity. In this work a mesoporous silica nanoparticle (MSN) based carrier system has been used for targeted delivery of shDNA molecule against the conserved 5'-untranslated region (UTR) in the RNA of a hepatitis C virus to inhibit its replication. The MSNs coated with amine and galactose could specifically target liver cells. Significant reduction (about 94%) of viral RNA level was achieved in HCV-JFH1 infectious cell culture compared to the control RNA levels directed the successful delivery and action of the shDNA. This study showed that Gal-AMSN can be used as a synthetic delivery vector to deliver the shDNA effectively for the treatment of HCV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mousumi Beto Mukherjee
- Department of Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Ranajoy Mullick
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - B Uma Reddy
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Saumitra Das
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Ashok M Raichur
- Department of Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
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Ruiz-Cañas MC, Corredor LM, Quintero HI, Manrique E, Romero Bohórquez AR. Morphological and Structural Properties of Amino-Functionalized Fumed Nanosilica and Its Comparison with Nanoparticles Obtained by Modified Stöber Method. Molecules 2020; 25:E2868. [PMID: 32580500 PMCID: PMC7355829 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25122868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In industry, silica nanoparticles (NPs) are obtained by the fuming and the precipitation method. Fumed silica NPs are commonly used in the preparation of nanocomposites because they have an extremely low bulk density (160-190 kg/m3), large surface area (50-600 m2/g), and nonporous surface, which promotes strong physical contact between the NPs and the organic phase. Fumed silica has fewer silanol groups (Si-OH) on its surface than the silica prepared by the Stöber method. However, the number of -OH groups on the fumed silica surface can be increased by pretreating them with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) before further surface modification. In this study, the effectiveness of the NaOH pretreatment was evaluated on commercial fumed silica NPs with a surface area of 200 m2/g. The number of surface -OH groups was estimated by potentiometric titration. The pretreated fumed NPs, and the precipitated NPs (prepared by the Stöber method) were modified with 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) to obtain A200S and nSiO2-APTES, respectively. The NPs were characterized using electron dispersive scanning (EDS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), BET (Brunauer-Emmett-Teller) analysis, and ζ-potential. XRD confirmed the presence of the organo-functional group on the surface of both NPs. After the amino-functionalization, the ζ-potential values of the nSiO2 and A200 changed from -35.5 mV and -14.4 mV to +26.2 mV and +11.76 mV, respectively. Consequently, we have successfully synthesized functionalized NPs with interesting, specific surface area and porosity (pore volume and size), which can be attractive materials for chemical and energy industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- María C. Ruiz-Cañas
- Grupo de Investigación en Química Estructural, Parque Tecnológico Guatiguará, Universidad Industrial de Santander, A.A. 678, Piedecuesta 681011, Colombia
| | - Laura M. Corredor
- Instituto Colombiano del Petróleo, ECOPETROL S.A., A.A. 4185, Piedecuesta 681017, Colombia; (L.M.C.); (H.I.Q.); (E.M.)
| | - Henderson I. Quintero
- Instituto Colombiano del Petróleo, ECOPETROL S.A., A.A. 4185, Piedecuesta 681017, Colombia; (L.M.C.); (H.I.Q.); (E.M.)
| | - Eduardo Manrique
- Instituto Colombiano del Petróleo, ECOPETROL S.A., A.A. 4185, Piedecuesta 681017, Colombia; (L.M.C.); (H.I.Q.); (E.M.)
| | - Arnold R. Romero Bohórquez
- Grupo de Investigación en Química Estructural, Parque Tecnológico Guatiguará, Universidad Industrial de Santander, A.A. 678, Piedecuesta 681011, Colombia
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Wu M, Chen J, Huang W, Yan B, Peng Q, Liu J, Chen L, Zeng H. Injectable and Self-Healing Nanocomposite Hydrogels with Ultrasensitive pH-Responsiveness and Tunable Mechanical Properties: Implications for Controlled Drug Delivery. Biomacromolecules 2020; 21:2409-2420. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.0c00347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Meng Wu
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Jingsi Chen
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Weijuan Huang
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - Bin Yan
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Qiongyao Peng
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Jifang Liu
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada
- The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510700, China
| | - Lingyun Chen
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - Hongbo Zeng
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada
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Jolfaei NA, Jolfaei NA, Hekmatifar M, Piranfar A, Toghraie D, Sabetvand R, Rostami S. Investigation of thermal properties of DNA structure with precise atomic arrangement via equilibrium and non-equilibrium molecular dynamics approaches. COMPUTER METHODS AND PROGRAMS IN BIOMEDICINE 2020; 185:105169. [PMID: 31715331 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmpb.2019.105169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 10/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Thermal conductivity of Deoxyribonucleic acid molecules is important for nanotechnology applications. Theoretical simulations based on simple models predict thermal conductivity for these molecular structures. METHODS In this work, we calculate the thermal properties of Deoxyribonucleic acid with precise atomic arrangement via equilibrium and non-equilibrium molecular dynamics approaches. In these methods, each Deoxyribonucleic acid molecule is represented by C, N, O, and P atoms and implemented dreidng potential to describe their atomic interactions. RESULTS Our calculated rate for thermal conductivity via equilibrium and non-equilibrium molecular dynamics methods is 0.381 W/m K and 0.373 W/m K, respectively. By comparing results from these two methods, it was found that the results from equilibrium and non-equilibrium molecular dynamics methods are identical, approximately. On the other hand, the number of DNA molecules and the equilibrium temperature of the simulated structures were important factors in their thermal conductivity rates, and their thermal conductivity was calculated at 0.323 W/m K-0.381 W/m K intervals for equilibrium and 0.303 W/m K-0.373 W/m K interval for non-equilibrium calculations. CONCLUSIONS These results are in good agreement with thermal conductivity calculation with other research groups.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Niyusha Adavoodi Jolfaei
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, KLE College of Pharmacy, 2nd block, Rajajinagar, Bengaluru, Karnatka, India
| | - Maboud Hekmatifar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Khomeinishahr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Khomeinishahr, Iran
| | - Anahita Piranfar
- Biomechanic Department, Biomedical Engineering Faculty, Mashhad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Davood Toghraie
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Khomeinishahr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Khomeinishahr, Iran
| | - Roozbeh Sabetvand
- Department of Energy Engineering and Physics, Faculty of Condensed Matter Physics, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sara Rostami
- Laboratory of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, Advanced Institute of Materials Science, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam; Faculty of Applied Sciences, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
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11
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Levina A, Repkova M, Ismagilov Z, Zarytova V. Methods of the Synthesis of Silicon-Containing Nanoparticles Intended for Nucleic Acid Delivery. EURASIAN CHEMICO-TECHNOLOGICAL JOURNAL 2018. [DOI: 10.18321/ectj720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
A promising new approach to the treatment of viral infections and genetic diseases associated with damaged or foreign nucleic acids in the body is gene therapy, i.e., the use of antisense oligonucleotides, ribozymes, deoxyribozymes, siRNA, plasmid DNA, etc. (therapeutic nucleic acids). Selective recognition of target nucleic acids by these compounds based on highly specific complementary interaction can minimize negative side effects, which occur with currently used low molecular weight drugs. To apply a new generation of therapeutic agents in medical practice, it is necessary to solve the problem of their delivery into cells. Silicon-containing nanoparticles are considered as promising carriers for this purpose due to their biocompatibility, low toxicity, ability to biodegradation and excretion from the body, as well as the simplicity of the synthesis and modification. Silicon-containing nanoparticles are divided into two broad categories: solid (nonporous) and mesoporous silicon nanoparticles (MSN). This review gives a brief overview of the creation of mesoporous, multilayer, and other silicon-based nanoparticles. The publications concerning solid silicon-organic nanoparticles capable of binding and delivering nucleic acids into cells are discussed in more detail with emphasis on methods for their synthesis. The review covers publications over the past 15 years, which describe the classical Stöber method, the microemulsion method, modification of commercial silica nanoparticles, and other strategies.
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Levina AS, Repkova MN, Shikina NV, Ismagilov ZR, Yashnik SA, Semenov DV, Savinovskaya YI, Mazurkova NA, Pyshnaya IA, Zarytova VF. Non-agglomerated silicon-organic nanoparticles and their nanocomplexes with oligonucleotides: synthesis and properties. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2018; 9:2516-2525. [PMID: 30345214 PMCID: PMC6176811 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.9.234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The development of efficient and convenient systems for the delivery of nucleic-acid-based drugs into cells is an urgent task. А promising approach is the use of various nanoparticles. Silica nanoparticles can be used as vehicles to deliver nucleic acid fragments into cells. In this work, we developed a method for the synthesis of silicon-organic (Si-NH2) non-agglomerated nanoparticles by the hydrolysis of aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES). The resulting product forms a clear solution containing nanoparticles in the form of low molecular weight polymer chains with [─Si(OH)(C3H6NH2)O─] monomer units. Oligonucleotides (ODN) were conjugated to the prepared Si-NH2 nanoparticles using the electrostatic interaction between positively charged amino groups of nanoparticles and negatively charged internucleotide phosphate groups in oligonucleotides. The Si-NH2 nanoparticles and Si-NH2·ODN nanocomplexes were characterized by transmission electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy and IR and electron spectroscopy. The size and zeta potential values of the prepared nanoparticles and nanocomplexes were evaluated. Oligonucleotides in Si-NH2·ODN complexes retain their ability to form complementary duplexes. The Si-NH2 Flu nanoparticles and Si-NH2·ODNFlu nanocomplexes were shown by fluorescence microscopy to penetrate into human cells. The Si-NH2 Flu nanoparticles predominantly accumulated in the cytoplasm whereas ODNFlu complexes were predominantly detected in the cellular nuclei. The Si-NH2·ODN nanocomplexes demonstrated a high antisense activity against the influenza A virus in a cell culture at a concentration that was lower than their 50% toxic concentration by three orders of magnitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asya S Levina
- Novosibirsk State University, ul. Pirogova 2, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, pr. Lavrent’eva 8, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Marina N Repkova
- Novosibirsk State University, ul. Pirogova 2, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, pr. Lavrent’eva 8, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Nadezhda V Shikina
- Institute of Catalysis, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, pr. Lavrent’eva 5, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Zinfer R Ismagilov
- Institute of Catalysis, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, pr. Lavrent’eva 5, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Svetlana A Yashnik
- Institute of Catalysis, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, pr. Lavrent’eva 5, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Dmitrii V Semenov
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, pr. Lavrent’eva 8, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Yulia I Savinovskaya
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, pr. Lavrent’eva 8, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Natalia A Mazurkova
- FBRI State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology "Vector", Koltsovo, Novosibirsk region, 630559, Russia
| | - Inna A Pyshnaya
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, pr. Lavrent’eva 8, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Valentina F Zarytova
- Novosibirsk State University, ul. Pirogova 2, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, pr. Lavrent’eva 8, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
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13
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Babaei M, Eshghi H, Abnous K, Rahimizadeh M, Ramezani M. Promising gene delivery system based on polyethylenimine-modified silica nanoparticles. Cancer Gene Ther 2017; 24:156-164. [PMID: 28128214 DOI: 10.1038/cgt.2016.73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
This article reports on the synthesis and full characterization of innovative silica-based nanoparticle composed of fumed silica as a core decorated with polyethylenimine (PEI) with different molecular weights (25, 10 and 1.8 kDa). Wide range of analytical, spectroscopic, and microscopic methods (TEM, DLS, ζ potential, elemental analysis (EA), TNBS and FTIR) were used to characterize the nanoparticles. Furthermore, transfection efficiency of these nanoparticles as non-viral vector was examined. The silica-PEI conjugates retained both the ability of PEI to fully condense plasmid DNA at low N/P ratios and suitable buffering capacity at the endosomal pH range. PEI-functionalized silica remarkably enhanced EGFP-N1 gene expression in murine neuroblastoma (Neuro-2A) cells up to 38 folds compared to PEI 25 kDa. Meanwhile the results of the cytotoxicity assays indicated that these silica-PEI conjugates have acceptable level of viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Babaei
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - H Eshghi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Kh Abnous
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - M Rahimizadeh
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - M Ramezani
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Shen X, Wang Q, Liu Y, Xue W, Ma L, Feng S, Wan M, Wang F, Mao C. Manganese Phosphate Self-assembled Nanoparticle Surface and Its application for Superoxide Anion Detection. Sci Rep 2016; 6:28989. [PMID: 27357008 PMCID: PMC4928044 DOI: 10.1038/srep28989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantitative analysis of superoxide anion (O2(·-)) has increasing importance considering its potential damages to organism. Herein, a novel Mn-superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) mimics, silica-manganous phosphate (SiO2-Mn3(PO4)2) nanoparticles, were designed and synthesized by surface self-assembly processes that occur on the surface of silica-phytic acid (SiO2-PA) nanoparticles. The composite nanoparticles were characterized by fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electronic microscopy (SEM), electron diffraction pattern, energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and elemental mapping. Then the electrochemical measurements of O2(·-) based on the incorporation of SiO2-Mn3(PO4)2 onto the surface of electrodes were performed, and some satisfactory results were obtained. This is the first report that manganous phosphate (Mn3(PO4)2) nanoparticles with shape-controlled, but not multilayer sheets, were utilized for O2(·-) detection. The surface self-assembly technology we proposed will offer the ideal material to construct more types biosensor and catalytic system for its nanosized effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Shen
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biofunctional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Qi Wang
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biofunctional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yuhong Liu
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biofunctional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Wenxiao Xue
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biofunctional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Lie Ma
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biofunctional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Shuaihui Feng
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biofunctional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Mimi Wan
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biofunctional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Fenghe Wang
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biofunctional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Chun Mao
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biofunctional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
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Ruggiero I, Terracciano M, Martucci NM, De Stefano L, Migliaccio N, Tatè R, Rendina I, Arcari P, Lamberti A, Rea I. Diatomite silica nanoparticles for drug delivery. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2014; 9:329. [PMID: 25024689 PMCID: PMC4090628 DOI: 10.1186/1556-276x-9-329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2014] [Accepted: 06/20/2014] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Diatomite is a natural fossil material of sedimentary origin, constituted by fragments of diatom siliceous skeletons. In this preliminary work, the properties of diatomite nanoparticles as potential system for the delivery of drugs in cancer cells were exploited. A purification procedure, based on thermal treatments in strong acid solutions, was used to remove inorganic and organic impurities from diatomite and to make them a safe material for medical applications. The micrometric diatomite powder was reduced in nanoparticles by mechanical crushing, sonication, and filtering. Morphological analysis performed by dynamic light scattering and transmission electron microscopy reveals a particles size included between 100 and 300 nm. Diatomite nanoparticles were functionalized by 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane and labeled by tetramethylrhodamine isothiocyanate. Different concentrations of chemically modified nanoparticles were incubated with cancer cells and confocal microscopy was performed. Imaging analysis showed an efficient cellular uptake and homogeneous distribution of nanoparticles in cytoplasm and nucleus, thus suggesting their potentiality as nanocarriers for drug delivery. PACS 87.85.J81.05.Rm; 61.46. + w.
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Affiliation(s)
- Immacolata Ruggiero
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples 80131, Italy
| | - Monica Terracciano
- Institute for Microelectronics and Microsystems, National Council of Research, Naples 80131, Italy
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples 80131, Italy
| | - Nicola M Martucci
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples 80131, Italy
| | - Luca De Stefano
- Institute for Microelectronics and Microsystems, National Council of Research, Naples 80131, Italy
| | - Nunzia Migliaccio
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples 80131, Italy
| | - Rosarita Tatè
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics, National Council of Research, Naples 80131, Italy
| | - Ivo Rendina
- Institute for Microelectronics and Microsystems, National Council of Research, Naples 80131, Italy
| | - Paolo Arcari
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples 80131, Italy
| | - Annalisa Lamberti
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples 80131, Italy
| | - Ilaria Rea
- Institute for Microelectronics and Microsystems, National Council of Research, Naples 80131, Italy
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Different effects of the immunomodulatory drug GMDP immobilized onto aminopropyl modified and unmodified mesoporous silica nanoparticles upon peritoneal macrophages of women with endometriosis. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:924362. [PMID: 24455738 PMCID: PMC3884600 DOI: 10.1155/2013/924362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 10/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present work was to compare in vitro the possibility of application of unmodified silica nanoparticles (UMNPs) and modified by aminopropyl groups silica nanoparticles (AMNPs) for topical delivery of immunomodulatory drug GMDP to the peritoneal macrophages of women with endometriosis. The absence of cytotoxic effect and high cellular uptake was demonstrated for both types of silica nanoparticles. The immobilization of GMDP on the UMNPs led to the suppression of the stimulatory effect of GMDP on the membrane expression of scavenger receptors SR-AI and SR-B, mRNAs expression of NOD2 and RAGE, and synthesis of proteolytic enzyme MMP-9 and its inhibitor TIMP-1. GMDP, immobilized onto AMNPs, enhanced the initially reduced membrane expression of SRs and increased NOD2, RAGE, and MMP-9 mRNAs expression by macrophages. Simultaneously high level of mRNAs expression of factors, preventing undesirable hyperactivation of peritoneal macrophages (SOCS1 and TIMP-1), was observed in macrophages incubated in the presence of GMDP, immobilized onto AMNPs. The effect of AMNPs immobilized GMDP in some cases exceeded the effect of free GMDP. Thus, among the studied types of silica nanoparticles, AMNPs are the most suitable nanoparticles for topical delivery of GMDP to the peritoneal macrophages.
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Jiang YR, Zhang ZH, Liu QY, Hu SY, Chen XY, Jia XB. Preparation, characterization, and in vivo evaluation of tanshinone IIA solid dispersions with silica nanoparticles. Int J Nanomedicine 2013; 8:2285-93. [PMID: 23836971 PMCID: PMC3699171 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s40374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We prepared solid dispersions (SDs) of tanshinone IIA (TSIIA) with silica nanoparticles, which function as dispersing carriers, using a spray-drying method and evaluated their in vitro dissolution and in vivo performance. The extent of TSIIA dissolution in the silica nanoparticles/TSIIA system (weight ratio, 5:1) was approximately 92% higher than that of the pure drug after 60 minutes. However, increasing the content of silica nanoparticles from 5:1 to 7:1 in this system did not significantly increase the rate or extent of TSIIA dissolution. The physicochemical properties of SDs were investigated using scanning electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray powder diffraction, and Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy. Studying the stability of the SDs of TSIIA revealed that the drug content of the formulation and dissolution behavior was unchanged under the applied storage conditions. In vivo tests showed that SDs of the silica nanoparticles/TSIIA had a significantly larger area under the concentration-time curve, which was 1.27 times more than that of TSIIA (P < 0.01). Additionally, the values of maximum plasma concentration and the time to reach maximum plasma concentration of the SDs were higher than those of TSIIA and the physical mixing system. Based on these results, we conclude that the silica nanoparticle based SDs achieved complete dissolution, increased absorption rate, maintained drug stability, and showed improved oral bioavailability compared to TSIIA alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-rong Jiang
- Key Laboratory of New Drug Delivery System of Chinese Materia Medica, Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
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Zarogouldis P, Karamanos NK, Porpodis K, Domvri K, Huang H, Hohenforst-Schimdt W, Goldberg EP, Zarogoulidis K. Vectors for inhaled gene therapy in lung cancer. Application for nano oncology and safety of bio nanotechnology. Int J Mol Sci 2012; 13:10828-10862. [PMID: 23109824 PMCID: PMC3472716 DOI: 10.3390/ijms130910828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2012] [Revised: 08/21/2012] [Accepted: 08/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel aerosol therapeutic modalities have been investigated for lung cancer. Inhaled gene therapy has presented safety and effectiveness previously in cystic fibrosis. However, safety concerns have been raised regarding the safety of non-viral vectors for inhaled gene therapy in lung cancer, and therefore small steps have been made towards this multifunctional treatment modality. During the last decade, numerous new nanocomplexes have been created and investigated as a safe gene delivery nano-vehicle. These formulations are multifunctional; they can be used as either local therapy or carrier for an effective inhaled gene therapy for lung cancer. Herein, we present current and future perspectives of nanocomplexes for inhaled gene therapy treatment in lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Zarogouldis
- Pulmonary Department-Oncology Unit, “G. Papanikolaou” General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 57010, Greece; E-Mails: (K.P.); (K.D.); (K.Z.)
- Pulmonary Department-Interventional Unit, “Ruhrland Klinik”, University of Essen, Essen 45239, Germany
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +30-697-727-1974; Fax: +30-231-099-2433
| | - Nikos K. Karamanos
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, University of Patras, Patras 25200, Greece; E-Mail:
| | - Konstantinos Porpodis
- Pulmonary Department-Oncology Unit, “G. Papanikolaou” General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 57010, Greece; E-Mails: (K.P.); (K.D.); (K.Z.)
| | - Kalliopi Domvri
- Pulmonary Department-Oncology Unit, “G. Papanikolaou” General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 57010, Greece; E-Mails: (K.P.); (K.D.); (K.Z.)
| | - Haidong Huang
- Department of Respiratory diseases, Changhai hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China; E-Mail:
| | | | - Eugene P. Goldberg
- Biomaterials Science & Engineering, Department of Materials Science & Engineering, University of Florida, FL 32611, USA; E-Mail:
| | - Konstantinos Zarogoulidis
- Pulmonary Department-Oncology Unit, “G. Papanikolaou” General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 57010, Greece; E-Mails: (K.P.); (K.D.); (K.Z.)
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