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Verma H, Narendra G, Raju B, Singh PK, Silakari O. Dihydropyrimidine Dehydrogenase-Mediated Resistance to 5-Fluorouracil: Mechanistic Investigation and Solution. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2022; 5:1017-1033. [PMID: 36407958 PMCID: PMC9667542 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.2c00117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) is one of the most widely used chemotherapeutics for the treatment of cancers associated with the aerodigestive tract, breast, and colorectal system. The efficacy of 5-FU is majorly affected by dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD) as it degrades more than 80% of administered 5-FU into an inactive metabolite, dihydrofluorouracil. Herein we discuss the molecular mechanism of this inactivation by analyzing the interaction pattern and electrostatic complementarity of the DPD-5-FU complex. The basis of DPD overexpression in cancer cell lines due to significantly distinct levels of the miRNAs (miR-134, miR-27b, and miR-27a) compared to normal cells has also been outlined. Additionally, some kinases including sphingosine kinase 2 (SphK2) have been reported to correlate with DPD expression. Currently, to address this problem various strategies are reported in the literature, including 5-FU analogues (bypass the DPD-mediated inactivation), DPD downregulators (regulate the DPD expression levels in tumors), inhibitors (as promising adjuvants), and formulation development loaded with 5-FU (liposomes, nanoparticles, nanogels, etc.), which are briefly discussed in this Review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himanshu Verma
- Molecular
Modeling Lab, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab147002, India
| | - Gera Narendra
- Molecular
Modeling Lab, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab147002, India
| | - Baddipadige Raju
- Molecular
Modeling Lab, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab147002, India
| | - Pankaj Kumar Singh
- Integrative
Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedicine, Faculty of
Medicine, University of Turku, FI-20520Turku, Finland
| | - Om Silakari
- Molecular
Modeling Lab, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab147002, India
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Carbohydrate Polymer-Based Targeted Pharmaceutical Formulations for Colorectal Cancer: Systematic Review of the Literature. POLYSACCHARIDES 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/polysaccharides3040040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Colon cancer is the third most diagnosed cancer worldwide, followed by lung and breast cancer. Conventional treatment methods are associated with numerous side effects and compliance issues. Thus, colon targeted drug delivery has gained much attention due to its evident advantages. Although many technologies have been explored, the use of pH-sensitive polymers, especially biodegradable polymers, holds exceptional promise. This review aims to collate research articles concerning recent advances in this area. A systematic search using multiple databases (Google Scholar, EMBASE, PubMed, MEDLINE and Scopus) was carried out following the preferred reported items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines with an aim to explore the use of pH-sensitive carbohydrate polymers in developing colon targeted pharmaceutical formulations. Following screening and quality assessment for eligibility, 42 studies were included, exploring either single or a combination of carbohydrate polymers to develop targeted formulations for colon cancer therapy. Pectin (11) is the most widely used of these biopolymers, followed by chitosan (09), alginate (09) and guar gum (08). This systematic review has successfully gathered experimental evidence highlighting the importance of employing carbohydrate polymers in developing targeting formulations to manage colon cancer.
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Roche KC, Medik YB, Rodgers Z, Warner S, Wang AZ. Cancer Nanotherapeutics Administered by Non-conventional Routes. Bioanalysis 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-01775-0_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Mohammed MO, Hussain KS, Haj NQ. Preparation and Bioactivity Assessment of Chitosan-1-Acetic Acid-5-Flurouracil Conjugates as Cancer Prodrugs. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22111629. [PMID: 29117097 PMCID: PMC6150397 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22111629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
5-fluorouracil (5-FU) is a specific anti-cancer agent that is generally used to treat gastrointestinal, colorectal, and breast cancer. In this work, chitosan (CS) was extracted from local fish scales using an established method. 5-FU was then converted to 1-acetic acid-5-fluorouracil (FUAC) and reacted with this CS to prepare chitosan-1-acetic acid-5-fluorouracil (CS-FUAC) conjugates as a colon-specific prodrug. All compounds were characterized by Proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR), Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR), and UV-visible spectroscopy. The synthesized compound was subjected to a chemical stability study in phosphate buffer (0.2 M, pH 7.4) and in KCl/HCl buffer (0.2 M, pH 1.2) at different time intervals (0–240 min) and incubation at 37 °C. This revealed a significantly greater stability and a longer half-life for the CS-FUAC than for FUAC. Hemolytic activity results indicated a much lower toxicity for CS-FUAC than for 5-FU and supported consideration of CS-FUAC for further biological screening and application trials. The percentage of FUAC in the conjugates was determined by subjecting the prodrug to treatment in basic media to hydrolyze the amide bond, followed by absorbency measurements at 273 nm. The cytotoxicity studies of the conjugates were also evaluated on human colorectal cancer cell line (HT-29), which showed that the conjugates are more cytotoxic than the free drug. Therefore, CS-FUAC conjugates can be considered to represent potential colon-specific drug delivery agents, with minimal undesirable side effects, for colon cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsin O Mohammed
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Kirkuk University, Kirkuk 00964, Iraq.
| | - Kameran S Hussain
- Department of Chemistry, College of Nursing, Kirkuk University, Kirkuk 00964, Iraq.
| | - Nadia Q Haj
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Kirkuk University, Kirkuk 00964, Iraq.
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Ashwanikumar N, Kumar NA, Saneesh Babu PS, Sivakumar KC, Vadakkan MV, Nair P, Hema Saranya I, Asha Nair S, Vinod Kumar GS. Self-assembling peptide nanofibers containing phenylalanine for the controlled release of 5-fluorouracil. Int J Nanomedicine 2016; 11:5583-5594. [PMID: 27822037 PMCID: PMC5087806 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s104707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The study shows that RADA-F6 peptide with pH-responsive self-assembling nature can be effectively used as a drug delivery system for the sustained release of a potent anticancer drug 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) at basic pH. As 5-FU contains the aromatic pyrimidine ring, RADA-F6 system is suitable for entrapping an aromatic drug due to effective π-π stacking with phenylalanine and be able to show better controlled release behavior. The stability and controlled release nature of RADA-F6 in different conditions followed by 5-FU entrapment at in silico conditions was confirmed by molecular dynamics simulation taking RADA-16 as control. Cytotoxicity of the drug-loaded RADA-F6 was measured by MTT assay and cellular uptake by confocal microscopy. Physicochemical characterization and further Western blot analysis and flow cytometric studies confirm that RADA-F6 can be successfully used as an efficient vector for pH-sensitive, controlled 5-FU delivery system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Krishnankutty C Sivakumar
- Distributed Information Sub-Centre (Bioinformatics Centre), Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Poojappura, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | | | - Parvathi Nair
- Chemical Biology, Nano Drug Delivery Systems, Bio-Innovation Center
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GAO JISHENG, WU HONGWEI, LIU JINFENG. Importance of gut microbiota in health and diseases of new born infants. Exp Ther Med 2016; 12:28-32. [PMID: 27347013 PMCID: PMC4906629 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2016.3253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The multifarious assortment of microorganisms present in gut of humans is termed as gut microbiota. These include 1,000 species accompanied by approximately 2 million genes in an individual adult. The gut microbiota has multifactorial protective roles against allergic reactions, inflammation, cardiac pathological states and even in the state of malignant carcinogenesis existing in humans. By contrast, adverse alterations in the microbiota result in chronic pathological states, including autoimmune diseases, cancer and circulatory system obstructions. Gut bacteria also maintain sensitivity towards nutritional changes as well as antibiotics. The present review article focused on the importance of gut bacteria in newborn infants with special reference to their protective role in various pediatric pathological states linked with gut bacteria. In addition, the importance of probiotics in relation to gut microbiota are to be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- JISHENG GAO
- Department of Neonatology, Xuzhou Chlidren's Hospital, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, P.R. China
| | - HONGWEI WU
- Department of Neonatology, Xuzhou Chlidren's Hospital, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, P.R. China
| | - JINFENG LIU
- Department of Neonatology, Xuzhou Chlidren's Hospital, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, P.R. China
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Exploring Different Strategies for Efficient Delivery of Colorectal Cancer Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:26936-52. [PMID: 26569228 PMCID: PMC4661854 DOI: 10.3390/ijms161125995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Revised: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer and the fourth leading cause of cancer death in the world. Currently available chemotherapy of CRC usually delivers the drug to both normal as well as cancerous tissues, thus leading to numerous undesirable effects. Much emphasis is being laid on the development of effective drug delivery systems for achieving selective delivery of the active moiety at the anticipated site of action with minimized unwanted side effects. Researchers have employed various techniques (dependent on pH, time, pressure and/or bacteria) for targeting drugs directly to the colonic region. On the other hand, systemic drug delivery strategies to specific molecular targets (such as FGFR, EGFR, CD44, EpCAM, CA IX, PPARγ and COX-2) overexpressed by cancerous cells have also been shown to be effective. This review aims to put forth an overview of drug delivery technologies that have been, and may be developed, for the treatment of CRC.
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Qiu J, Zhang R, Li J, Sang Y, Tang W, Rivera Gil P, Liu H. Fluorescent graphene quantum dots as traceable, pH-sensitive drug delivery systems. Int J Nanomedicine 2015; 10:6709-24. [PMID: 26604747 PMCID: PMC4630193 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s91864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Graphene quantum dots (GQDs) were rationally fabricated as a traceable drug delivery system for the targeted, pH-sensitive delivery of a chemotherapeutic drug into cancer cells. The GQDs served as fluorescent carriers for a well-known anticancer drug, doxorubicin (Dox). The whole system has the capacity for simultaneous tracking of the carrier and of drug release. Dox release is triggered upon acidification of the intracellular vesicles, where the carriers are located after their uptake by cancer cells. Further functionalization of the loaded carriers with targeting moieties such as arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (RGD) peptides enhanced their uptake by cancer cells. DU-145 and PC-3 human prostate cancer cell lines were used to evaluate the anticancer ability of Dox-loaded RGD-modified GQDs (Dox-RGD-GQDs). The results demonstrated the feasibility of using GQDs as traceable drug delivery systems with the ability for the pH-triggered delivery of drugs into target cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jichuan Qiu
- Center of Bio and Micro/Nano Functional Materials, State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ruibin Zhang
- Blood Purification Center, Jinan Central Hospital, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianhua Li
- Center of Bio and Micro/Nano Functional Materials, State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuanhua Sang
- Center of Bio and Micro/Nano Functional Materials, State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Tang
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Pilar Rivera Gil
- Institute of Chemistry, Rovira i Virgili University, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Hong Liu
- Center of Bio and Micro/Nano Functional Materials, State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan, People’s Republic of China
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
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Qu CY, Zhou M, Chen YW, Chen MM, Shen F, Xu LM. Engineering of lipid prodrug-based, hyaluronic acid-decorated nanostructured lipid carriers platform for 5-fluorouracil and cisplatin combination gastric cancer therapy. Int J Nanomedicine 2015; 10:3911-20. [PMID: 26089667 PMCID: PMC4468988 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s83211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The first-line chemotherapy treatment protocol for gastric cancer is combination chemotherapy of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and cisplatin (CDDP). The aim of this study was to engineer prodrug-based nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) platform for codelivery of 5-FU and CDDP to enhance therapy and decrease toxicity. METHODS First, 5-FU-stearic acid lipid conjugate was synthesized by two steps. Second, 5-FU-stearic acid prodrug and CDDP were loaded in NLC. Finally, hyaluronic acid (HA) was coated onto NLC surface. Average size, zeta potential, and drug loading capacity of NLC were evaluated. Human gastric cancer cell line BGC823 (BGC823 cells) was used for the testing of in vitro cytotoxicity assays. In vivo antitumor activity of NLC was evaluated in mice bearing BGC823 cells model. RESULTS HA-coated 5-FU-stearic acid prodrug and CDDP-loaded NLC (HA-FU/C-NLC) showed a synergistic effect in combination therapy and displayed the greatest antitumor activity than all of the free drugs or uncoated NLC in vitro and in vivo. CONCLUSION This work reveals that HA-coated NLC could be used as a novel carrier to code-liver 5-FU and CDDP for gastric cancer therapy. HA-FU/C-NLC could be a promising targeted and combinational therapy in nanomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Ying Qu
- Digestive Endoscopic Diagnosis and Treatment Center, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Zhou
- Digestive Endoscopic Diagnosis and Treatment Center, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying-wei Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Mei-mei Chen
- Digestive Department, Xinhua Hospital, School of medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Shen
- Digestive Endoscopic Diagnosis and Treatment Center, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei-Ming Xu
- Digestive Endoscopic Diagnosis and Treatment Center, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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Sun BO, Fang Y, Li Z, Chen Z, Xiang J. Advances in the application of nanotechnology in the diagnosis and treatment of gastrointestinal tumors. Mol Clin Oncol 2014; 3:274-280. [PMID: 25798253 DOI: 10.3892/mco.2014.470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanotechnology has broad application prospects in the diagnosis and treatment of cancer. Integrating chemistry, engineering, biology and medicine, nanotechnology is a multidisciplinary research field. Nanoscale imaging technology significantly improves the precision and accuracy of tumor diagnosis. Nanocarriers are able to significantly improve the accuracy of dose and targeted drug delivery and reduce the toxic side effects. This review focuses on the emerging roles of these innovative technologies in gastrointestinal cancer diagnostics and therapeutics. Although several problems and barriers are hampering the development of nanodevices, the potential for nanotechnologies to function as multimodal nanotheranostic agents will likely pave the way for the fight against gastrointestinal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- B O Sun
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, P.R. China
| | - Yantian Fang
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, P.R. China
| | - Zhengyang Li
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, P.R. China
| | - Zongyou Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, P.R. China
| | - Jianbin Xiang
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, P.R. China
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Vadakkan MV, Annapoorna K, Sivakumar KC, Mundayoor S, Kumar GSV. Dry powder cationic lipopolymeric nanomicelle inhalation for targeted delivery of antitubercular drug to alveolar macrophage. Int J Nanomedicine 2013; 8:2871-85. [PMID: 23990716 PMCID: PMC3748905 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s47456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Excipients having self-assembling properties are less explored in the field of dry powder inhalation (DPI) technology. An amphiphilic lipopolymer system was developed using stearic acid (SA) and branched polyethyleneimine (BPEI) (1800 Dalton), at different proportions by covalent conjugation. A molecular dynamic (MD) simulation tool was employed for predicting the carrier behavior in a polar in vivo condition. The structural characterization was carried out using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The physical nature of the lipopolymer was analyzed by differential scanning calorimetry. Determination of zeta potential and diameter of the micelles showed existence of cationic particles in the nano size range when a lower number of primary amino groups of BPEI was grafted with SA. The rifampicin (RIF)-loaded lipopolymer was also formulated further into spray-dried microparticles. Powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) studies revealed that the RIF API (active pharmaceutical ingredient) exists as molecular dispersion in spray-dried microparticles. Topological analysis of the spray-dried nanomicelle was carried out using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). A large population of the drug-carrying particles were found to be under the inhalable size range (fine particle fraction 67.88% ± 3%). In vitro drug release kinetics from spray-dried nanomicelles were carried out at lung fluid pH.
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