Research Progress of Nanomedicine-Based Mild Photothermal Therapy in Tumor

HSP90 inhibitor-loaded hollow mesoporous nanoparticles for enhanced synergistic mild photothermal/chemotherapy in triple negative breast cancer

The combination of mild-temperature photothermal and chemotherapy represents a promising therapeutic strategy capable of maximizing anti-cancer efficacy while minimizing adverse reactions, particularly when integrated with multi-modal treatments. Nevertheless, the increase in heat shock protein (HSP) expression induced by mild hyperthermia may significantly influence the therapeutic efficacy. In this study, Isoliensinine (Iso) and the heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) inhibitor ganetespib were loaded into MPDA nanoparticles (NPs) to form GI-MPDA@BSA NPs, establishing a multi-modal therapeutic nanoplatform. The synthesized GI-MPDA@BSA NPs exhibit excellent photothermal conversion performance and favorable biocompatibility. Under 808 nm laser irradiation, the mild photothermal therapy (PTT) generated by MPDA facilitates the rapid release of drugs from BSA, resulting in an effective synergistic cytotoxic effect on cancer cells. Concurrently, the released ganetespib suppressed HSP90 expression, thereby potentiating the effects of mild photothermal/chemotherapy. In vitro and in vivo experimental results indicate that GI-MPDA@BSA exhibits low cytotoxicity while conspicuously inhibiting tumor growth under laser irradiation and eliciting an immune response. Furthermore, the application of two-dimensional ultrasound (2D US) and contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) to monitor post- tumor treatment changes elucidates the evolutionary process following combined mild-temperature photothermal/chemotherapy, presenting a novel strategy for the treatment and monitoring of triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) in clinical practice.

NIR-II AIEgen with high photothermal efficiency for mild PTT: Optimized natural killer cell spatial distribution for boosted immune response

Organic photothermal agents (PTAs) with high photothermal conversion efficiency (PCE) and biocompatibility are ideal for mild photothermal therapy (PTT), which can selectively eliminate tumor cells and elicit an active immune response. However, the challenge lies in developing PTAs with high PCE, and the impact of PTT-induced temperature gradients on the cytolytic potential of natural killer (NK) cells against tumor cells has yet been investigated. Herein a novel NIR-II aggregation-induced emission (AIE) molecule named C12T-BBT is proposed by conjugating an electron donor TPA with a strong electron acceptor BBT, using a long alkyl chain (C12) substituted thiophene as π-bridge. By doing this, C12T-BBT has a relative planar structure to ensure a high extinction coefficient, while the long alkyl chain restricts the π-π interaction and provides more room for molecular motion in excited state. Together, these design strategies assure C12T-BBT with a high PCE of 84.7 %. In vivo experiments exhibit favorable NIR-II imaging and tumor elimination using water-soluble cRGD@C12T-BBT nanoparticles. The application of mild PTT results in an effective induction of NK cell response in terms of shortening its distance with tumor cells from 25.6 μm to 10.6 μm, characterized using a machine-learning based spatial analysis, thereby enhancing the efficacy of cancer therapy. Therefore, this work provides evidence for a novel combined anti-tumor strategy of aligning mild PTT and NK cell immunotherapy by illustrating crucial optimization of NK-tumor intercellular proximity in mild PTT.

Self-assembled injectable Icariin@ Ti3C2Tx/doxorubicin hydrogel preserving osteogenesis while synergizing photodynamic and chemodynamic therapy for osteosarcoma

Local therapy involving injectable hydrogel systems loaded with doxorubicin (DOX) has garnered significant attention in the realm of osteosarcoma (OS) research. Nevertheless, it has been noted that the local delivery of high-dose DOX exerts a pronounced inhibitory impact on osteogenesis, which is detrimental to the restoration of functional capabilities after OS treatment. To address this challenge, we have designed a self-assembled injectable hydrogel system that integrates photodynamic and chemodynamic therapy, aiming to enhance efficacy while mitigating adverse effects on osteogenic differentiation. In this study, an injectable sodium alginate (SA) hydrogel was fabricated by encapsulating titanium carbide powder (Ti3C2Tx) and osteoprotegerin Icariin (ICA) along with DOX. This hydrogel system demonstrated remarkable drug-loading capacity and sustained drug release. Furthermore, under near-infrared (NIR) irradiation, the hydrogel displayed outstanding photothermal effects, which, in conjunction with chemotherapy and phototherapy, effectively eradicated UMR-106 tumor cells in vitro. The incorporation of ICA not only enhanced the anti-tumor effect but also alleviated the adverse effects of DOX on the osteogenic differentiation inhibition of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs). In vivo, findings further confirmed that injectable ITD/SA hydrogels can synergistically heighten anti-osteosarcoma effectiveness while mitigating local osteogenic toxicity. Given these benefits, this hydrogel holds extensive application prospects in the local therapy of OS.

Traditional Chinese Medicine-Based Nanoformulations for Enhanced Photothermal Therapy of Cancer

Photothermal therapy (PTT) has shown promise in the ablation of small, unresectable tumors by boosting the tumor's temperature above 50 °C. However, the high local temperature-induced cancer cell necrosis could create severe local inflammation, which may deteriorate normal tissues and increase tumor spreading. Although mild photothermal therapy (MPTT) at 42-45 °C could avoid the undesired side effect to some extent with minimal nonspecific heat diffusion, the self-protective behavior of tumors during MPTT results in an unsatisfactory therapeutic effect. Inspired by the widespread applications of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) in various ailments, we also extensively explored the use of TCM in PTT and MPTT. In this Review, we summarize the application and function of TCM in PTT and MPTT, including the following: (1) TCM improves the performance of PTT and MPTT by elevating the photothermal conversion ability of photothermal agents (PTAs) and overcoming the self-protective effect of tumors, (2) PTT enhances TCM-based chemotherapy by improving the sensitivity and cellular uptake of TCM in tumors, and (3) natural TCM and metal-chelated TCM-based nanoparticles could directly act as PTAs for carrier-free combination therapy. We expect this Review will further illuminate TCM's utility and applicability in cancer treatment and create new combination strategies for theragnostic use.

RNA-Seq Reveals the Mechanism of Pyroptosis Induced by Oxygen-Enriched IR780 Nanobubbles-Mediated Sono-Photodynamic Therapy

Background

Sono-photodynamic therapy (SPDT), the combination of sonodynamic therapy (SDT) and photodynamic therapy (PDT), is a promising tumor treatment method. However, the hypoxic tumor microenvironment greatly compromises the efficacy of SPDT. Pyroptosis, a new type of programmed cell death, is mainly induced by some chemotherapeutic drugs in the current research, and rarely by SPDT. RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) is a high-throughput sequencing technique that comprehensively profiles the transcriptome, revealing the full spectrum of RNA molecules in a cell. Here, we constructed IR780@O2 nanobubbles (NBs) with photoacoustic dual response and hypoxia improvement properties to fight triple negative breast cancer (TNBC), and demonstrated that SPDT could kill TNBC cells through pyroptosis pathway. RNA-seq further revealed potential mechanisms and related differentially expressed genes.

Methods

Thin-film hydration and mechanical vibration method were utilized to synthesize IR780@O2 NBs. Subsequently, we characterized IR780@O2 NBs and examined the cytotoxicity as well as ROS production ability. A series of experiments were conducted to verify that SPDT killed TNBC cells through pyroptosis.

Results

IR780@O2 NBs were successfully prepared and had certain stability. Compared with SDT alone, SPDT increased therapeutic effect by 1.67 times by generating more ROS, and the introduction of NBs and O2 NBs (2.23 times and 2.93 times compared with SDT alone) could further promote this process. Other experiments proved that TNBC cells died by pyroptosis pathway. Moreover, the in-depth mechanism revealed that colony stimulating factor (CSF) and C-X-C motif chemokine ligand (CXCL) could be potential targets for the occurrence of pyroptosis in TNBC cells.

Conclusion

The IR780@O2 NBs prepared in this study increased the degree of TNBC cell pyroptosis through SPDT effect and alleviation of hypoxia, and cellular senescence might be a biological process closely related to pyroptosis in TNBC.

Gold Nanoparticles in Nanomedicine: Unique Properties and Therapeutic Potential

Gold nanoparticles (NPs) have demonstrated significance in several important fields, including drug delivery and anticancer research, due to their unique properties. Gold NPs possess significant optical characteristics that enhance their application in biosensor development for diagnosis, in photothermal and photodynamic therapies for anticancer treatment, and in targeted drug delivery and bioimaging. The broad surface modification possibilities of gold NPs have been utilized in the delivery of various molecules, including nucleic acids, drugs, and proteins. Moreover, gold NPs possess strong localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) properties, facilitating their use in surface-enhanced Raman scattering for precise and efficient biomolecule detection. These optical properties are extensively utilized in anticancer research. Both photothermal and photodynamic therapies show significant results in anticancer treatments using gold NPs. Additionally, the properties of gold NPs demonstrate potential in other biological areas, particularly in antimicrobial activity. In addition to delivering antigens, peptides, and antibiotics to enhance antimicrobial activity, gold NPs can penetrate cell membranes and induce apoptosis through various intracellular mechanisms. Among other types of metal NPs, gold NPs show more tolerable toxicity capacity, supporting their application in wide-ranging areas. Gold NPs hold a special position in nanomaterial research, offering limited toxicity and unique properties. This review aims to address recently highlighted applications and the current status of gold NP research and to discuss their future in nanomedicine.

Multifunctional nanoparticles potentiate in-situ tumor vaccines via reversing insufficient Photothermal therapy by disrupting tumor vasculature

Photothermal therapy can trigger immunogenic cell death and release personalized in-situ tumor vaccine, activating immune responses to eliminate systemic tumors beyond the irradiated zone. However, the immune response of the in-situ tumor vaccines is often undermined by the residual tumor cells and their induced immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME), which is attributed to insufficient photothermal effects stemming from the limited accumulation of photosensitizers. To overcome these limitations, we developed multi-functional nanoparticles (VI@Gd-NPs) that integrate a tumor vasculature-specific disrupting agent (Vadimezan, Phase III clinical drug), a photosensitizer (Indocyanine Green, ICG), and a magnetic resonance imaging contrast agent (Gadolinium, Gd) through chemical self-assembly. By selectively disrupting the tumor vasculature, these nanoparticles enhance the intratumoral delivery of photosensitizers (ICG and blood cells), and Gd. With the guidance of Gd-enhanced MRI, the improved delivery facilitates comprehensive photothermal ablation and regulates the TME, further initiating the in-situ tumor vaccine. Notably, this approach significantly enhances anti-tumor immune responses, improves survival rates, and reduces tumor recurrence and metastasis in various animal models. Moreover, depleting CD8+ T cells reverses these therapeutic benefits, highlighting the critical role of adaptive T cell immunity. Therefore, the VI@Gd-NPs treatment holds great potential for reigniting the in-situ tumor vaccine of photothermal therapy.

Self-targeted smart polyester nanoparticles for simultaneous Delivery of photothermal and chemotherapeutic agents for efficient treatment of HCC

Advances in nanotechnology offer promising strategies to overcome the limitations of single-drug therapies in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and other cancers such as multidrug resistance and variable drug tolerances. This study proposes a targeted nanoparticle system based on a poly(β-aminoester) (PβAE) core and a hyaluronic acid (HA) shell, designed for the codelivery of doxorubicin (DOX) and indocyanine green (ICG) to effectively treat HCC. These nanoparticles demonstrated remarkable physicochemical and colloidal stability, pH- and temperature-responsive release, enhanced cellular uptake, and drug retention within tumors. Upon near-infrared (NIR) irradiation, the photothermal conversion of ICG elevated local tumor temperatures up to 53.6 °C, enhancing apoptotic cell death significantly compared to chemotherapy alone (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the dual delivery system significantly enhanced therapeutic efficacy, as evidenced by a marked decrease in tumor growth in vivo compared to controls (p < 0.01). These findings illustrate that the HA/PβAE/DOX/ICG nanoparticles are not only able to precisely target tumor cells but also overcome the limitations associated with traditional chemotherapies and photothermal treatments, suggesting a promising avenue for clinical translation of cancer therapy.

Unlocking the potential of RGD-conjugated gold nanoparticles: a new frontier in targeted cancer therapy, imaging, and metastasis inhibition

In the rapidly evolving field of cancer therapeutics, the potential of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) conjugated with RGD peptides has emerged as a promising avenue for targeted therapy and imaging. Despite numerous studies demonstrating the effectiveness of RGD-conjugated AuNPs in specifically targeting tumor cells and enhancing radiation therapy (RT), a comprehensive review of these advancements is currently lacking. This review aims to fill this critical gap in the literature. Our analysis reveals that RGD-conjugated AuNPs have shown significant promise in improving the diagnosis and treatment of various types of cancer, including breast cancer. However, the full potential of this technology is yet to be realized. The development of multifunctional nanoplatforms incorporating AuNPs has opened new horizons for targeted therapy, dual-mode imaging, and inhibition of tumor growth and metastasis. This review is of paramount importance as it provides a comprehensive overview of the current state of research in this area, and highlights the areas where further research is needed. It is hoped that this review will inspire further investigations into this promising nanotechnology, ultimately leading to improved cancer diagnosis and therapy. Therefore, the findings presented in this review underscore the potential of AuNPs conjugated with RGD peptides as a revolutionary approach in cancer therapeutics. It is our fervent hope that this review will serve as a catalyst for further research in this exciting field.

A novel acceptor-donor-acceptor structured molecule-based nanosystem for tumor mild photothermal therapy

Although photothermal therapy (PTT) is effective at killing tumor cells, it can inadvertently damage healthy tissues surrounding the tumor. Nevertheless, lowering the treatment temperature will reduce the therapeutic effectiveness. In this study, we employed 2,2'-((2Z,2'Z)-((4,4,9,9-Tetrahexyl-4,9-dihydro-s-indaceno[1,2-b:5,6-b']dithiophene-2,7-diyl)bis(methanylylidene))bis(3-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-indene-2,1-diylidene)) dimalononitrile (IDIC), a molecule possessing a conventional acceptor-donor-acceptor (A-D-A) structure, as a photothermal agent (PTA) to facilitate effective mild photothermal therapy (mPTT). IDIC promotes intramolecular charge transfer under laser irradiation, making it a promising candidate for mPTT. To enhance the therapeutic potential of IDIC, we incorporated quercetin (Qu) into IDIC to form IDIC-Qu nanoparticles (NPs), which can inhibit heat shock protein (HSP) activity during the process of mPTT. Moreover, IDIC-Qu NPs exhibited exceptional water dispersibility and passive targeting abilities towards tumor tissues, attributed to its enhanced permeation and retention (EPR) effect. These advantageous properties position IDIC-Qu NPs as a promising candidate for targeted tumor treatment. Importantly, the IDIC-Qu NPs demonstrated controllable photothermal effects, leading to outstanding in vitro cytotoxicity against cancer cells and effective in vivo tumor ablation through mPTT. IDIC-Qu NPs nano-system enriches the family of organic PTAs and holds significant promise for future clinical applications of mPTT.

Nano-Titanium Oxide-Coated Carbon Nanotubes for Photothermal Therapy in the Treatment of Colorectal Cancer

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) display good potential in tumor photothermal therapy (PTT). In this study, it is aimed to investigate the therapeutic potential of nano-titanium oxide-coated multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MCNTs) against colorectal cancer (CRC). First, TiO2 nanosheets are modified on the surface of MCNTs to obtain nano-TiO2-coated MCNTs. Next, cell compatibility validation is conducted on nano-TiO2-coated MCNTs, and it is found that nano-TiO2-coated MCNTs are safe within a certain concentration range (0-200 µg mL⁻1). Interestingly, nano-TiO2-coated MCNTs display a good killing effect in CRC cells under near-infrared (NIR) laser irradiation. Subsequently, nano-TiO2-coated MCNTs markedly promote the proapoptotic effects of NIR laser irradiation and significantly inhibit the expression of cell cycle proteins CCNA1 and CCND1 in CRC cells under NIR laser irradiation, which indicates that nano-TiO2-coated MCNTs exert anti-CRC effects under NIR laser irradiation by regulating cell apoptosis and cell cycle. Furthermore, nano-TiO2-coated MCNTs accelerate inhibitory effects on the AKT signaling pathway under NIR laser irradiation. Finally, a cell line-derived xenograft model is established, and the results showed that nano-TiO2-coated MCNTs significantly exhibit superior tumor-killing ability under NIR laser irradiation in vivo. Collectively, these results demonstrate that nano-TiO2-coated MCNTs with NIR laser irradiation may serve as an effective strategy for the treatment of CRC.

Recent developments in two-dimensional molybdenum disulfide-based multimodal cancer theranostics

Recent advancements in cancer research have led to the generation of innovative nanomaterials for improved diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. Despite the proven potential of two-dimensional (2D) molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) as a versatile platform in biomedical applications, few review articles have focused on MoS2-based platforms for cancer theranostics. This review aims to fill this gap by providing a comprehensive overview of the latest developments in 2D MoS2 cancer theranostics and emerging strategies in this field. This review highlights the potential applications of 2D MoS2 in single-model imaging and therapy, including fluorescence imaging, photoacoustic imaging, photothermal therapy, and catalytic therapy. This review further classifies the potential of 2D MoS2 in multimodal imaging for diagnostic and synergistic theranostic platforms. In particular, this review underscores the progress of 2D MoS2 as an integrated drug delivery system, covering a broad spectrum of therapeutic strategies from chemotherapy and gene therapy to immunotherapy and photodynamic therapy. Finally, this review discusses the current challenges and future perspectives in meeting the diverse demands of advanced cancer diagnostic and theranostic applications.

Bufalin-Loaded Multifunctional Photothermal Nanoparticles Inhibit the Anaerobic Glycolysis by Targeting SRC-3/HIF-1α Pathway for Improved Mild Photothermal Therapy in CRC

Purpose

Compared with traditional photothermal therapy (PTT, >50°C), mild PTT (≤45°C) is a promising strategy for tumor therapy with fewer adverse effects. Unfortunately, its anti-tumor efficacy is hampered by thermoresistance induced by overexpression of heat shock proteins (HSPs). In our previous study, we found bufalin (BU) is a glycolysis inhibitor that depletes HSPs, which is expected to overcome thermotolerance of tumor cells. In this study, BU-loaded multifunctional nanoparticles (NPs) were developed for enhancing the mild PTT of colorectal cancer (CRC).

Methods

Fe3O4 NPs coated with the polydopamine (PDA) shell modified with polyethylene glycol (PEG) and cyclic arginine-glycyl-aspartic peptide (cRGD) for loading BU (Fe3O4@PDA-PEG-cRGD/BU NPs) were developed. The thermal variations in Fe3O4@PDA-PEG-cRGD/BU NPs solution under different conditions were measured. Glycolysis inhibition was evaluated by measuring the glucose uptake, extracellular lactate, and intracellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels. The cellular cytotoxicity of Fe3O4@PDA-PEG-cRGD/BU NPs was analyzed using a cell counting kit-8 assay, Calcein-AM/PI double staining, and flow cytometry in HCT116 cells. The magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) performance and anti-tumor therapeutic efficacy of Fe3O4@PDA-PEG-cRGD/BU NPs were evaluated in HCT116-tumor bearing mice.

Results

Fe3O4@PDA-PEG-cRGD/BU NPs had an average diameter of 260.4±3.5 nm, the zeta potential of -23.8±1.6 mV, the drug loading rate of 1.1%, which had good thermal stability, photothermal conversion efficiencies and MRI performance. In addition, the released BU not only killed tumor cells but also interfered with glycolysis by targeting the steroid receptor coactivator 3 (SRC-3)/HIF-1α pathway, preventing intracellular ATP synthesis, and combating HSP-dependent tumor thermoresistance, ultimately strengthening the thermal sensitivity toward mild PTT both in vitro and in vivo.

Conclusion

This study provides a highly effective strategy for enhancing the therapeutic effects of mild PTT toward tumors.

Self-Delivery Nanomedicines Reverse Thermal Resistance to Enhance Tumor Mild-Temperature Photothermal Therapy

Tumoral thermal defense mechanisms considerably attenuate the therapeutic outcomes of mild-temperature photothermal therapy (PTT). Thus, developing a simple, efficient, and universal therapeutic strategy to sensitize mild-temperature PTT is desirable. Herein, we report self-delivery nanomedicines ACy NPs comprising a near-infrared (NIR) photothermal agent (Cypate), mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation inhibitor (ATO), and distearoylphosphatidylethanolamine-polyethylene glycol 2000 (DSPE-PEG2000), which have a high drug-loading efficiency that can reverse tumoral thermal resistance, thereby increasing mild-temperature PTT efficacy. ACy NPs achieved targeted tumor accumulation and performed NIR fluorescence imaging capability in vivo to guide tumor PTT for optimized therapeutic outcomes. The released ATO reduced intracellular ATP levels to downregulate multiple heat shock proteins (including HSP70 and HSP90) before PTT, which reversed the thermal resistance of tumor cells, contributing to the excellent results of mild-temperature PTT in vitro and in vivo. Therefore, this study provides a simple, biosafe, advanced, and universal heat shock protein-blocking strategy for tumor PTT.

A Mild Hyperthermia Hollow Carbon Nanozyme as Pyroptosis Inducer for Boosted Antitumor Immunity

The immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) antibody immunotherapy has demonstrated clinical benefits for multiple cancers. However, the efficacy of immunotherapy in tumors is suppressed by deficient tumor immunogenicity and immunosuppressive tumor microenvironments. Pyroptosis, a form of programmed cell death, can release tumor antigens, activate effective tumor immunogenicity, and improve the efficiency of ICB, but efficient pyroptosis for tumor treatment is currently limited. Herein, we show a mild hyperthermia-enhanced pyroptosis-mediated immunotherapy based on hollow carbon nanozyme, which can specifically amplify oxidative stress-triggered pyroptosis and synchronously magnify pyroptosis-mediated anticancer responses in the tumor microenvironment. The hollow carbon sphere modified with iron and copper atoms (HCS-FeCu) with multiple enzyme-mimicking activities has been engineered to induce cell pyroptosis via the radical oxygen species (ROS)-Tom20-Bax-Caspase 3-gasdermin E (GSDME) signaling pathway under light activation. Both in vitro and in vivo antineoplastic results confirm the superiority of HCS-FeCu nanozyme-induced pyroptosis. Moreover, the mild photothermal-activated pyroptosis combining anti-PD-1 can enhance antitumor immunotherapy. Theoretical calculations further indicate that the mild photothermal stimulation generates high-energy electrons and enhances the interaction between the HCS-FeCu surface and adsorbed oxygen, facilitating molecular oxygen activation, which improves the ROS production efficiency. This work presents an approach that effectively transforms immunologically "cold" tumors into "hot" ones, with significant implications for clinical immunotherapy.

Ferroptosis as a promising therapeutic strategy for melanoma

Malignant melanoma (MM) is the most common and deadliest type of skin cancer and is associated with high mortality rates across all races and ethnicities. Although present treatment options combined with surgery provide short-term clinical benefit in patients and early diagnosis of non-metastatic MM significantly increases the probability of survival, no efficacious treatments are available for MM. The etiology and pathogenesis of MM are complex. Acquired drug resistance is associated with a pool prognosis in patients with advanced-stage MM. Thus, these patients require new therapeutic strategies to improve their treatment response and prognosis. Multiple studies have revealed that ferroptosis, a non-apoptotic form of regulated cell death (RCD) characterized by iron dependant lipid peroxidation, can prevent the development of MM. Recent studies have indicated that targeting ferroptosis is a promising treatment strategy for MM. This review article summarizes the core mechanisms underlying the development of ferroptosis in MM cells and its potential role as a therapeutic target in MM. We emphasize the emerging types of small molecules inducing ferroptosis pathways by boosting the antitumor activity of BRAFi and immunotherapy and uncover their beneficial effects to treat MM. We also summarize the application of nanosensitizer-mediated unique dynamic therapeutic strategies and ferroptosis-based nanodrug targeting strategies as therapeutic options for MM. This review suggests that pharmacological induction of ferroptosis may be a potential therapeutic target for MM.

Progress on the pathological tissue microenvironment barrier-modulated nanomedicine

Imbalance in the tissue microenvironment is the main obstacle to drug delivery and distribution in the human body. Before penetrating the pathological tissue microenvironment to the target site, therapeutic agents are usually accompanied by three consumption steps: the first step is tissue physical barriers for prevention of their penetration, the second step is inactivation of them by biological molecules, and the third step is a cytoprotective mechanism for preventing them from functioning on specific subcellular organelles. However, recent studies in drug-hindering mainly focus on normal physiological rather than pathological microenvironment, and the repair of damaged physiological barriers is also rarely discussed. Actually, both the modulation of pathological barriers and the repair of damaged physiological barriers are essential in the disease treatment and the homeostasis maintenance. In this review, we present an overview describing the latest advances in the generality of these pathological barriers and barrier-modulated nanomedicine. Overall, this review holds considerable significance for guiding the design of nanomedicine to increase drug efficacy in the future.

Choroid plexus tumors: A spectrum from benign to malignant

Choroid plexus tumors (CPT) are believed to originate from outgrowths of the choroid plexus. Despite their broad spectrum of symptoms, invasive nature, and prognosis, most CPTs typically exhibit similar presentations due to their relationship with the cerebral ventricles, as well as the mechanical obstruction and mass effect associated with their growth. In addition, these tumors mainly affect the pediatric population, further complicating the differentiation between benign and malignant subtypes. The World Health Organization classifies CPTs into three grades, namely, grades I, II, or III, based on their mitotic activity, which determine the benign or malignant nature of the tumors. CPTs classified by the World Health Organization (WHO) include choroid plexus papillomas (CPP), atypical CPPs (aCPP), and malignant choroid plexus carcinomas (CPC). Choroid plexus adenomas represent an additional category of benign CPTs not officially classified by the WHO. Despite the variations in histology, immunohistochemistry, imaging, treatment, and prognosis, CPTs cannot be reliably distinguished based solely on clinical presentation. Therefore, in this review, we aim to provide a comprehensive overview of each tumor subtype, along with the current management approach and emerging treatments.

Chitosan Thermosensitive Hydrogel Based on DNA Damage Repair Inhibition and Mild Photothermal Therapy for Enhanced Antitumor Treatment

The DNA damage repair of tumor cells limits the effect of photothermal therapy (PTT), and high temperatures induced by PTT can damage adjacent normal tissues. To overcome these limitations, we developed a novel composite hydrogel (OLA-Au-Gel) based on chitosan (CS) and β-glycerophosphate (β-GP), which encapsulated olaparib-liposomes (OLA-lips) and CS-capped gold nanoparticles (CS-AuNPs). OLA-Au-Gel achieved the combination of mild PTT (mPTT) by CS-AuNPs and tumor DNA damage repair inhibition by OLA. The hydrogel showed good biocompatibility, injectability, and photothermal response. Under near-infrared laser irradiation, OLA-Au-Gel inhibited the proliferation of tumor cells, induced the generation of reactive oxygen species in vitro, and effectively inhibited the growth of breast tumors in vivo. OLA-Au-Gel shows a promising application prospect for inhibiting tumor development and improving the antitumor effect. Collectively, we propose a novel strategy for enhanced antitumor therapy based on the combination of mPTT and DNA damage repair inhibition.