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Le MT, Nguyen HT, Nguyen XH, Do XH, Mai BT, Ngoc Nguyen HT, Trang Than UT, Nguyen TH. Regulation and therapeutic potentials of microRNAs to non-small cell lung cancer. Heliyon 2023; 9:e22080. [PMID: 38058618 PMCID: PMC10696070 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e22080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the most common type of lung cancer, accounting for 80%-85% of total cases and leading to millions of deaths worldwide. Drug resistance is the primary cause of treatment failure in NSCLC, which urges scientists to develop advanced approaches for NSCLC treatment. Among novel approaches, the miRNA-based method has emerged as a potential approach as it allows researchers to modulate target gene expression. Subsequently, cell behaviors are altered, which leads to the death and the depletion of cancer cells. It has been reported that miRNAs possess the capacity to regulate multiple genes that are involved in various signaling pathways, including the phosphoinositide 3-kinase, receptor tyrosine kinase/rat sarcoma virus/mitogen-activated protein kinase, wingless/integrated, retinoblastoma, p53, transforming growth factor β, and nuclear factor-kappa B pathways. Dysregulation of these signaling pathways in NSCLC results in abnormal cell proliferation, tissue invasion, and drug resistance while inhibiting apoptosis. Thus, understanding the roles of miRNAs in regulating these signaling pathways may enable the development of novel NSCLC treatment therapies. However, a comprehensive review of potential miRNAs in NSCLC treatment has been lacking. Therefore, this review aims to fill the gap by summarizing the up-to-date information on miRNAs regarding their targets, impact on cancer-associated pathways, and prospective outcomes in treating NSCLC. We also discuss current technologies for delivering miRNAs to the target cells, including virus-based, non-viral, and emerging extracellular vesicle-based delivery systems. This knowledge will support future studies to develop an innovative miRNA-based therapy and select a suitable carrier to treat NSCLC effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai Thi Le
- Vinmec Hi-tech Center, Vinmec Healthcare System, Hanoi, 100000, Viet Nam
- Faculty of Biology, VNU University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 100000, Viet Nam
| | - Huyen-Thu Nguyen
- Vinmec Hi-tech Center, Vinmec Healthcare System, Hanoi, 100000, Viet Nam
| | - Xuan-Hung Nguyen
- Vinmec Hi-tech Center, Vinmec Healthcare System, Hanoi, 100000, Viet Nam
- College of Health Sciences, Vin University, Hanoi, 100000, Viet Nam
- Vinmec-VinUni Institute of Immunology, Vinmec Healthcare System, Hanoi, 100000, Viet Nam
| | - Xuan-Hai Do
- Department of Gastroenterology, 108 Military Central Hospital, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Binh Thanh Mai
- Department of Practical and Experimental Surgery, Vietnam Military Medical University, 160 Phung Hung Street, Phuc La, Ha Dong, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Ha Thi Ngoc Nguyen
- Vinmec Hi-tech Center, Vinmec Healthcare System, Hanoi, 100000, Viet Nam
| | - Uyen Thi Trang Than
- Vinmec Hi-tech Center, Vinmec Healthcare System, Hanoi, 100000, Viet Nam
- Vinmec-VinUni Institute of Immunology, Vinmec Healthcare System, Hanoi, 100000, Viet Nam
| | - Thanh-Hong Nguyen
- Vinmec Hi-tech Center, Vinmec Healthcare System, Hanoi, 100000, Viet Nam
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Kalashnikova I, Cambell H, Kolpek D, Park J. Optimization and characterization of miRNA-129-5p-encapsulated poly (lactic- co-glycolic acid) nanoparticles to reprogram activated microglia. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2023; 5:3439-3452. [PMID: 37383067 PMCID: PMC10295030 DOI: 10.1039/d3na00149k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
Microglia have become a therapeutic target of many inflammation-mediated diseases in the central nervous system (CNS). Recently, microRNA (miRNA) has been proposed as an important regulator of immune responses. Specifically, miRNA-129-5p has been shown to play critical roles in the regulation of microglia activation. We have demonstrated that biodegradable poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA)-based nanoparticles (NPs) modulated innate immune cells and limited neuroinflammation after injury to the CNS. In this study, we optimized and characterized PLGA-based NPs for miRNA-129-5p delivery to utilize their synergistic immunomodulatory features for activated microglia modulation. A series of nanoformulations employing multiple excipients including epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), spermidine (Sp), or polyethyleneimine (PEI) for miRNA-129-5p complexation and miRNA-129-5p conjugation to PLGA (PLGA-miR) were utilized. We characterized a total of six nanoformulations through physicochemical, biochemical, and molecular biological methods. In addition, we investigated the immunomodulatory effects of multiple nanoformulations. The data indicated that the immunomodulatory effects of nanoformulation, PLGA-miR with the excipient Sp (PLGA-miR+Sp) and PEI (PLGA-miR+PEI) were significant compared to other nanoformulations including naked PLGA-based NP. These nanoformulations promoted a sustained release of miRNA-129-5p and polarization of activated microglia into a more pro-regenerative phenotype. Moreover, they enhanced the expression of multiple regeneration-associated factors, while alleviating the expression of pro-inflammatory factors. Collectively, the proposed nanoformulations in this study highlight the promising therapeutic tools for synergistic immunomodulatory effects between PLGA-based NPs and miRNA-129-5p to modulate activated microglia which will have numerous applications for inflammation-derived diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Kalashnikova
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky 789 S. Limestone Lexington KY 40506 USA +1-859-257-1850
| | - Heather Cambell
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky 789 S. Limestone Lexington KY 40506 USA +1-859-257-1850
| | - Daniel Kolpek
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky 789 S. Limestone Lexington KY 40506 USA +1-859-257-1850
| | - Jonghyuck Park
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky 789 S. Limestone Lexington KY 40506 USA +1-859-257-1850
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky Lexington KY USA
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Zhao JF, Zou FL, Zhu JF, Huang C, Bu FQ, Zhu ZM, Yuan RF. Nano-drug delivery system for pancreatic cancer: A visualization and bibliometric analysis. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1025618. [PMID: 36330100 PMCID: PMC9622975 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1025618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Nano drug delivery system (NDDS) can significantly improve the delivery and efficacy of drugs against pancreatic cancer (PC) in many ways. The purpose of this study is to explore the related research fields of NDDS for PC from the perspective of bibliometrics. Methods: Articles and reviews on NDDS for PC published between 2003 and 2022 were obtained from the Web of Science Core Collection. CiteSpace, VOSviewer, R-bibliometrix, and Microsoft Excel were comprehensively used for bibliometric and visual analysis. Results: A total of 1329 papers on NDDS for PC were included. The number of papers showed an upward trend over the past 20 years. The United States contributed the most papers, followed by China, and India. Also, the United States had the highest number of total citations and H-index. The institution with the most papers was Chinese Acad Sci, which was also the most important in international institutional cooperation. Professors Couvreur P and Kazuoka K made great achievements in this field. JOURNAL OF CONTROLLED RELEASE published the most papers and was cited the most. The topics related to the tumor microenvironment such as “tumor microenvironment”, “tumor penetration”, “hypoxia”, “exosome”, and “autophagy”, PC treatment-related topics such as “immunotherapy”, “combination therapy”, “alternating magnetic field/magnetic hyperthermia”, and “ultrasound”, and gene therapy dominated by “siRNA” and “miRNA” were the research hotspots in the field of NDDS for PC. Conclusion: This study systematically uncovered a holistic picture of the performance of NDDS for PC-related literature over the past 20 years. We provided scholars to understand key information in this field with the perspective of bibliometrics, which we believe may greatly facilitate future research in this field.
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Parashar D, Singh A, Gupta S, Sharma A, Sharma MK, Roy KK, Chauhan SC, Kashyap VK. Emerging Roles and Potential Applications of Non-Coding RNAs in Cervical Cancer. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13071254. [PMID: 35886037 PMCID: PMC9317009 DOI: 10.3390/genes13071254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cervical cancer (CC) is a preventable disease using proven interventions, specifically prophylactic vaccination, pervasive disease screening, and treatment, but it is still the most frequently diagnosed cancer in women worldwide. Patients with advanced or metastatic CC have a very dismal prognosis and current therapeutic options are very limited. Therefore, understanding the mechanism of metastasis and discovering new therapeutic targets are crucial. New sequencing tools have given a full visualization of the human transcriptome's composition. Non-coding RNAs (NcRNAs) perform various functions in transcriptional, translational, and post-translational processes through their interactions with proteins, RNA, and even DNA. It has been suggested that ncRNAs act as key regulators of a variety of biological processes, with their expression being tightly controlled under physiological settings. In recent years, and notably in the past decade, significant effort has been made to examine the role of ncRNAs in a variety of human diseases, including cancer. Therefore, shedding light on the functions of ncRNA will aid in our better understanding of CC. In this review, we summarize the emerging roles of ncRNAs in progression, metastasis, therapeutics, chemo-resistance, human papillomavirus (HPV) regulation, metabolic reprogramming, diagnosis, and as a prognostic biomarker of CC. We also discussed the role of ncRNA in the tumor microenvironment and tumor immunology, including cancer stem cells (CSCs) in CC. We also address contemporary technologies such as antisense oligonucleotides, CRISPR-Cas9, and exosomes, as well as their potential applications in targeting ncRNAs to manage CC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Parashar
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, MI 53226, USA
- Correspondence: (D.P.); (V.K.K.); Tel.: +1-414-439-8089 (D.P.); +1-956-296-1738 (V.K.K.)
| | - Anupam Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, GLA University, Mathura 281406, Uttar Pradesh, India; (A.S.); (S.G.)
| | - Saurabh Gupta
- Department of Biotechnology, GLA University, Mathura 281406, Uttar Pradesh, India; (A.S.); (S.G.)
| | - Aishwarya Sharma
- Sri Siddhartha Medical College and Research Center, Tumkur 572107, Karnataka, India;
| | - Manish K. Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology, IP College, Bulandshahr 203001, Uttar Pradesh, India;
| | - Kuldeep K. Roy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Health Sciences and Technology, UPES, Dehradun 248007, Uttarakhand, India;
| | - Subhash C. Chauhan
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX 78504, USA;
- South Texas Center of Excellence in Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX 78504, USA
| | - Vivek K. Kashyap
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX 78504, USA;
- South Texas Center of Excellence in Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX 78504, USA
- Correspondence: (D.P.); (V.K.K.); Tel.: +1-414-439-8089 (D.P.); +1-956-296-1738 (V.K.K.)
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Kabiraj L, Kundu A. Potential role of microRNAs in pancreatic cancer manifestation: a review. J Egypt Natl Canc Inst 2022; 34:26. [PMID: 35718815 DOI: 10.1186/s43046-022-00127-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells are different from normal cells in regard to phenotypic and functional expression. Cancer is the outcome of aberrant gene expression affecting various cellular signaling pathways. MicroRNAs (MiRs) are small, non-coding RNAs regulating the expression of various protein-coding genes post-transcriptionally and are known to play critical roles in the complicated cellular pathways leading to cell growth, proliferation, development, and apoptosis. MiRs are involved in various cancer-related pathways and function both as tumor suppressor and cancer-causing genes. There is a need for significant biomarkers, and better prognostication of response to a particular treatment and liquid biopsy could be useful to appraise such potential biomarkers. This review has focused on the involvement of anomalous expression of miRs in human pancreatic cancer and the investigation of miR-based biomarkers for disease diagnosis and better therapeutic selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Kabiraj
- Department of Microbiology, Techno India University, EM-4, Sector-V, Salt Lake City, Kolkata, 700091, India
| | - Atreyee Kundu
- Department of Microbiology, Techno India University, EM-4, Sector-V, Salt Lake City, Kolkata, 700091, India.
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Asakiya C, Zhu L, Yuhan J, Zhu L, Huang K, Xu W. Current progress of miRNA-derivative nucleotide drugs: Modifications, delivery systems, applications. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2022; 19:435-450. [PMID: 35387533 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2022.2063835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION miRNA-derivative clinical nucleotide drugs (mdCNDs) effectively treat several diseases, with numerous undergoing clinical trials. In early-stage trials in disease therapeutics such as malignant pleural mesothelioma and hepatic virus C infection, mdCND's therapeutic potency is undeniably good for effectiveness and safety. AREAS COVERED 15 mdCNDs undergoing clinical trials are introduced in this review. MiRNA modifications methods have been summarized including phosphorothioate, cholesterol, locked nucleic acid, 2'-O-methyl, N,N-diethyl-4-(4-nitronaphthalen1-ylazo)-phenylamine modifications and many more. Moreover, delivery systems, including self-assembled, inorganic ions nanoparticles, exosomes, and lipid-based nanosystems for mdCNDs targeted delivery, are presented. Among that, EnGeneIC, N-Acetylgalactosamine, liposomal nanoparticles, and cholesterol-conjugated for mdCNDs delivery are currently undergoing clinical trials. The pH, light, temperature, redox-responsive, enzyme, and specific-substance modes to trigger the release of miRNAs to target sites on-demand and the prospects of mdCNDs are discussed in this review. EXPERT OPINION mdNCDs are one type of promising clinical drugs, however, it is still in the infancy. During the development process, it is imperative to advance in modifying miRNAs, especially at the 5'-end, to enhance targetability and stability against nucleases, develop a stimuli-responsive mode to control the release of mdCNDs to tissue cell-type-specific sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Asakiya
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China.,College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Liye Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China.,College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Jieyu Yuhan
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China.,College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Longjiao Zhu
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Kunlun Huang
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Wentao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
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MicroRNA-539-5p-Loaded PLGA Nanoparticles Grafted with iRGD as a Targeting Treatment for Choroidal Neovascularization. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14020243. [PMID: 35213977 PMCID: PMC8877575 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14020243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Choroidal neovascularization (CNV) is a major cause of visual impairment that results from excessive growth of blood vessels in the eye’s choroid. The limited clinical efficacy of the current therapy for this condition requires the emergence of new treatment modalities such as microRNA (miRNAs). A recent study identified microRNA-539-5p (miR-539) as an angiogenic suppressor in a CNV animal model; however, its therapeutic delivery is limited. Therefore, this study aims to formulate miR-539 in targeted nanoparticles (NPs) prepared from polylactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA). The NPs were decorated with internalizing arginylglycylaspartic (RGD) peptide (iRGD), which specifically targets the alpha-v-beta-3 (αvβ3) integrin receptor that is overexpressed in blood vessels of ocular tissue in CNV patients. The 1H NMR spectra results revealed successful conjugation of iRGD peptide into PLGA NPs. The miR-539-PLGA.NPs and miR-539-iRGD-PLGA.NPs were prepared and showed a particle size of 300 ± 3 and 306.40 ± 4 nm, respectively. A reduction in human retinal microvascular endothelial cell (HRMEC) viability was shown 48 and 72 h post transfection with miR-539 incorporated in PLGA NPs and iRGD-PLGA.NPs. iRGD-functionalized PLGA NPs caused further significant reduction in cell viability when compared with plain ones, revealing an enhancement in the NP uptake with iRGD-grafted NPs. The current study showed that miR-539-PLGA.NPs and miR-539-iRGD-PLGA.NPs are promising approaches that reduced the viability of HRMECs, suggesting their therapeutic potential in the treatment of CNV.
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Gene Therapy Using Nanocarriers for Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma: Applications and Challenges in Cancer Therapeutics. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14010137. [PMID: 35057033 PMCID: PMC8780888 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14010137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the most lethal cancers worldwide, and its incidence is increasing. PDAC often shows resistance to several therapeutic modalities and a higher recurrence rate after surgical treatment in the early localized stage. Combination chemotherapy in advanced pancreatic cancer has minimal impact on overall survival. RNA interference (RNAi) is a promising tool for regulating target genes to achieve sequence-specific gene silencing. Here, we summarize RNAi-based therapeutics using nanomedicine-based delivery systems that are currently being tested in clinical trials and are being developed for the treatment of PDAC. Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9) genome editing has been widely used for the development of cancer models as a genetic screening tool for the identification and validation of therapeutic targets, as well as for potential cancer therapeutics. This review discusses current advances in CRISPR/Cas9 technology and its application to PDAC research. Continued progress in understanding the PDAC tumor microenvironment and nanomedicine-based gene therapy will improve the clinical outcomes of patients with PDAC.
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Emerging Role of miR-345 and Its Effective Delivery as a Potential Therapeutic Candidate in Pancreatic Cancer and Other Cancers. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13121987. [PMID: 34959269 PMCID: PMC8707074 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13121987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is an aggressive malignancy with high mortality, poor prognosis, and palliative treatments, due to the rapid upregulation of alternative compensatory pathways and desmoplastic reaction. miRNAs, small non-coding RNAs, have been recently identified as key players regulating cancer pathogenesis. Dysregulated miRNAs are associated with molecular pathways involved in tumor development, metastasis, and chemoresistance in PDAC, as well as other cancers. Targeted treatment strategies that alter miRNA levels in cancers have promising potential as therapeutic interventions. miRNA-345 (miR-345) plays a critical role in tumor suppression and is differentially expressed in various cancers, including pancreatic cancer (PC). The underlying mechanism(s) and delivery strategies of miR-345 have been investigated by us previously. Here, we summarize the potential therapeutic roles of miR-345 in different cancers, with emphasis on PDAC, for miRNA drug discovery, development, status, and implications. Further, we focus on miRNA nanodelivery system(s), based on different materials and nanoformulations, specifically for the delivery of miR-345.
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miRNA Delivery by Nanosystems: State of the Art and Perspectives. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13111901. [PMID: 34834316 PMCID: PMC8619868 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13111901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short (~21-23 nucleotides), non-coding endogenous RNA molecules that modulate gene expression at the post-transcriptional level via the endogenous RNA interference machinery of the cell. They have emerged as potential biopharmaceuticals candidates for the treatment of various diseases, including cancer, cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. However, in order to advance miRNAs therapeutics into clinical settings, their delivery remains a major challenge. Different types of vectors have been investigated to allow the delivery of miRNA in the diseased tissue. In particular, non-viral delivery systems have shown important advantages such as versatility, low cost, easy fabrication and low immunogenicity. Here, we present a general overview of the main types of non-viral vectors developed for miRNA delivery, with their advantages, limitations and future perspectives.
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Host miRNA and immune cell interactions: relevance in nano-therapeutics for human health. Immunol Res 2021; 70:1-18. [PMID: 34716546 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-021-09247-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Around 2200 miRNA (microRNA) genes were found in the human genome. miRNAs are arranged in clusters within the genome and share the same transcriptional regulatory units. It has been revealed that approximately 50% of miRNAs elucidated in the genome are transcribed from non-protein-coding genes, and the leftover miRNAs are present in the introns of coding sequences. We are now approaching a stage in which miRNA diagnostics and therapies can be established confidently, and several commercial efforts are underway to carry these innovations from the bench to the clinic. MiRNAs control many of the significant cellular activities such as production, differentiation, growth, and metabolism. Particularly in the immune system, miRNAs have emerged as a crucial biological component during diseased state and homeostasis. miRNAs have been found to regulate inflammatory responses and autoimmune disorders. Moreover, each miRNA targets multiple genes simultaneously, making miRNAs promising tools as diagnostic biomarkers and as remedial targets. Still, one of the major obstacles in miRNA-based approaches is the achievement of specific and efficient systemic delivery of miRNAs. To overcome these challenges, nanoformulations have been synthesized to protect miRNAs from degradation and enhance cellular uptake. The current review deals with the miRNA-mediated regulation of the recruitment and activation of immune cells, especially in the tumor microenvironment, viral infection, inflammation, and autoimmunity. The nano-based miRNA delivery modes are also discussed here, especially in the context of immune modulation.
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Carter CJ, Mekkawy AH, Morris DL. Role of human nucleoside transporters in pancreatic cancer and chemoresistance. World J Gastroenterol 2021; 27:6844-6860. [PMID: 34790010 PMCID: PMC8567477 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v27.i40.6844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The prognosis of pancreatic cancer is poor with the overall 5-year survival rate of less than 5% changing minimally over the past decades and future projections predicting it developing into the second leading cause of cancer related mortality within the next decade. Investigations into the mechanisms of pancreatic cancer development, progression and acquired chemoresistance have been constant for the past few decades, thus resulting in the identification of human nucleoside transporters and factors affecting cytotoxic uptake via said transporters. This review summaries the aberrant expression and role of human nucleoside transports in pancreatic cancer, more specifically human equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1/2 (hENT1, hENT2), and human concentrative nucleoside transporter 1/3 (hCNT1, hCNT3), while briefly discussing the connection and importance between these nucleoside transporters and mucins that have also been identified as being aberrantly expressed in pancreatic cancer. The review also discusses the incidence, current diagnostic techniques as well as the current therapeutic treatments for pancreatic cancer. Furthermore, we address the importance of chemoresistance in nucleoside analogue drugs, in particular, gemcitabine and we discuss prospective therapeutic treatments and strategies for overcoming acquired chemoresistance in pancreatic cancer by the enhancement of human nucleoside transporters as well as the potential targeting of mucins using a combination of mucolytic compounds with cytotoxic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carly Jade Carter
- Hepatobiliary and Surgical Oncology Unit, Department of Surgery, St George Hospital, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2217, New South Wales, Australia
- Mucpharm Pty Ltd, Australia
| | - Ahmed H Mekkawy
- Hepatobiliary and Surgical Oncology Unit, Department of Surgery, St George Hospital, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2217, New South Wales, Australia
- Mucpharm Pty Ltd, Australia
| | - David L Morris
- Hepatobiliary and Surgical Oncology Unit, Department of Surgery, St George Hospital, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2217, New South Wales, Australia
- Mucpharm Pty Ltd, Australia
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RNAi-Based Approaches for Pancreatic Cancer Therapy. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13101638. [PMID: 34683931 PMCID: PMC8541396 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13101638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is one of the most lethal forms of cancer, predicted to be the second leading cause of cancer-associated death by 2025. Despite intensive research for effective treatment strategies and novel anticancer drugs over the past decade, the overall patient survival rate remains low. RNA interference (RNAi) is capable of interfering with expression of specific genes and has emerged as a promising approach for pancreatic cancer because genetic aberrations and dysregulated signaling are the drivers for tumor formation and the stromal barrier to conventional therapy. Despite its therapeutic potential, RNA-based drugs have remaining hurdles such as poor tumor delivery and susceptibility to serum degradation, which could be overcome with the incorporation of nanocarriers for clinical applications. Here we summarize the use of small interfering RNA (siRNA) and microRNA (miRNA) in pancreatic cancer therapy in preclinical reports with approaches for targeting either the tumor or tumor microenvironment (TME) using various types of nanocarriers. In these studies, inhibition of oncogene expression and induction of a tumor suppressive response in cancer cells and surrounding immune cells in TME exhibited a strong anticancer effect in pancreatic cancer models. The review discusses the remaining challenges and prospective strategies suggesting the potential of RNAi-based therapeutics for pancreatic cancer.
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Role of non-coding RNAs in tumor progression and metastasis in pancreatic cancer. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2021; 40:761-776. [PMID: 34591242 PMCID: PMC8556175 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-021-09995-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the most lethal types of cancer with an overall 5-year survival rate of less than 10%. The 1-year survival rate of patients with locally advanced or metastatic disease is abysmal. The aggressive nature of cancer cells, hypovascularization, extensive desmoplastic stroma, and immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) endows PDAC tumors with multiple mechanisms of drug resistance. With no obvious genetic mutation(s) driving tumor progression or metastatic transition, the challenges for understanding the biological mechanism(s) of these processes are paramount. A better understanding of the molecular and cellular mechanisms of these processes could lead to new diagnostic tools for patient management and new targets for therapeutic intervention. microRNAs (miRNAs) are an evolutionarily conserved gene class of short non-coding regulatory RNAs. miRNAs are an extensive regulatory layer that controls gene expression at the posttranscriptional level. This review focuses on preclinical models that functionally dissect miRNA activity in tumor progression or metastatic processes in PDAC. Collectively, these studies suggest an influence of miRNAs and RNA-RNA networks in the processes of epithelial to mesenchymal cell transition and cancer cell stemness. At a cell-type level, some miRNAs mainly influence cancer cell–intrinsic processes and pathways, whereas other miRNAs predominantly act in distinct cellular compartments of the TME to regulate fibroblast and immune cell functions and/or influence other cell types’ function via cell-to-cell communications by transfer of extracellular vesicles. At a molecular level, the influence of miRNA-mediated regulation often converges in core signaling pathways, including TGF-β, JAK/STAT, PI3K/AKT, and NF-κB.
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Ortíz R, Quiñonero F, García-Pinel B, Fuel M, Mesas C, Cabeza L, Melguizo C, Prados J. Nanomedicine to Overcome Multidrug Resistance Mechanisms in Colon and Pancreatic Cancer: Recent Progress. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:2058. [PMID: 33923200 PMCID: PMC8123136 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13092058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of drug resistance is one of the main causes of cancer treatment failure. This phenomenon occurs very frequently in different types of cancer, including colon and pancreatic cancers. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms are not fully understood. In recent years, nanomedicine has improved the delivery and efficacy of drugs, and has decreased their side effects. In addition, it has allowed to design drugs capable of avoiding certain resistance mechanisms of tumors. In this article, we review the main resistance mechanisms in colon and pancreatic cancers, along with the most relevant strategies offered by nanodrugs to overcome this obstacle. These strategies include the inhibition of efflux pumps, the use of specific targets, the development of nanomedicines affecting the environment of cancer-specific tissues, the modulation of DNA repair mechanisms or RNA (miRNA), and specific approaches to damage cancer stem cells, among others. This review aims to illustrate how advanced nanoformulations, including polymeric conjugates, micelles, dendrimers, liposomes, metallic and carbon-based nanoparticles, are allowing to overcome one of the main limitations in the treatment of colon and pancreatic cancers. The future development of nanomedicine opens new horizons for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raúl Ortíz
- Institute of Biopathology and Regenerative Medicine (IBIMER), Center of Biomedical Research (CIBM), University of Granada, 18100 Granada, Spain; (R.O.); (F.Q.); (B.G.-P.); (M.F.); (C.M.); (L.C.); (J.P.)
- Department of Anatomy and Embriology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
- Instituto Biosanitario de Granada (ibs.GRANADA), 18014 Granada, Spain
| | - Francisco Quiñonero
- Institute of Biopathology and Regenerative Medicine (IBIMER), Center of Biomedical Research (CIBM), University of Granada, 18100 Granada, Spain; (R.O.); (F.Q.); (B.G.-P.); (M.F.); (C.M.); (L.C.); (J.P.)
- Department of Anatomy and Embriology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
- Instituto Biosanitario de Granada (ibs.GRANADA), 18014 Granada, Spain
| | - Beatriz García-Pinel
- Institute of Biopathology and Regenerative Medicine (IBIMER), Center of Biomedical Research (CIBM), University of Granada, 18100 Granada, Spain; (R.O.); (F.Q.); (B.G.-P.); (M.F.); (C.M.); (L.C.); (J.P.)
- Department of Anatomy and Embriology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
- Instituto Biosanitario de Granada (ibs.GRANADA), 18014 Granada, Spain
| | - Marco Fuel
- Institute of Biopathology and Regenerative Medicine (IBIMER), Center of Biomedical Research (CIBM), University of Granada, 18100 Granada, Spain; (R.O.); (F.Q.); (B.G.-P.); (M.F.); (C.M.); (L.C.); (J.P.)
- Instituto Biosanitario de Granada (ibs.GRANADA), 18014 Granada, Spain
| | - Cristina Mesas
- Institute of Biopathology and Regenerative Medicine (IBIMER), Center of Biomedical Research (CIBM), University of Granada, 18100 Granada, Spain; (R.O.); (F.Q.); (B.G.-P.); (M.F.); (C.M.); (L.C.); (J.P.)
- Department of Anatomy and Embriology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
- Instituto Biosanitario de Granada (ibs.GRANADA), 18014 Granada, Spain
| | - Laura Cabeza
- Institute of Biopathology and Regenerative Medicine (IBIMER), Center of Biomedical Research (CIBM), University of Granada, 18100 Granada, Spain; (R.O.); (F.Q.); (B.G.-P.); (M.F.); (C.M.); (L.C.); (J.P.)
- Department of Anatomy and Embriology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
- Instituto Biosanitario de Granada (ibs.GRANADA), 18014 Granada, Spain
| | - Consolación Melguizo
- Institute of Biopathology and Regenerative Medicine (IBIMER), Center of Biomedical Research (CIBM), University of Granada, 18100 Granada, Spain; (R.O.); (F.Q.); (B.G.-P.); (M.F.); (C.M.); (L.C.); (J.P.)
- Department of Anatomy and Embriology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
- Instituto Biosanitario de Granada (ibs.GRANADA), 18014 Granada, Spain
| | - Jose Prados
- Institute of Biopathology and Regenerative Medicine (IBIMER), Center of Biomedical Research (CIBM), University of Granada, 18100 Granada, Spain; (R.O.); (F.Q.); (B.G.-P.); (M.F.); (C.M.); (L.C.); (J.P.)
- Department of Anatomy and Embriology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
- Instituto Biosanitario de Granada (ibs.GRANADA), 18014 Granada, Spain
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Albakr L, Alqahtani FY, Aleanizy FS, Alomrani A, Badran M, Alhindas H, Al-Mohanna F. Improved delivery of miR-1296 loaded cationic nanoliposomes for effective suppression of triple negative breast cancer. Saudi Pharm J 2021; 29:446-455. [PMID: 34135670 PMCID: PMC8180610 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2021.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, microRNA is considered an attractive strategy for the effective treatment of cancer. A significant delivery of microRNA for cancer therapy remains a significant obstacle to target cancer cells. The restoring microRNA-1296 (miR-1296) has immense therapeutic efficacy in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). TNBC is an aggressive subtype of breast tumors with the progression of malignant transformation. This study aimed to develop a cationic nanoliposome that can serve as a miR-1296 carrier and studied its efficiency in TNBC. The efficacy of miR-1296 liposomes was evaluated on its apoptotic effect, cellular uptake, and potential chemotherapy sensitization in the TNBC cell line (MDA-MB-231). For in vitro viability study, the apoptotic effect was performed to validate protein expression using Alamar blue kit and western blot. The transfection of miR-1296 into TNBC cells was also investigated using cisplatin as a TNBC resistance drug. The fluorescent miR-1296-cy3 liposome was used for cellular uptake study. The miR-liposome was successfully prepared with a particle size of 123.6 ± 1.3 nm and encapsulation efficiency of 94.33%. A dose of 0.5 uM has significantly reduced the viability of MDA-MB-231 to be 33.45%±5.29 (P < 0.001). This result was validated by down-expression of CCND1, and PARP1, the miR-1296 receptor, and apoptosis marker. The image of the miR-1296-cy3 liposome showed cytoplasmic intracellular localization. It was found high sensitization of TNBC cell line for miR-1296 liposome compared to cisplatin (P < 0.001). Future in vivo research may answer questions concerning safety and stability. This study demonstrates that miR-191 liposomes may have promising clinical applications for TNBC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lamyaa Albakr
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fulwah Yahya Alqahtani
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fadilah Sfouq Aleanizy
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah Alomrani
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Badran
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hussein Alhindas
- Department of Cell Biology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Futwan Al-Mohanna
- Department of Cell Biology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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17
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Xiong Z, Jiang B, Li G. Downregulation of miR-10a inhibits cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma cell proliferation, migration, and invasion by targeting Syndecan-1. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2020; 13:2502-2512. [PMID: 33165429 PMCID: PMC7642702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) is a malignancy of epidermal keratinocytes which accounts for approximately one-third of skin cancer-related death yearly. In this study, we aim to investigate the mechanism of miR-10a in regulating cellular function of cSCC cells and its possible role in prognosis of cSCC. METHODS The expression of miR-10a was detected by qRT-PCR. Target mRNA candidates were detected by bioinformatic analysis. Proliferative and migration capability of cSCC cell were examined by MTT assay, wound healing assay, and invasion assay, respectively. miR-10a expression was monitored in cSCC patients to elucidate the relationship between miR-10a expression and outcomes of cSCC. RESULTS In our study, we found that expression of miR-10a was significantly down-regulated in cSCC cell in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, our results revealed that SDC-1 was a likely target of miR-10a in regulating biologic function of cSCC cell. Additionally, miR-10a expression level was inversely correlated with cSCC cell differentiation and tumor progression. CONCLUSION These findings in this study indicate the importance of miR-10a in cSCC cell hallmarks and its use as a novel target for cSCC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuyou Xiong
- Department of Plastic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College 287 Chang Huai Road, Bengbu 233000, Anhui, China
| | - Banghong Jiang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College 287 Chang Huai Road, Bengbu 233000, Anhui, China
| | - Guangzao Li
- Department of Plastic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College 287 Chang Huai Road, Bengbu 233000, Anhui, China
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18
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Kapadia CH, Luo B, Dang MN, Irvin-Choy N, Valcourt DM, Day ES. Polymer nanocarriers for MicroRNA delivery. J Appl Polym Sci 2020; 137:48651. [PMID: 33384460 PMCID: PMC7773200 DOI: 10.1002/app.48651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Abnormal expression of microRNAs (miRNAs), which are highlyconserved noncoding RNAs that regulate the expression of various genes post transcriptionally to control cellular functions, has been associated with the development of many diseases. In some cases, disease-promoting miRNAs are upregulated, while in other instances disease-suppressive miRNAs are downregulated. To alleviate this imbalanced miRNA expression, either antagomiRs or miRNA mimics can be delivered to cells to inhibit or promote miRNA expression, respectively. Unfortunately, the clinical translation of bare antagomiRs and miRNA mimics has been challenging because nucleic acids are susceptible to nuclease degradation, display unfavorable pharmacokinetics, and cannot passively enter cells. This review emphasizes the challenges associated with miRNA mimic delivery and then discusses the design and implementation of polymer nanocarriers to overcome these challenges. Preclinical efforts are summarized, and a forward-looking perspective on the future clinical translation of polymer nanomaterials as miRNA delivery vehicles is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chintan H Kapadia
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716
| | - Benjamin Luo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716
| | - Megan N Dang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716
| | - N'Dea Irvin-Choy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716
| | - Danielle M Valcourt
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716
| | - Emily S Day
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716
- Helen F. Graham Cancer Center and Research Institute, Newark, Delaware 19713
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19
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Su T, Yang B, Gao T, Liu T, Li J. Polymer nanoparticle-assisted chemotherapy of pancreatic cancer. Ther Adv Med Oncol 2020; 12:1758835920915978. [PMID: 32426046 PMCID: PMC7222269 DOI: 10.1177/1758835920915978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is a lethal disease characterized by highly dense stroma fibrosis. Only 15-20% of patients with pancreatic cancer have resectable tumors, and only around 20% of them survive to 5 years. Traditional cancer treatments have little effect on their prognosis, and successful surgical resection combined with effective perioperative therapy is the main method for maximizing long-term survival. For this reason, chemotherapy is an adjunct treatment for resectable cancer and is the main therapy for incurable pancreatic cancer, including metastatic pancreatic adenocarcinoma. However, there are various side effects of chemotherapeutic medicine and low drug penetration because the complex tumor microenvironment limits the application of chemotherapy. As a novel strategy, polymer nanoparticles make it possible to target the tumor microenvironment, release cytotoxic agents through various responsive reactions, and thus overcome the treatment barrier. As drug carriers, polymer nanoparticles show marked advantages, such as increased drug delivery and efficiency, controlled drug release, decreased side effects, prolonged half-life, and evasion of immunogenic blockade. In this review, we discuss the factors that cause chemotherapy obstacles in pancreatic cancer, and introduce the application of polymer nanoparticles to treat pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianqi Su
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bo Yang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tianren Gao
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tongjun Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiannan Li
- Department of General Surgery, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, People’s Republic of China
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20
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Soleymani M, Khalighfard S, Khodayari S, Khodayari H, Kalhori MR, Hadjighassem MR, Shaterabadi Z, Alizadeh AM. Effects of multiple injections on the efficacy and cytotoxicity of folate-targeted magnetite nanoparticles as theranostic agents for MRI detection and magnetic hyperthermia therapy of tumor cells. Sci Rep 2020; 10:1695. [PMID: 32015364 PMCID: PMC6997166 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-58605-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Folate-targeted iron oxide nanoparticles (FA@Fe3O4 NPs) were prepared by a one-pot hydrothermal method and then used as cancer theranostic agents by combining magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and magnetic hyperthermia therapy (MHT). Crystal structure, morphology, magnetic properties, surface functional group, and heating efficacy of the synthesized nanoparticles were characterized by XRD, TEM, VSM, FTIR, and hyperthermia analyses. The results indicated that the crystal structure, magnetic properties, and heating efficacy of the magnetite nanoparticles were improved by hydrothermal treatment. Toxicity of the prepared NPs was assessed in vitro and in vivo on the mammary cells and BALB/c mice, respectively. The results of the in vitro toxicity analysis showed that the FA@Fe3O4 NPs are relatively safe even at high concentrations of the NPs up to 1000 µg mL-1. Also, the targetability of the FA@Fe3O4 NPs for the detection of folate over-expressed cancer cells was evaluated in an animal model of breast tumor using MRI analysis. It was observed that T2-weighted magnetic resonance signal intensity was decreased with the three-time injection of the FA@Fe3O4 NPs with 24 h interval at a safe dose (50 mg kg-1), indicating the accumulation and retention of the NPs within the tumor tissues. Moreover, the therapeutic efficacy of the MHT using the FA@Fe3O4 NPs was evaluated in vivo in breast tumor-bearing mice. Hyperthermia treatment was carried out under a safe alternating magnetic field permissible for magnetic hyperthermia treatment (f = 150 kHz, H = 12.5 mT). The therapeutic effects of the MHT were evaluated by monitoring the tumor volume during the treatment period. The results showed that the mice in the control group experienced an almost 3.5-fold increase in the tumor volume during 15 days, while, the mice in the MHT group had a mild increase in the tumor volume (1.8-fold) within the same period (P < 0.05). These outcomes give promise that FA@Fe3O4 NPs can be used as theranostic agents for the MRI and MHT applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meysam Soleymani
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Arak University, Arak, 38156-88349, Iran
- Brain and Spinal Cord Injury research center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Solmaz Khalighfard
- Cancer Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Biology, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeed Khodayari
- Cancer Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Electrophysiology Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Khodayari
- Cancer Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Electrophysiology Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Kalhori
- Medical Biology Research Center, Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Reza Hadjighassem
- Brain and Spinal Cord Injury research center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Ali Mohammad Alizadeh
- Brain and Spinal Cord Injury research center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Cancer Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Breast Disease Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Tesfaye AA, Azmi AS, Philip PA. miRNA and Gene Expression in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2019; 189:58-70. [PMID: 30558723 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2018.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) remains a challenging disease that is mostly diagnosed late in the course of the illness. Unlike other cancers in which measurable successes have been achieved with traditional chemotherapy, targeted therapy, and, recently, immunotherapy, PDAC has proved to be poorly responsive to these treatments, with only marginal to modest incremental benefits using conventional cytotoxic therapy. There is, therefore, a great unmet need to develop better therapies based on improved understanding of biology and identification of predictive and prognostic biomarkers that would guide therapy. miRNAs are small noncoding RNAs that regulate the expression of some key genes by targeting their 3'-untranslated mRNA region. Aberrant expression of miRNAs has been linked to the development of various malignancies, including PDAC. A series of miRNAs have been identified as potential tools for early diagnosis, prediction of treatment response, and prognosis of patients with PDAC. In this review, we present a summary of the miRNAs that have been studied in PDAC in the context of disease biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anteneh A Tesfaye
- Department of Oncology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan.
| | - Asfar S Azmi
- Department of Oncology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Philip A Philip
- Department of Oncology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
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22
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Gao Z, Jiang W, Zhang S, Li P. The State of the Art on Blood MicroRNAs in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma. Anal Cell Pathol (Amst) 2019; 2019:9419072. [PMID: 31583198 PMCID: PMC6754866 DOI: 10.1155/2019/9419072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite enormous advances being made in diagnosis and therapeutic interventions, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is still recognized as one of the most lethal malignancies. Early diagnosis and timely curative surgery can markedly improve the prognosis; hence, there is an unmet necessity to explore efficient biomarkers for patients' benefit. Recently, blood miRNAs (miRNAs) have been reported to be a novel biomarker in human cancers. Part of it is selectively packaged by plasma exosomes released from cells via exocytosis and is highly sensitive to changes in the tumor microenvironment. Furthermore, due to less invasiveness and technical availability, miRNA-based liquid biopsy holds promise for further wide usage. Therefore, this review is aimed at presenting an update on the association between blood miRNAs and the biology of PDAC, then discussing its clinical utilization further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuqing Gao
- 1Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China
- 2Beijing Key Laboratory for Precancerous Lesion of Digestive Diseases, Beijing 100050, China
- 3National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Wei Jiang
- 1Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China
- 2Beijing Key Laboratory for Precancerous Lesion of Digestive Diseases, Beijing 100050, China
- 3National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Shutian Zhang
- 1Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China
- 2Beijing Key Laboratory for Precancerous Lesion of Digestive Diseases, Beijing 100050, China
- 3National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Peng Li
- 1Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China
- 2Beijing Key Laboratory for Precancerous Lesion of Digestive Diseases, Beijing 100050, China
- 3National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Beijing 100050, China
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23
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MicroRNAs in pancreatic cancer diagnosis and therapy. Cent Eur J Immunol 2018; 43:314-324. [PMID: 30588176 PMCID: PMC6305615 DOI: 10.5114/ceji.2018.80051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer remains a disease with very poor prognosis (only 5-6% of patients are still alive after five years). Attempts to improve the results of treatment of pancreatic cancer focus on a better understanding of the pathogenesis, and non-invasive diagnostic methods (genetic testing from peripheral blood), which would create the possibility of early diagnosis and early surgical treatment before the onset of metastasis. New hopes for the improvement of early diagnosis and treatment of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) are associated with genetic testing of microRNA expression changes. A large body of evidence has revealed that microRNAs are aberrantly expressed in the serum and in cancer tissues and elicit oncogenic or tumour-suppressive functions. Selected microRNAs can distinguish pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma from non-cancerous lesions of the pancreas. This review focuses on the involvement of microRNAs in the early diagnosis of pancreatic cancer. Research results related to the development of a novel therapeutic strategy based on the modulation of microRNA expressions for a better outcome in patients with pancreatic cancer are also presented.
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Bhatt PC, Verma A, Al-Abbasi FA, Anwar F, Kumar V, Panda BP. Development of surface-engineered PLGA nanoparticulate-delivery system of Tet1-conjugated nattokinase enzyme for inhibition of Aβ 40 plaques in Alzheimer's disease. Int J Nanomedicine 2017; 12:8749-8768. [PMID: 29263666 PMCID: PMC5732557 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s144545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
According to the World Health Organization, globally there are around 18 million patients suffering from Alzheimer’s disease (AD), and this number is expected to double by 2025. The pathophysiology of AD includes selective deposition of Aβ peptide in the mitochondria of cells, which inhibits uptake of glucose by neurons and key enzyme functions. Current drug treatments for AD are unable to rectify the underlying pathology of the disease; they only provide short-term symptomatic relief, so there is a need for the development of newer treatment regimes. The antiamyloid activity, antifibrinolytic activity, and antithrombotic activity of nattokinase holds potential for the treatment of AD. As nattokinase is a protein, its stability restricts its usage to a greater extent, but this limitation can be overcome by nanoencapsulation. In this work, we successfully synthesized polymeric nanoparticles of nattokinase and characterized its use by different techniques: transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, DTS Nano, differential scanning calorimetry, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, thioflavin T-binding assay, in vitro drug release, antifibrinolytic activity, and in vivo antiamyloid activity. As brain targeting of hydrophilic drugs is complicated due to the stringent nature of blood–brain barrier, in the current experimental study, we conjugated poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA)-encapsulated nattokinase with Tet1 peptide, which exhibits retrograde transportation properties because of its affinity to neurons. Our study suggests that PLGA-encapsulated nattokinase polymeric nanoparticles are able to downregulate amyloid aggregation and exhibit antifibrinolytic activity. The encapsulation of nattokinase in PLGA did not affect its enzyme activity, so the prepared nanoformulation containing nattokinase can be used as an effective drug treatment against AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prakash Chandra Bhatt
- Microbial and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Laboratory, Centre for Advanced Research in Pharmaceutical Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Amita Verma
- Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Fahad A Al-Abbasi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Firoz Anwar
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Vikas Kumar
- Natural Product Drug Discovery Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Bibhu Prasad Panda
- Microbial and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Laboratory, Centre for Advanced Research in Pharmaceutical Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
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Zhang J, Zheng T, Alarçin E, Byambaa B, Guan X, Ding J, Zhang YS, Li Z. Porous Electrospun Fibers with Self-Sealing Functionality: An Enabling Strategy for Trapping Biomacromolecules. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2017; 13:10.1002/smll.201701949. [PMID: 29094479 PMCID: PMC5845855 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201701949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Revised: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Stimuli-responsive porous polymer materials have promising biomedical application due to their ability to trap and release biomacromolecules. In this work, a class of highly porous electrospun fibers is designed using polylactide as the polymer matrix and poly(ethylene oxide) as a porogen. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) with different concentrations are further impregnated onto the fibers to achieve self-sealing functionality induced by photothermal conversion upon light irradiation. The fibers with 0.4 mg mL-1 of CNTs exhibit the optimum encapsulation efficiency of model biomacromolecules such as dextran, bovine serum albumin, and nucleic acids, although their photothermal conversion ability is slightly lower than the fibers with 0.8 mg mL-1 of CNTs. Interestingly, reversible reopening of the surface pores is accomplished with the degradation of PLA, affording a further possibility for sustained release of biomacromolecules after encapsulation. Effects of CNT loading on fiber morphology, structure, thermal/mechanical properties, degradation, and cell viability are also investigated. This novel class of porous electrospun fibers with self-sealing capability has great potential to serve as an enabling strategy for trapping/release of biomacromolecules with promising applications in, for example, preventing inflammatory diseases by scavenging cytokines from interstitial body fluids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Zhang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, P. R. China
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Ting Zheng
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Emine Alarçin
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Batzaya Byambaa
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Xiaofei Guan
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Jianxun Ding
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, P. R. China
| | - Yu Shrike Zhang
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Zhongming Li
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, P. R. China
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Adamska A, Domenichini A, Falasca M. Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma: Current and Evolving Therapies. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E1338. [PMID: 28640192 PMCID: PMC5535831 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18071338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 364] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Revised: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), which constitutes 90% of pancreatic cancers, is the fourth leading cause of cancer-related deaths in the world. Due to the broad heterogeneity of genetic mutations and dense stromal environment, PDAC belongs to one of the most chemoresistant cancers. Most of the available treatments are palliative, with the objective of relieving disease-related symptoms and prolonging survival. Currently, available therapeutic options are surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and use of targeted drugs. However, thus far, therapies targeting cancer-associated molecular pathways have not given satisfactory results; this is due in part to the rapid upregulation of compensatory alternative pathways as well as dense desmoplastic reaction. In this review, we summarize currently available therapies and clinical trials, directed towards a plethora of pathways and components dysregulated during PDAC carcinogenesis. Emerging trends towards targeted therapies as the most promising approach will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Adamska
- Metabolic Signalling Group, School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6102, Australia.
| | - Alice Domenichini
- Metabolic Signalling Group, School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6102, Australia.
| | - Marco Falasca
- Metabolic Signalling Group, School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6102, Australia.
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Gautam SK, Kumar S, Cannon A, Hall B, Bhatia R, Nasser MW, Mahapatra S, Batra SK, Jain M. MUC4 mucin- a therapeutic target for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2017; 21:657-669. [PMID: 28460571 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2017.1323880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pancreatic cancer (PC) is characterized by mucin overexpression. MUC4 is the most differentially overexpressed membrane-bound mucin that plays a functional role in disease progression and therapy resistance. Area covered: We describe the clinicopathological significance of MUC4, summarize mechanisms contributing to its deregulated expression, review preclinical studies aimed at inhibiting MUC4, and discuss how MUC4 overexpression provides opportunities for developing targeted therapies. Finally, we discuss the challenges for developing MUC4-based therapeutics, and identify areas where efforts should be directed to effectively exploit MUC4 as a therapeutic target for PC. Expert opinion: Studies demonstrating that abrogation of MUC4 expression reduces proliferation and metastasis of PC cells and enhances sensitivity to therapeutic agents affirm its utility as a therapeutic target. Emerging evidence also supports the suitability of MUC4 as a potential immunotherapy target. However, these studies have been limited to in vitro, ex vivo or in vivo approaches using xenograft tumors in immunodeficient murine models. For translational relevance, MUC4-targeted therapies should be evaluated in murine models with intact immune system and accurate tumor microenvironment. Additionally, future studies evaluating MUC4 as a target for immunotherapy must entail characterization of immune response in PC patients and investigate its association with immunosuppression and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shailendra K Gautam
- a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha , NE , USA
| | - Sushil Kumar
- a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha , NE , USA
| | - Andrew Cannon
- a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha , NE , USA
| | - Bradley Hall
- a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha , NE , USA.,b Department of Surgery , University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha , NE , USA
| | - Rakesh Bhatia
- a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha , NE , USA
| | - Mohd Wasim Nasser
- a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha , NE , USA
| | - Sidharth Mahapatra
- a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha , NE , USA.,d Department of Pediatrics , University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha , NE , USA.,e Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center , University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha , NE , USA
| | - Surinder K Batra
- a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha , NE , USA.,c Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases , University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha , NE , USA.,e Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center , University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha , NE , USA
| | - Maneesh Jain
- a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha , NE , USA.,e Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center , University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha , NE , USA
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28
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Yu Q, Zhou X, Xia Q, Shen J, Yan J, Zhu J, Li X, Shu M. Long non-coding RNA CCAT1 that can be activated by c-Myc promotes pancreatic cancer cell proliferation and migration. Am J Transl Res 2016; 8:5444-5454. [PMID: 28078015 PMCID: PMC5209495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the potential role of lncRNA CCAT1 in the progression of pancreatic cancer (PC) and to reveal its possible molecular mechanism. The expression of CCAT1 was analyzed in PC tissues and their adjacent normal tissues from patients diagnosed with PC and in two pancreas cancer cell lines, namely PANC-1 and Aspc-1 using real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and western blot, respectively. The effects of CCAT1 expression on cell proliferation, cell cycle, and migration were analyzed using MTT assay, flow cytometry, and transwell assay, respectively. The effects of c-Myc expression on the expression of CCAT1 and E-box were also analyzed using RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP) and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays, respectively. The results showed that CCAT1 was highly expressed in PC tissues compared to the adjacent tissues (P<0.01) and was also overexpressed in PANC-1 and Aspc-1 cells (P<0.05). The silencing of CCAT1 significantly inhibited cell proliferation and migration (P<0.05), arrested cell cycle at G0/G1 stage, and decreased cyclin D1 expression (P<0.05). An increased expression of c-Myc was observed in the PC tissues compared to the adjacent tissues. We found that suppression of c-Myc altered CCAT1 expression by targeting its promoter at E-box. This study demonstrated that c-Myc-activated CCAT1 may contribute to tumorigenesis and metastasis of PC, which may serve as a potential target for the therapy of PC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuyun Yu
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Ningbo NO.2 Hospital Ningbo 315010, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xinfeng Zhou
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Ningbo NO.2 Hospital Ningbo 315010, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qing Xia
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Ningbo NO.2 Hospital Ningbo 315010, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jia Shen
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Ningbo NO.2 Hospital Ningbo 315010, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jia Yan
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Ningbo NO.2 Hospital Ningbo 315010, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiuting Zhu
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Ningbo NO.2 Hospital Ningbo 315010, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiang Li
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Ningbo NO.2 Hospital Ningbo 315010, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ming Shu
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Ningbo NO.2 Hospital Ningbo 315010, Zhejiang, China
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Previdi MC, Carotenuto P, Zito D, Pandolfo R, Braconi C. Noncoding RNAs as novel biomarkers in pancreatic cancer: what do we know? Future Oncol 2016; 13:443-453. [PMID: 27841659 PMCID: PMC5253462 DOI: 10.2217/fon-2016-0253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is an aggressive cancer of the digestive system, which is becoming a serious health problem worldwide. Overall survival for patients with pancreatic cancer is poor, mainly due to a lack of biomarkers to enable early diagnosis and a lack of prognostic markers that can inform decision-making, facilitating personalized treatment and an optimal clinical outcome. ncRNAs play an important role in pancreatic carcinogenesis. Here we review the literature on the role of ncRNAs as biomarkers in pancreatic cancer. We focus on the significance of ncRNAs as markers for early diagnosis, as prognostic biomarkers able to inform clinical management and as targets for novel therapeutics for patients with pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria C Previdi
- Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Rd, Sutton, SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Pietro Carotenuto
- Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Rd, Sutton, SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Domenico Zito
- Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Rd, Sutton, SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Rosantony Pandolfo
- Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Rd, Sutton, SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Chiara Braconi
- Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Rd, Sutton, SM2 5NG, UK.,The Royal Marsden NHS Trust London & Surrey, Downs Rd, Sutton, SM2 5NG, UK
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30
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Ganju A, Khan S, Hafeez BB, Behrman SW, Yallapu MM, Chauhan SC, Jaggi M. miRNA nanotherapeutics for cancer. Drug Discov Today 2016; 22:424-432. [PMID: 27815139 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2016.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Revised: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are noncoding RNA molecules that regulate gene expression through diverse mechanisms. Increasing evidence suggests that miRNA-based therapies, either restoring or repressing miRNA expression and activity, hold great promise. However, the efficient delivery of miRNAs to target tissues is a major challenge in the transition of miRNA therapy to the clinic. Cationic polymers or viral vectors are efficient delivery agents but their systemic toxicity and immunogenicity limit their clinical usage. Efficient targeting and sustained release of miRNAs/anti-miRNAs using nanoparticles (NPs) conjugated with antibodies and/or peptides could reduce the required therapeutic dosage while minimizing systemic and cellular toxicity. Given their importance in clinical oncology, here we focus on the development of miRNA nanoformulations to achieve enhanced cellular uptake, bioavailability, and accumulation at the tumor site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya Ganju
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Center for Cancer Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Sheema Khan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Center for Cancer Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Bilal B Hafeez
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Center for Cancer Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Stephen W Behrman
- Department of Surgery, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Murali M Yallapu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Center for Cancer Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA.
| | - Subhash C Chauhan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Center for Cancer Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA.
| | - Meena Jaggi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Center for Cancer Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA.
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31
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Abstract
Pancreatic cancer remains the fourth leading cause of cancer-related death in the US and is expected to be the second leading cause of cancer-related death by 2030. Therefore, it is important to better understand the molecular pathogenesis, phenotypes and features of pancreatic cancer in order to design novel molecularly targeted therapies for achieving better therapeutic outcome of patients with pancreatic cancer. Recently, the roles of microRNAs (miRNAs) in the development and progression of pancreatic cancer became a hot topic in the scientific community of pancreatic cancer research. By conducting miRNA expression profiling, the aberrant expression of miRNAs was revealed in the serum and in cancer tissues from patients with pancreatic cancer. These aberrantly expressed miRNAs are critically correlated with the disease stage, drug resistance, and survival of pancreatic cancer patients. Hence, targeting these tiny molecules, the specific miRNAs, could provide an efficient and optimal approach in the therapy of pancreatic cancer. Indeed, the pre-clinical and in vivo experiments showed that nanoparticle delivery of synthetic oligonucleotides or treatment with natural agents could be useful to modulate the expression of miRNAs and thereby inhibit pancreatic cancer growth and progression, suggesting that targeting miRNAs combined with conventional anti-cancer therapeutics could be a novel therapeutic strategy for increasing drug sensitivity and achieving better therapeutic outcome of patients diagnosed with pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwei Li
- 1. Department of Pathology, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Fazlul H Sarkar
- 1. Department of Pathology, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA; 2. Department of Oncology, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
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32
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Wu J, Li A, Zhang P, Sun Z, Han L, Nan F, Geng LI. Increased expression of microRNA-503 and reduced expression of kangai-1 in B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Exp Ther Med 2016; 11:917-922. [PMID: 26998012 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2016.2971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to determine the expression levels of microRNA-503 (miR-503) and the tumor suppressor gene, kangai-1 (KAI1), in B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (B-NHL). A total of 45 patients with B-NHL (including 29 cases with stage III/IV disease and 16 cases with stage I/II disease) were enrolled in this study. In addition, 26 patients with reactive lymphoid hyperplasia (RLH) were enrolled as the control patients. Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction was performed in order to measure the expression levels of miR-503 in B-NHL and RLH tissues, and to detect the expression levels of miR-503 and KAI1 in peripheral blood samples. In addition, KAI1 expression levels in B-NHL and RLH tissues were detected using western blotting and immunohistochemical analysis. The expression levels of miR-503 were found to be significantly increased in the tissues and peripheral blood of B-NHL patients when compared with those in RLH patients (P<0.05). However, KAI1 was strongly expressed in RLH tissues and weakly expressed in B-NHL tissues. Furthermore, the expression levels of KAI1 were significantly decreased in the tissues and peripheral blood of B-NHL patients when compared with those in the tissues and peripheral blood of RLH patients (P<0.05). The expression levels of miR-503 in the tissues and peripheral blood of patients with stage III/IV B-NHL were significantly higher compared with those with stage I/II B-NHL (P<0.05). By contrast, the expression levels of KAI1 in stage III/IV B-NHL tissues were significantly higher compared with those in stage I/II B-NHL tissues (P<0.05). In conclusion, miR-503 was highly expressed, whereas KAI1 was poorly expressed, in the tissues and peripheral blood of B-NHL patients. Thus, miR-503 may have an application as a novel therapeutic and diagnostic marker in B-NHL patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Wu
- Department of Oncology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China
| | - Aimin Li
- Department of Oncology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China
| | - Pengyu Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China
| | - Zhenchang Sun
- Department of Oncology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China
| | - Lijuan Han
- Department of Oncology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China
| | - Feifei Nan
- Department of Oncology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China
| | - L I Geng
- Department of Oncology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China
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Deregulated KLF4 Expression in Myeloid Leukemias Alters Cell Proliferation and Differentiation through MicroRNA and Gene Targets. Mol Cell Biol 2015; 36:559-73. [PMID: 26644403 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00712-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is characterized by increased proliferation and blocked differentiation of hematopoietic progenitors mediated, in part, by altered myeloid transcription factor expression. Decreased Krüppel-like factor 4 (KLF4) expression has been observed in AML, but how decreased KLF4 contributes to AML pathogenesis is largely unknown. We demonstrate decreased KLF4 expression in AML patient samples with various cytogenetic aberrations, confirm that KLF4 overexpression promotes myeloid differentiation and inhibits cell proliferation in AML cell lines, and identify new targets of KLF4. We have demonstrated that microRNA 150 (miR-150) expression is decreased in AML and that reintroducing miR-150 expression induces myeloid differentiation and inhibits proliferation of AML cells. We show that KLF family DNA binding sites are necessary for miR-150 promoter activity and that KLF2 or KLF4 overexpression induces miR-150 expression. miR-150 silencing, alone or in combination with silencing of CDKN1A, a well-described KLF4 target, did not fully reverse KLF4-mediated effects. Gene expression profiling and validation identified putative KLF4-regulated genes, including decreased MYC and downstream MYC-regulated gene expression in KLF4-overexpressing cells. Our findings indicate that decreased KLF4 expression mediates antileukemic effects through regulation of gene and microRNA networks, containing miR-150, CDKN1A, and MYC, and provide mechanistic support for therapeutic strategies increasing KLF4 expression.
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Zhu X, Wang H, Zheng L, Zhong Z, Li X, Zhao J, Kou J, Jiang Y, Zheng X, Liu Z, Li H, Cao W, Tian Y, Wang Y, Yang L. Upconversion nanoparticle-mediated photodynamic therapy induces THP-1 macrophage apoptosis via ROS bursts and activation of the mitochondrial caspase pathway. Int J Nanomedicine 2015; 10:3719-36. [PMID: 26045663 PMCID: PMC4447170 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s82162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis (AS) is the most vital cardiovascular disease, which poses a great threat to human health. Macrophages play an important role in the progression of AS. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has emerged as a useful therapeutic modality not only in the treatment of cancer but also in the treatment of AS. The purpose of this study was to determine the molecular mechanisms underlying the activity of PDT, using mesoporous-silica-coated upconversion fluorescent nanoparticles encapsulating chlorin e6 (UCNPs-Ce6) in the induction of apoptosis in THP-1 macrophages. Here, we investigated the ability of UCNPs-Ce6-mediated PDT to induce THP-1 macrophage apoptosis by facilitating the induction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and regulation of mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPTP) to depolarize mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP). Both Bax translocation and the release of cytochrome C were examined using immunofluorescence and Western blotting. Our results indicated that the levels of ROS were significantly increased in the PDT group, resulting in both MPTP opening and MMP depolarization, which led to apoptosis. In addition, immunofluorescence and Western blotting revealed that PDT induced both Bax translocation and the release of cytochrome C, as well as upregulation of cleaved caspase-9, cleaved caspase-3, and cleaved poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase. Therefore, we demonstrated that UCNPs-Ce6-mediated PDT induces apoptosis in THP-1 macrophages via ROS bursts. The proapoptotic factor Bax subsequently translocates from the cytosol to the mitochondria, resulting in the MPTP opening and cytochrome C release. This study demonstrated the great potential of UCNPs-Ce6-mediated PDT in the treatment of AS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Zhu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Wang
- Materials Physics and Chemistry Department, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Longbin Zheng
- Department of Pathophysiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaoyu Zhong
- Department of Pathophysiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuesong Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Blood Transfusion Department, Jining No 1 People's Hospital, Jining, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiayuan Kou
- Department of Pathophysiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Yueqing Jiang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiufeng Zheng
- Department of Pathophysiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongni Liu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongxia Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenwu Cao
- Laboratory of Sono- and Photo-theranostic Technologies, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, People's Republic of China ; Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Ye Tian
- Department of Pathophysiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People's Republic of China ; Division of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - You Wang
- Materials Physics and Chemistry Department, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Liming Yang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
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The janus facet of nanomaterials. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:317184. [PMID: 26075225 PMCID: PMC4449866 DOI: 10.1155/2015/317184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 12/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Application of nanoscale materials (NMs) displays a rapidly increasing trend in electronics, optics, chemical catalysis, biotechnology, and medicine due to versatile nature of NMs and easily adjustable physical, physicochemical, and chemical properties. However, the increasing abundance of NMs also poses significant new and emerging health and environmental risks. Despite growing efforts, understanding toxicity of NMs does not seem to cope with the demand, because NMs usually act entirely different from those of conventional small molecule drugs. Currently, large-scale application of available safety assessment protocols, as well as their furthering through case-by-case practice, is advisable. We define a standard work-scheme for nanotoxicity evaluation of NMs, comprising thorough characterization of structural, physical, physicochemical, and chemical traits, followed by measuring biodistribution in live tissue and blood combined with investigation of organ-specific effects especially regarding the function of the brain and the liver. We propose a range of biochemical, cellular, and immunological processes to be explored in order to provide information on the early effects of NMs on some basic physiological functions and chemical defense mechanisms. Together, these contributions give an overview with important implications for the understanding of many aspects of nanotoxicity.
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Modulation of microRNAs by phytochemicals in cancer: underlying mechanisms and translational significance. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:848710. [PMID: 25853141 PMCID: PMC4380282 DOI: 10.1155/2015/848710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 10/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small, endogenous noncoding RNAs that regulate a variety of biological processes such as differentiation, development, and survival. Recent studies suggest that miRNAs are dysregulated in cancer and play critical roles in cancer initiation, progression, and chemoresistance. Therefore, exploitation of miRNAs as targets for cancer prevention and therapy could be a promising approach. Extensive evidence suggests that many naturally occurring phytochemicals regulate the expression of numerous miRNAs involved in the pathobiology of cancer. Therefore, an understanding of the regulation of miRNAs by phytochemicals in cancer, their underlying molecular mechanisms, and functional consequences on tumor pathophysiology may be useful in formulating novel strategies to combat this devastating disease. These aspects are discussed in this review paper with an objective of highlighting the significance of these observations from the translational standpoint.
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37
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Regulatory networks between neurotrophins and miRNAs in brain diseases and cancers. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2015; 36:149-57. [PMID: 25544363 PMCID: PMC4326792 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2014.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurotrophins are involved in many physiological and pathological processes in the nervous system. They regulate and modify signal transduction, transcription and translation in neurons. It is recently demonstrated that the neurotrophin expression is regulated by microRNAs (miRNAs), changing our views on neurotrophins and miRNAs. Generally, miRNAs regulate neurotrophins and their receptors in at least two ways: (1) miRNAs bind directly to the 3′ untranslated region (UTR) of isoform-specific mRNAs and post-transcriptionally regulate their expression; (2) miRNAs bind to the 3′ UTR of the regulatory factors of neurotrophins and regulate their expression. On the other hand, neurotrophins can regulate miRNAs. The results of BNDF research show that neurotrophins regulate miRNAs in at least three ways: (1) ERK stimulation enhances the activation of TRBP (HIV-1 TAR RNA-binding protein) and Dicer, leading to the upregulation of miRNA biogenesis; (2) ERK-dependent upregulation of Lin28a (RNA-binding proteins) blocks select miRNA biogenesis; (3) transcriptional regulation of miRNA expression through activation of transcription factors, including CREB and NF-κB. These regulatory processes integrate positive and negative regulatory loops in neurotrophin and miRNA signaling pathways, and also expand the function of neurotrophins and miRNAs. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of the regulatory networks between neurotrophins and miRNAs in brain diseases and cancers, for which novel cutting edge therapeutic, delivery and diagnostic approaches are emerging.
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Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are an important class of small non-coding RNAs that direct post-transcriptional gene regulation by different mechanisms. Mounting evidences from numerous studies in the last decade have unraveled that deregulated miRNAs, and their cognate target expressions are strongly implicated in the carcinogenesis. Recent advances have highlighted miRNA-mediated regulation of mucins that have critical role in inflammation and cancer biology. The aberrant expression and differential glycosylation of mucins cause tumorigenesis, metastasis, chemoresistance and poor outcome of cancer patients, thus recognizing them as attractive therapeutic targets. Though current mucin-based therapies (antibodies, vaccines, immunotherapy, peptide inhibitors) have shown preclinical utility but only a handful promise for clinical transferability. In this context, understanding miRNA-mediated modulation of multiple mucin(s) expression and function gives a new hope for future anti-tumor therapeutics. Herein, we reviewed miRNA biogenesis, mechanism of action, and their role in tumor development. Further, we provide an overview of miRNA-mediated mucin regulation and their application as anticancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiv Ram Krishn
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Surinder K Batra
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA. Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5870, USA
| | - Sukhwinder Kaur
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
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Clinical implications of miRNAs in the pathogenesis, diagnosis and therapy of pancreatic cancer. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2015; 81:16-33. [PMID: 25453266 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2014.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Revised: 10/12/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Despite considerable progress being made in understanding pancreatic cancer (PC) pathogenesis, it still remains the 10th most often diagnosed malignancy in the world and 4th leading cause of cancer related deaths in the United States with a five year survival rate of only 6%. The aggressive nature, lack of early diagnostic and prognostic markers, late clinical presentation, and limited efficacy of existing treatment regimens make PC a lethal cancer with high mortality and poor prognosis. Therefore, novel reliable biomarkers and molecular targets are urgently needed to combat this deadly disease. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short (19-24 nucleotides) non-coding RNA molecules implicated in the regulation of gene expression at post-transcriptional level and play significant roles in various physiological and pathological conditions. Aberrant expression of miRNAs has been reported in several cancers including PC and is implicated in PC pathogenesis and progression, suggesting their utility in diagnosis, prognosis and therapy. In this review, we summarize the role of several miRNAs that regulate various oncogenes (KRAS) and tumor suppressor genes (p53, p16, SMAD4, etc.) involved in PC development, their prospective roles as diagnostic and prognostic markers and as a therapeutic targets.
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MicroRNAs in B-cell lymphomas: how a complex biology gets more complex. Leukemia 2014; 29:1004-17. [PMID: 25541152 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2014.351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Revised: 11/28/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) represent important regulators of gene expression besides transcriptional control. miRNA regulation can be involved in the cell developmental fate decisions, but can also have more subtle roles in buffering stochastic fluctuations in gene expression. They participate in pathways fundamental to B-cell development like B-cell receptor (BCR) signalling, B-cell migration/adhesion, cell-cell interactions in immune niches, and the production and class-switching of immunoglobulins. miRNAs influence B-cell maturation, generation of pre-, marginal zone, follicular, B1, plasma and memory B cells. In this review, we discuss miRNAs with essential functions in malignant B-cell development (such as miR-150, miR-155, miR-21, miR-34a, miR-17-92 and miR-15-16). We also put these miRNAs in the context of normal B-cell differentiation, as this is intimately connected to neoplastic B-cell development. We review miRNAs' role in the most common B-cell malignancies, including chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL), diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), follicular lymphoma (FL) and mantle cell lymphoma (MCL). We focus on miR-contribution to the regulation of important signalling pathways (such as NF-κB, PI3K/AKT and TGF-β), BCR signalling and its modulators (such as PTEN, SHIP-1, ZAP-70, GAB1 and BTK), anti- and pro-apoptotic proteins (such as BCL2, MCL1, TCL1, BIM, p53 and SIRT1) and transcription factors (such as MYC, MYB, PU.1, FOXP1 and BCL6). We also discuss the association of miRNAs' expression levels with the patients' survival and response to therapy, summarizing their potential use as predictive and prognostic markers. Importantly, the targeting of miRNAs (like use of anti-miR-155 or miR-34a mimic) could provide a novel therapeutic approach as evidenced by tumour regression in xenograft mouse models and initial promising data from clinical trials.
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