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Lee A, Dadhwal S, Gamble A, Hook S. Liposomes with cyclodextrin channels and polyethyleneimine (PEI) improves cytoplasmic vaccine delivery and induces anti-cancer immune activity in mice. J Liposome Res 2021; 32:22-31. [PMID: 33006297 DOI: 10.1080/08982104.2020.1831016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cancer vaccines have been developed as an additional method of treatment in the fight against cancer. However, an important barrier to an effective vaccine is the inefficient presentation of exogenous antigen by dendritic cells to cytotoxic CD8 T cells. In this study, DPPC liposomes were modified with channels and loaded with polyethyleneimine (PEI) and 5,6-dimethylxanthenone-4-acetic acid (DMXAA) to produce a vaccine carrier. The liposomes were designed to be pH responsive to facilitate delivery of antigens directly to the cytoplasm of antigen presenting cells, bypassing the cross-presentation pathway and improving cellular immune responses. The lysis of liposomes in acidic cell-free conditions was measured using a validated dynamic light scattering assay in order to gain an insight into the mechanism of PEI-mediated lysis. Dendritic cell stimulation and T cell proliferation was investigated in vitro and the potential of this formulation to stimulate a therapeutic anti-cancer immune response was examined in a murine melanoma model. The modified formulation stimulated T cell activation in vitro and induced a small but significant increase in survival in immunized mice. Overall, liposomes modified with PEI and channels successfully delivered antigen to the cytoplasm of dendritic cells, which subsequently led to the development of an appropriate immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnold Lee
- University of Otago, School of Pharmacy, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Sumit Dadhwal
- University of Otago, School of Pharmacy, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Allan Gamble
- University of Otago, School of Pharmacy, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Sarah Hook
- University of Otago, School of Pharmacy, Dunedin, New Zealand
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2
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Monnery BD. Polycation-Mediated Transfection: Mechanisms of Internalization and Intracellular Trafficking. Biomacromolecules 2021; 22:4060-4083. [PMID: 34498457 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.1c00697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Polyplex-mediated gene transfection is now in its' fourth decade of serious research, but the promise of polyplex-mediated gene therapy has yet to fully materialize. Only approximately one in a million applied plasmids actually expresses. A large part of this is due to an incomplete understanding of the mechanism of polyplex transfection. There is an assumption that internalization must follow a canonical mechanism of receptor mediated endocytosis. Herein, we present arguments that untargeted (and most targeted) polyplexes do not utilize these routes. By incorporating knowledge of syndecan-polyplex interactions, we can show that syndecans are the "target" for polyplexes. Further, it is known that free polycations (which disrupt cell-membranes by acid-catalyzed hydrolysis of phospholipid esters) are necessary for (untargeted) endocytosis. This can be incorporated into the model to produce a novel mechanism of endocytosis, which fits the observed phenomenology. After membrane translocation, polyplex containing vesicles reach the endosome after diffusing through the actin mesh below the cell membrane. From there, they are acidified and trafficked toward the lysosome. Some polyplexes are capable of escaping the endosome and unpacking, while others are not. Herein, it is argued that for some polycations, as acidification proceeds the polyplexes excluding free polycations, which disrupt the endosomal membrane by acid-catalyzed hydrolysis, allowing the polyplex to escape. The polyplex's internal charge ratio is now insufficient for stability and it releases plasmids which diffuse to the nucleus. A small proportion of these plasmids diffuse through the nuclear pore complex (NPC), with aggregation being the major cause of loss. Those plasmids that have diffused through the NPC will also aggregate, and this appears to be the reason such a small proportion of nuclear plasmids express mRNA. Thus, the structural features which promote unpacking in the endosome and allow for endosomal escape can be determined, and better polycations can be designed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryn D Monnery
- Department of Organic and (Bio)Polymer Chemistry, Hasselt University, Building F, Agoralaan 1, B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
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3
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Dhande YK, Wagh BS, Hall BC, Sprouse D, Hackett PB, Reineke TM. N-Acetylgalactosamine Block-co-Polycations Form Stable Polyplexes with Plasmids and Promote Liver-Targeted Delivery. Biomacromolecules 2016; 17:830-40. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.5b01555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yogesh K. Dhande
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, and Center
for Genome Engineering, ‡Department of Chemistry and Center for Genome Engineering, and §Department of Genetics,
Cell Biology and Development, and Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Bharat S. Wagh
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, and Center
for Genome Engineering, ‡Department of Chemistry and Center for Genome Engineering, and §Department of Genetics,
Cell Biology and Development, and Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Bryan C. Hall
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, and Center
for Genome Engineering, ‡Department of Chemistry and Center for Genome Engineering, and §Department of Genetics,
Cell Biology and Development, and Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Dustin Sprouse
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, and Center
for Genome Engineering, ‡Department of Chemistry and Center for Genome Engineering, and §Department of Genetics,
Cell Biology and Development, and Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Perry B. Hackett
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, and Center
for Genome Engineering, ‡Department of Chemistry and Center for Genome Engineering, and §Department of Genetics,
Cell Biology and Development, and Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Theresa M. Reineke
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, and Center
for Genome Engineering, ‡Department of Chemistry and Center for Genome Engineering, and §Department of Genetics,
Cell Biology and Development, and Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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Han Z, Ge X, Tan J, Chen F, Gao H, Lei P, Zhang J. Establishment of Lipofection Protocol for Efficient miR-21 Transfection into Cortical Neurons In Vitro. DNA Cell Biol 2015; 34:703-9. [PMID: 26485116 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2015.2800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysregulated microRNAs in neurons could cause many nervous system diseases. The therapeutic manipulation of these pathogenic microRNAs necessitates novel, efficient delivery systems to facilitate microRNA modulators targeting neurons with minimal off-target effects. The study aimed to establish a lipofection protocol to upregulate expression levels of miR-21 in neurons under different conditions, including different serum-free medium, transfection conditions, and reagent concentration, by evaluating the expression levels of miR-21 and neuron injury. The expression levels of miR-21 were higher in neurons transfected by Neurobasal-A than by DMEM. Expression levels of miR-21 were already the highest at the ratio RNAiMAX:miR-21 = 3:5, but the increase of RNAiMAX's concentration had not caused the further upregulation of expression level of miR-21. Neuron injury was condition dependent and dose dependent after transfection. Compared to S-Neurobasal groups, neurons have a smaller injury in N-Neurobasal groups, and compared to ratios RNAiMAX:miR-21 = 4:5, 5:5, neuron injury was smaller at ratios of RNAiMAX:miR-21 = 1:5, 2:5, 3:5. Without the pretreatment of starvation in vitro, the lipofection protocol was that RNAiMAX/miR-21 agomir complexes were diluted in Neurobasal-A at the ratio of RNAiMAX:miR-21 = 3:5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoli Han
- 1 Department of Geriatrics, Tianjin Geriatrics Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University , Tianjin, China
| | - Xintong Ge
- 2 Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Neurological Institute General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University , Tianjin, China
| | - Jin Tan
- 1 Department of Geriatrics, Tianjin Geriatrics Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University , Tianjin, China
| | - Fanglian Chen
- 2 Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Neurological Institute General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University , Tianjin, China
| | - Huabin Gao
- 2 Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Neurological Institute General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University , Tianjin, China
| | - Ping Lei
- 1 Department of Geriatrics, Tianjin Geriatrics Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University , Tianjin, China
| | - Jianning Zhang
- 2 Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Neurological Institute General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University , Tianjin, China
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Foster AA, Greco CT, Green MD, Epps TH, Sullivan MO. Light-mediated activation of siRNA Release in diblock copolymer assemblies for controlled gene silencing. Adv Healthc Mater 2015; 4:760-70. [PMID: 25530259 PMCID: PMC4429132 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201400671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Revised: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Controllable release is particularly important for the delivery of small interfering RNA (siRNA), as siRNAs have a high susceptibility to enzymatic degradation if release is premature, yet lack silencing activity if they remain inaccessible within the cytoplasm. To overcome these hurdles, novel and tailorable mPEG-b-poly(5-(3-(amino)propoxy)-2-nitrobenzyl methacrylate) (mPEG-b-P(APNBMA)) diblock copolymers containing light-sensitive o-nitrobenzyl moieties and pendant amines are employed to provide both efficient siRNA binding, via electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions, as well as triggered charge reversal and nucleic acid release. In particular, siRNA/mPEG-b-P(APNBMA)23.6 polyplexes show minimal aggregation in physiological salt and serum, and enhanced resistance to polyanion-induced unpackaging compared to polyethylenimine preparations. Cellular delivery of siRNA/mPEG-b-P(APNBMA)23.6 polyplexes reveals greater than 80% cellular transfection, as well as rapid and widespread cytoplasmic distribution. Additionally, UV irradiation indicates ≈70% reduction in targeted gene expression following siRNA/mPEG-b-P(APNBMA)23.6 polyplex treatment, as compared to 0% reduction in polyplex-treated cells without UV irradiation, and only ≈30% reduction for Lipofectamine-treated cells. The results here highlight the potential of these light-sensitive copolymers with a well-defined on/off switch for applications including cellular patterning for guided cell growth and extension, and cellular microarrays for exploring protein and drug interactions that require enhanced spatiotemporal control of gene activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbygail A. Foster
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Chad T. Greco
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Matthew D. Green
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Thomas H. Epps
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Newark, DE 19716, USA
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