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Shivani S, Hsu YH, Lee CJ, Cheong CS, Chung TT, Wang AB. Programmed Topographic Substrates for Studying Roughness Gradient-Dependent Cell Migration Using Two-Photon Polymerization. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:825791. [PMID: 35392174 PMCID: PMC8980465 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.825791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The mediation of the extracellular matrix is one of the major environmental cues to direct cell migration, such as stiffness-dependent durotaxis and adhesiveness-dependent haptotaxis. In this study, we explore another possible contact guidance: roughness dependent topotaxis. Different from previously reported studies on topotaxis that use standard photolithography to create micron or submicron structures that have identical height and different spatial densities, we develop a new method to programmatically fabricate substrates with different patterns of surface roughness using two-photon polymerization. Surface roughness ranging from 0.29 to 1.11 μm can be created by controlling the voxel distance between adjacently cured ellipsoid voxels. Patterned Ormocomp® masters are transferred to polypropylene films using the nanoimprinting method for cell migration study. Our experimental results suggest that MG63 cells can sense the spatial distribution of their underlying extracellar roughness and modulate their migration velocity and direction. Three characteristic behaviors were identified. First, cells have a higher migration velocity on substrates with higher roughness. Second, cells preferred to migrate from regions of higher roughness to lower roughness, and their migration velocity also decreased with descending roughness. Third, the migration velocity remained unchanged on the lower roughness range on a graded substrate with a steeper roughness. The last cell migration characteristic suggests the steepness of the roughness gradient can be another environmental cue in addition to surface roughness. Finally, the combination of two-photon polymerization and nanoimprint methods could become a new fabrication methodology to create better 3D intricate structures for exploring topotactic cell migrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhashree Shivani
- Institute of Applied Mechanics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hsiang Hsu
- Institute of Applied Mechanics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- *Correspondence: Yu-Hsiang Hsu, ; An-Bang Wang,
| | - Cheng-Je Lee
- Institute of Applied Mechanics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Sheng Cheong
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tien-Tung Chung
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - An-Bang Wang
- Institute of Applied Mechanics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- *Correspondence: Yu-Hsiang Hsu, ; An-Bang Wang,
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Nino-Barrera J, Sanchez-Aleman J, Acosta-Humanez M, Gamboa-Martinez L, Cortes-Rodriguez C. Shot peening increases resistance to cyclic fatigue fracture of endodontic files. Sci Rep 2021; 11:12961. [PMID: 34155287 PMCID: PMC8217493 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-92382-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to assess the resistance to fatigue fracture of conventional nickel–titanium files after undergoing shot peening. Forty NITIFLEX endodontic files, number 30, were divided into two groups; one was submitted to shot peening treatment and the other was not. All instruments were tested for fatigue fracture in simulated canals with a TRI-AUTO ZX endodontic motor. One file of each group was subjected to a residual stress analysis by XRD. Finally, the fractured surface was observed and elemental analysis performed by means of SEM and EDX. Roughness analysis was made by focal variation microscope. The shot peening group showed greater resistance to fatigue fracture; there was no difference in the length of the fractured fragments. XRD results showed the presence of residual compression stresses in the file submitted to shot peening, a decrease in the interplanar spacing, and an increase in the full-width-at-half-maximum and the microstrains. SEM and EDX showed a ductile fracture with zones of fatigue and an equiatomic ratio between the nickel and titanium. Surface roughness increased after the file was subjected to the shot peening procedure. In conclusion, shot peening increases the resistance to fatigue fracture due to the presence of residual compression stresses in files manufactured from a conventional nickel–titanium alloy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Nino-Barrera
- Faculty of Dentistry, Endodontics Program, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Building 210, Office 301, Bogotá, Colombia.
| | - Jose Sanchez-Aleman
- Faculty of Dentistry, Endodontics Program, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Building 210, Office 301, Bogotá, Colombia
| | | | - Luis Gamboa-Martinez
- School of Dentistry, Endodontics Program, Universidad El Bosque, Bogotá, Colombia
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Civantos A, Barnwell A, Shetty AR, Pavón JJ, El-Atwani O, Arias SL, Lang E, Reece LM, Chen M, Allain JP. Designing Nanostructured Ti 6Al 4V Bioactive Interfaces with Directed Irradiation Synthesis toward Cell Stimulation to Promote Host-Tissue-Implant Integration. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2019; 5:3325-3339. [PMID: 33405575 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.9b00469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A new generation of biomaterials are evolving from being biologically inert toward bioactive surfaces, which can further interact with biological components at the nanoscale. Here, we present directed irradiation synthesis (DIS) as a novel technology to selectively apply plasma ions to bombard any type of biomaterial and tailor the nanofeatures needed for in vitro growth stimulation. In this work, we demonstrate for the first time, the influence of physiochemical cues (e.g., self-organized topography at nanoscale) of medical grade Ti6Al4V results in control of cell shape, adhesion, and proliferation of human aortic smooth muscle stem cells. The control of surface nanostructures was found to be correlated to ion-beam incidence angle linked to a surface diffusive regime during irradiation synthesis with argon ions at energies below 1 keV and a fluence of 2.5 × 1017 cm-2. Cell viability and cytoskeleton morphology were evaluated at 24 h, observing an advance cell attachment state on post-DIS surfaces. These modified surfaces showed 84% of cell biocompatibility and an increase in cytoplasmatic protusions ensuring a higher cell adhesion state. Filopodia density was promoted by a 3-fold change for oblique incidence angle DIS treatment compared to controls (e.g., no patterning) and lamellipodia structures were increased more than a factor of 2, which are indicators of cell attachment stimulation due to DIS modification. In addition, the morphology of the nanofeatures were tailored, with high fidelity control of the main DIS parameters that control diffusive and erosive regimes of self-organization. We have correlated the morphology and the influence in cell behavior, where nanoripple formation is the most active morphology for cell stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Civantos
- Department of Nuclear, Plasma and Radiological Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 104 S Wright St, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States.,Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 208 N Wright St, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Alethia Barnwell
- Department of Nuclear, Plasma and Radiological Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 104 S Wright St, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Akshath R Shetty
- Department of Nuclear, Plasma and Radiological Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 104 S Wright St, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States.,Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 208 N Wright St, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Juan Jose Pavón
- Department of Nuclear, Plasma and Radiological Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 104 S Wright St, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States.,Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 208 N Wright St, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States.,Group of Advanced Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, Bioengineering Program, University of Antioquia, Cl. 67, 53-108 Medellín, Antioquia, Colombia
| | - Osman El-Atwani
- Materials Science and Technology Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New México 87545, United States
| | - Sandra L Arias
- Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 208 N Wright St, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States.,Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1406 W Green St, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Eric Lang
- Department of Nuclear, Plasma and Radiological Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 104 S Wright St, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Lisa M Reece
- University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston Sealy Center for Vaccine Development, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - Michael Chen
- City of Hope National Research Medical Center, 1500 E Duarte Road, Duarte, California 91010-3012, United States
| | - Jean Paul Allain
- Department of Nuclear, Plasma and Radiological Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 104 S Wright St, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States.,Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 208 N Wright St, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States.,Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1406 W Green St, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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Huang R, Zhang L, Huang L, Zhu J. Enhanced in-vitro osteoblastic functions on β-type titanium alloy using surface mechanical attrition treatment. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2018; 97:688-697. [PMID: 30678957 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2018.12.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
To improve the osseointegration of titanium based implants, we herein modified Ti-25Nb-3Mo-2Sn-3Zr, a β-type titanium alloy by means of surface mechanical attrition treatment (SMAT). X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscope results jointly indicate that SMAT process refined the average grain size of β phase in the surface layer of the alloy from about 110 μm to 26 nm. Besides, the surface properties and in-vitro cell culture tests of the SMAT-processed samples were investigated compared to those on the non-treated samples. Atomic force microscope and hydrophilicity tests revealed that the SMAT-processed surface was much rougher and hydrophilic than the non-treated surface. In vitro experimental results showed that SMAT-processed surface promoted adsorption of total protein as well as anchoring proteins such as vitronectin and fibronectin on its surface from cell culture medium, furthermore, significant improvements of osteoblast adhesion, proliferation, differentiation and extracellular mineralization were also found on the SMAT-processed surface compared to the non-treated surface. This could be attributed to the grain refinement as well as increased surface hydrophilicity and roughness after SMAT process. Our study provides a promising means of surface modification for future use in biomedical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Run Huang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan 232001, China; State-key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Lan Zhang
- State-key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Lei Huang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Hubei Cancer Hospital, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Jianxiong Zhu
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy & Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST), Beijing 100083, China.
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Bahl S, Meka SRK, Suwas S, Chatterjee K. Surface Severe Plastic Deformation of an Orthopedic Ti–Nb–Sn Alloy Induces Unusual Precipitate Remodeling and Supports Stem Cell Osteogenesis through Akt Signaling. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2018; 4:3132-3142. [DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.8b00406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Bahl
- Department of Materials Engineering Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India 560012
| | - Sai Rama Krishna Meka
- Department of Materials Engineering Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India 560012
| | - Satyam Suwas
- Department of Materials Engineering Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India 560012
| | - Kaushik Chatterjee
- Department of Materials Engineering Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India 560012
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Dos Santos ML, Dos Santos Riccardi C, de Almeida Filho E, Guastaldi AC. Sol-gel based calcium phosphates coatings deposited on binary Ti-Mo alloys modified by laser beam irradiation for biomaterial/clinical applications. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2018; 29:82. [PMID: 29892909 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-018-6091-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Ti-15Mo alloy samples were irradiated by pulsed Yb: YAG laser beam under air and atmospheric pressure. Calcium phosphate coatings were deposited on the irradiated surfaces by the sol-gel method. The sol was prepared from the precursors Ca (NO3)2.4H2 O and H3 PO4. The modified surfaces were submitted to heat treatment conditions at 350 and 600 °C. The results showed that the two conditions established have a sufficient energy to promote ablation on the laser beam irradiated surfaces. Likewise, it has been demonstrated the processes of fusion and fast solidification from the laser beam irradiation, under ambient atmosphere, inducing the formation of stoichiometric TiO2 and non-stoichiometric titanium oxides, including Ti3O5, TiO, Ti3O and Ti6O with different oxide percentages depending on the fluency used. Besides that, laser modification has allowed a clean and reproducible process, providing no traces of contamination, an important feature for clinical applications. The physico-chemical and morphological properties indicated the formation of a mixture of phases: calcium pyrophosphate, hydroxyapatite and β-TCP for the procedure (PA: calcination temperature), whereas HA (hydroxyapatite) and β-TCP (tricalcium phosphate) were obtained by the procedure (PB: calcination temperature). Therefore, it was possible to obtain a Ti-15Mo alloy surface consisted on calcium phosphate ceramics of biological interest using the procedure (PB). Thus, the laser beam irradiation associated to bioactive coatings of calcium phosphates of biological interest have shown to be promising and economically feasible for use in dental and orthopedic implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcio Luiz Dos Santos
- Center of Natural and Human Sciences, Federal University of ABC - UFABC, 09210-580, Santo André, São Paulo, Brazil.
- Biotechnology and Innovation in Health Program and Master Professional in Pharmacy Program - Anhanguera University of São Paulo (UNIAN - SP), 05145-200, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Carla Dos Santos Riccardi
- College of Agricultural Sciences, Paulista State University - UNESP, 18610-307, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Edson de Almeida Filho
- Institute of Chemistry, 14800-060, Biomaterials Group, Paulista State University - UNESP, Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Antonio C Guastaldi
- Institute of Chemistry, 14800-060, Biomaterials Group, Paulista State University - UNESP, Araraquara, Brazil
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7
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Deng Z, Han H, Yang J, Li Y, Du S, Ma J. Fabrication and Characterization of Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Nano-Hydroxyapatite/Polyamide46 Biocomposite for Bone Substitute. Med Sci Monit 2017; 23:2479-2487. [PMID: 28536416 PMCID: PMC5462530 DOI: 10.12659/msm.903768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ideal bone repair material should be of good biocompatibility and high bioactivity. Besides, their mechanical properties should be equivalent to those of natural bone. The objective of this study was to fabricate a novel biocomposite suitable for load-bearing bone defect repair. Material/Methods A novel biocomposite composed of carbon fiber, hydroxyapatite and polyamide46 (CF/HA/PA46) was fabricated, and its mechanical performances and preliminary cell responses were evaluated to explore its feasibility for load-bearing bone defect repair. Results The resultant CF/HA/PA46 biocomposite showed a bending strength of 159–223 MPa, a tensile strength of 127–199 MPa and a tensile modulus of 7.7–10.8 GPa, when the CF content was 5–20% (mass fraction) in biocomposite. The MG63 cells, showing an osteogenic phenotype, were well adhered and spread on the surface of the CF/HA/PA46 biocomposite. Moreover, the cells vitality and differentiation on the CF/HA/PA46 biocomposite surface were obviously increased during the culture time and there was no significant difference between the CF/HA/PA46 biocomposite and HA/PA (as control) at all the experimental time (P>0.05). Conclusions The addition of CF into HA/PA46 composite manifest improved the mechanical performances and showed favorable effects on biocompatibility of MG63 cells. The obtained biocomposite has high potential for bone repair in load-bearing sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhennan Deng
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China (mainland)
| | - Hongjuan Han
- Oral Department, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China (mainland)
| | - Jingyuan Yang
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China (mainland)
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China (mainland)
| | - Shengnan Du
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China (mainland)
| | - Jianfeng Ma
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China (mainland)
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Ting M, Jefferies SR, Xia W, Engqvist H, Suzuki JB. Classification and Effects of Implant Surface Modification on the Bone: Human Cell-Based In Vitro Studies. J ORAL IMPLANTOL 2016; 43:58-83. [PMID: 27897464 DOI: 10.1563/aaid-joi-d-16-00079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Implant surfaces are continuously being improved to achieve faster osseointegration and a stronger bone to implant interface. This review will present the various implant surfaces, the parameters for implant surface characterization, and the corresponding in vitro human cell-based studies determining the strength and quality of the bone-implant contact. These in vitro cell-based studies are the basis for animal and clinical studies and are the prelude to further reviews on how these surfaces would perform when subjected to the oral environment and functional loading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Ting
- 1 Temple University Kornberg School of Dentistry, Philadelphia, Pa
| | - Steven R Jefferies
- 2 Department of Restorative Dentistry, Temple University Kornberg School of Dentistry, Philadelphia, Pa
| | - Wei Xia
- 3 Department of Engineering Science, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Håkan Engqvist
- 3 Department of Engineering Science, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jon B Suzuki
- 4 Department of Periodontology and Oral Implantology, Temple University Kornberg School of Dentistry, Philadelphia, Pa
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Blanquer A, Hynowska A, Nogués C, Ibáñez E, Sort J, Baró MD, Özkale B, Pané S, Pellicer E, Barrios L. Effect of Surface Modifications of Ti40Zr10Cu38Pd12 Bulk Metallic Glass and Ti-6Al-4V Alloy on Human Osteoblasts In Vitro Biocompatibility. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0156644. [PMID: 27243628 PMCID: PMC4887090 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0156644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of biocompatible materials, including bulk metallic glasses (BMGs), for tissue regeneration and transplantation is increasing. The good mechanical and corrosion properties of Ti40Zr10Cu38Pd12 BMG and its previously described biocompatibility makes it a potential candidate for medical applications. However, it is known that surface properties like topography might play an important role in regulating cell adhesion, proliferation and differentiation. Thus, in the present study, Ti40Zr10Cu38Pd12 BMG and Ti6-Al-4V alloy were surface-modified electrochemically (nanomesh) or physically (microscratched) to investigate the effect of material topography on human osteoblasts cells (Saos-2) adhesion, proliferation and differentiation. For comparative purposes, the effect of mirror-like polished surfaces was also studied. Electrochemical treatments led to a highly interconnected hierarchical porous structure rich in oxides, which have been described to improve corrosion resistance, whereas microscratched surfaces showed a groove pattern with parallel trenches. Cell viability was higher than 96% for the three topographies tested and for both alloy compositions. In all cases, cells were able to adhere, proliferate and differentiate on the alloys, hence indicating that surface topography plays a minor role on these processes, although a clear cell orientation was observed on microscratched surfaces. Overall, our results provide further evidence that Ti40Zr10Cu38Pd12 BMG is an excellent candidate, in the present two topographies, for bone repair purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreu Blanquer
- Departament de Biologia Cel·lular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Edifici Cc, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Anna Hynowska
- Departament de Física, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Edifici Cc, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Carme Nogués
- Departament de Biologia Cel·lular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Edifici Cc, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Elena Ibáñez
- Departament de Biologia Cel·lular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Edifici Cc, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Jordi Sort
- Departament de Física, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Edifici Cc, Bellaterra, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Dolors Baró
- Departament de Física, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Edifici Cc, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Berna Özkale
- Multi-Scale Robotics Lab, Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Salvador Pané
- Multi-Scale Robotics Lab, Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Eva Pellicer
- Departament de Física, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Edifici Cc, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Leonardo Barrios
- Departament de Biologia Cel·lular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Edifici Cc, Bellaterra, Spain
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