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Zhang Y, Yang Y, Feng Y, Gao X, Pei L, Li X, Gao B, Liu L, Wang C, Gao S. Sonodynamic therapy for the treatment of atherosclerosis. J Pharm Anal 2024; 14:100909. [PMID: 38799235 PMCID: PMC11127226 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2023.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis (AS) is a chronic inflammatory disease of large and medium-sized arteries that leads to ischemic heart disease, stroke, and peripheral vascular disease. Despite the current treatments, mortality and disability still remain high. Sonodynamic therapy (SDT), a non-invasive and localized methodology, has been developed as a promising new treatment for inhibiting atherosclerotic progression and stabilizing plaques. Promising progress has been made through cell and animal assays, as well as clinical trials. For example, the effect of SDT on apoptosis and autophagy of cells in AS, especially macrophages, and the concept of non-lethal SDT has also been proposed. In this review, we summarize the ultrasonic parameters and known sonosensitizers utilized in SDT for AS; we elaborate on SDT's therapeutic effects and mechanisms in terms of macrophages, T lymphocytes, neovascularization, smooth muscle cells, lipid, extracellular matrix and efferocytosis within plaques; additionally, we discuss the safety of SDT. A comprehensive summary of the confirmed effects of SDT on AS is conducted to establish a framework for future researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- The Department of Ultrasound, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Ying Yang
- The Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Yudi Feng
- The Department of Ultrasound, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Xueyan Gao
- The Department of Ultrasound, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Liping Pei
- The Department of Ultrasound, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Xiaopan Li
- The Department of Ultrasound, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Bingxin Gao
- The Department of Ultrasound, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Lin Liu
- The Department of Ultrasound, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Chengzeng Wang
- The Department of Ultrasound, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Shuochen Gao
- The Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
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2
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Wu G, Yu G, Zheng M, Peng W, Li L. Recent Advances for Dynamic-Based Therapy of Atherosclerosis. Int J Nanomedicine 2023; 18:3851-3878. [PMID: 37469455 PMCID: PMC10352141 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s402678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis (AS) is a chronic inflammatory disease, which may lead to high morbidity and mortality. Currently, the clinical treatment strategy for AS is administering drugs and performing surgery. However, advanced therapy strategies are urgently required because of the deficient therapeutic effects of current managements. Increased number of energy conversion-based organic or inorganic materials has been used in cancer and other major disease treatments, bringing hope to patients with the development of nanomedicine and materials. These treatment strategies employ specific nanomaterials with specific own physiochemical properties (external stimuli: light or ultrasound) to promote foam cell apoptosis and cholesterol efflux. Based on the pathological characteristics of vulnerable plaques, energy conversion-based nano-therapy has attracted increasing attention in the field of anti-atherosclerosis. Therefore, this review focuses on recent advances in energy conversion-based treatments. In addition to summarizing the therapeutic effects of various techniques, the regulated pathological processes are highlighted. Finally, the challenges and prospects for further development of dynamic treatment for AS are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanghao Wu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guanye Yu
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072, People’s Republic of China
| | - Meiling Zheng
- Dongzhimen Hospital Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 101121, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenhui Peng
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lei Li
- National Clinical Research Center for Obstetric & Gynecologic Diseases, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, People’s Republic of China
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3
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Foglietta F, Canaparo R, Cossari S, Panzanelli P, Dosio F, Serpe L. Ultrasound Triggers Hypericin Activation Leading to Multifaceted Anticancer Activity. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:1102. [PMID: 35631688 PMCID: PMC9146189 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14051102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of ultrasound (US) in combination with a responsive chemical agent (sonosensitizer) can selectively trigger the agent's anticancer activity in a process called sonodynamic therapy (SDT). SDT shares some properties with photodynamic therapy (PDT), which has been clinically approved, but sets itself apart because of its use of US rather than light to achieve better tissue penetration. SDT provides anticancer effects mainly via the sonosensitizer-mediated generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), although the precise nature of the underpinning mechanism is still under debate. This work investigates the SDT anticancer activity of hypericin (Hyp) in vitro in two- (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) HT-29 colon cancer models, and uses PDT as a yardstick due to its well-known Hyp phototoxicity. The cancer cell uptake and cellular localization of Hyp were investigated first to determine the proper noncytotoxic concentration and incubation time of Hyp for SDT. Furthermore, ROS production, cell proliferation, and cell death were evaluated after Hyp was exposed to US. Since cancer relapse and transporter-mediated multidrug resistance (MDR) are important causes of cancer treatment failure, the US-mediated ability of Hyp to elicit immunogenic cell death (ICD) and overcome MDR was also investigated. SDT showed strong ROS-mediated anticancer activity 48 h after treatment in both the HT-29 models. Specific damage-associated molecular patterns that are consistent with ICD, such as calreticulin (CRT) exposure and high-mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1) release, were observed after SDT with Hyp. Moreover, the expression of the ABC transporter, P-glycoprotein (P-gp), in HT-29/MDR cells was not able to hinder cancer cell responsiveness to SDT with Hyp. This work reveals, for the first time, the US responsiveness of Hyp with significant anticancer activity being displayed, making it a full-fledged sonosensitizer for the SDT of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Foglietta
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy; (F.F.); (R.C.); (S.C.); (L.S.)
| | - Roberto Canaparo
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy; (F.F.); (R.C.); (S.C.); (L.S.)
| | - Simone Cossari
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy; (F.F.); (R.C.); (S.C.); (L.S.)
| | - Patrizia Panzanelli
- Department of Neuroscience Rita Levi Montalcini, University of Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy;
| | - Franco Dosio
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy; (F.F.); (R.C.); (S.C.); (L.S.)
| | - Loredana Serpe
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy; (F.F.); (R.C.); (S.C.); (L.S.)
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4
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Foglietta F, Panzanelli P, Serpe L, Canaparo R. Exploiting Shock Waves to Trigger the Anticancer Sonodynamic Activity of 5-Aminolevulinc Acid-Derived Protoporphyrin IX on In Vitro 2D and 3D Cancer Models. Biomedicines 2022; 10:615. [PMID: 35327417 PMCID: PMC8944964 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10030615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Sonodynamic therapy (SDT) is a noninvasive method for cancer treatment based on selective activation of a sonosensitiser by ultrasound (US), which results in the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and cancer cell death. SDT uses a similar approach to photodynamic therapy (PDT), but can overcome the main drawback of PDT, i.e., poor tissue penetration of light. This research work investigated the anticancer effect of SDT on various two- (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) in vitro tumour models, using PDT as a reference treatment. Sonodynamic experiments were performed with pulsed US, specifically with shock waves (SW) and the prodrug 5-aminolevulinic acid (Ala), which is converted-at the mitochondrial level-into the sonosensitiser protoporphyrin IX (PPIX). SW-mediated PPIX sonodynamic activation resulted in a significant decrease in cell proliferation, especially on human fibrosarcoma (HT-1080) cells, where PPIX accumulation was higher compared to human melanoma (A2058) and neuroblastoma (SH-SY5 Y) cells. Moreover, SW-mediated SDT showed significant ROS generation, cell line-dependent in its amount, probably due to differences in Ala-induced PPIX synthesis. In all cancer cell lines, apoptosis was highlighted as the main cancer cell death pathway determined by SW-mediated SDT, along with significant cytochrome c release, and a consequent increase in DNA damage. The efficacy of SDT with SW and Ala in halting cancer cell proliferation was also confirmed in 3D cancer spheroids. The present study suggests that SW-mediated SDT is a valuable approach to slow down tumour proliferation, thus opening an innovative scenario in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Foglietta
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 13, 10125 Torino, Italy; (F.F.); (R.C.)
| | - Patrizia Panzanelli
- Department of Neuroscience Rita Levi Montalcini, University of Torino, Via Cherasco 15, 10126 Torino, Italy;
| | - Loredana Serpe
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 13, 10125 Torino, Italy; (F.F.); (R.C.)
| | - Roberto Canaparo
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 13, 10125 Torino, Italy; (F.F.); (R.C.)
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5
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Canaparo R, Foglietta F, Giuntini F, Francovich A, Serpe L. The bright side of sound: perspectives on the biomedical application of sonoluminescence. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2021; 19:1114-1121. [PMID: 32685951 DOI: 10.1039/d0pp00133c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Light is a physical phenomenon that is very important to human life, and has been investigated in its nature, behaviour and properties throughout human history although the most impressive improvements in the use of light in human activities, and of course in medicine, began just two centuries ago. However, despite the enormous progress in diagnosis, therapy and surgery to assess health and treat diseases, the delivery of light sources in vivo remains a challenge. In this regard, several strategies have been developed to overcome this drawback, the most interesting of which is the involvement of ultrasound. In this review, the authors examine how ultrasound may improve light delivery in vivo with a special emphasis on one of the most intriguing ultrasound-mediated phenomena called sonoluminescence, which is the conversion of mechanical ultrasound energy into light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Canaparo
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 13, 10125, Torino, Italy.
| | - Federica Foglietta
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Via Nizza 52, 10126, Torino, Italy
| | - Francesca Giuntini
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, L3 2AJ, Liverpool, UK
| | - Andrea Francovich
- Institut de Physiologie, Université de Fribourg, Chemin du Musee 5, 1770, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Loredana Serpe
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 13, 10125, Torino, Italy
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6
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Deng X, Shao Z, Zhao Y. Development of porphyrin and titanium dioxide sonosensitizers for sonodynamic cancer therapy. BIOMATERIALS TRANSLATIONAL 2021; 2:72-85. [PMID: 35837259 PMCID: PMC9255825 DOI: 10.3877/cma.j.issn.2096-112x.2021.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Sonodynamic therapy for malignant tumours has gained much attention for its deep penetration effect and efficient tumour killing ability. The design, modification, and utilization of sonosensitizers are important aspects of sonodynamic therapy. As an essential factor in this process, highly effective sonosensitizers should be developed to facilitate the clinical applications of sonodynamic therapy. This review takes porphyrin- and titanium dioxide (TiO2)-based systems as representative organic and inorganic sonosensitizers respectively, and summarizes their characteristics and biological effects as sonodynamic therapy. Upon discovery of novel sonosensitizers, sonodynamic therapy becomes an efficient means of adjuvant therapy for the treatment of malignant tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyu Deng
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China,Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Zengwu Shao
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China,Corresponding authors: Zengwu Shao, ; Yanli Zhao,
| | - Yanli Zhao
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore,Corresponding authors: Zengwu Shao, ; Yanli Zhao,
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7
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Naderi M, Rahmani Cherati M, Mohammadian A, Baghery Bidhendy M, Ghiasvand S, Zare Marzouni H, Aryan H, Jangholi E, Javidi MA. Hypericin Induces Apoptosis in AGS Cell Line with No Significant Effect on Normal Cells. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL RESEARCH : IJPR 2021; 19:349-357. [PMID: 33680035 PMCID: PMC7758000 DOI: 10.22037/ijpr.2019.14904.12735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
It is of great importance to find an effective approach that not only eliminates gastric cancer cells but also do exhibits significant side effect to normal cells. Some studies have shown the effectiveness of hypericin against cancer cells. In this study, we evaluated the anti-cancer effect of Hypericin in the treatment of gastric cancer. In this study, the AGS cell line was exposed to different concentrations of hypericin for 24 and 48 h. Evaluation of cell death was done by MTT assay. The rate of apoptosis was measured by flow cytometry assay using Annexin V/ Propidium Iodide. The expression rate of Bcl2, p53 and Bax genes was evaluated by Real-time PCR test, and immunocytochemistry (ICC) analysis and western blotting was used for further evaluation of p53. MTT assay test showed that hyepricin induces 50% cell death in the concentration of 1 (µg/mL) and 0.5 (µg/mL) at 24 h and 48 h post-treatment, respectively, however no similar effect seen on fibroblast cells. Annexin/PI test revealed that cell apoptosis after exposure to hypericin for 24 h was 74%. Real-time PCR showed that expression level of Bax, p53 and Bax genes increases and Bcl2 gene decreases in AGS cell lines after treatment by hypericin. ICC analysis and western blotting for p53 confirmed these data. The results of this study indicated that hypericin has the potential to be introduced as an effective treatment for gastric cancer. Therefore, it seems that this substance has potential to be utilized as anti-cancer drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misagh Naderi
- Integrative Oncology Department, Breast Cancer Research Center, Motamed Cancer Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahtab Rahmani Cherati
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Mohammadian
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Baghery Bidhendy
- Young Researchers and Elite Club, Tehran Medical Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.,Clinical Research Development Center, Amir-almomenin Hospital, Tehran Medical Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeedeh Ghiasvand
- Departments of Biology, Faculty of Science, Malayer University, Malayer, Iran
| | - Hadi Zare Marzouni
- Student Research Committee, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hoda Aryan
- Young Researchers and Elite Club, Tehran Medical Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.,Medical Students' Scientific Association (MSSA), Tehran Medical Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University Tehran, Iran
| | - Ehsan Jangholi
- Young Researchers and Elite Club, Tehran Medical Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.,Clinical Research Development Center, Amir-almomenin Hospital, Tehran Medical Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Amin Javidi
- Integrative Oncology Department, Breast Cancer Research Center, Motamed Cancer Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
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8
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Zhuang J, Nie G, Hu R, Wang C, Xing C, Li G, Hu G, Yang F, Zhang C. Inhibition of autophagy aggravates molybdenum-induced mitochondrial dysfunction by aggravating oxidative stress in duck renal tubular epithelial cells. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 209:111771. [PMID: 33348253 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Excessive molybdenum (Mo) has adverse effects on animals. To elucidate the effects of autophagy on Mo-induced nephrotoxicity, the duck renal tubular epithelial cells were cultured in medium in absence and presence of (NH4)6Mo7O24.4H2O (0, 480, 720, 960 μM Mo), 3-Methyladenine (3-MA) (2.5 μM), and the combination of Mo and 3-MA for 12 h. After 12 h exposure, the MDC staining, morphologic observation, LC3 puncta, cell viability, autophagy-related genes mRNA and proteins levels, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release, reactive oxygen species (ROS) level, antioxidant indices, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), mitochondrial mass, mitochondrial respiratory control ratio (RCR) and oxidative phosphorylation rate (OPR) were determined. The results showed that excessive Mo exposure significantly elevated the number of autophagosome and LC3 puncta, upregulated Beclin-1, Atg5, LC3A and LC3B mRNA levels, and LC3II/LC3I and Beclin-1 protein levels, decreased mTOR, p62 and Dynein mRNA levels and p62 protein level. Besides, co-treatment with Mo and 3-MA dramatically increased LDH release, ROS level, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents as well as cell dam age, reduced cell viability, the activities of glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), MMP, mitochondrial mass, mitochondrial RCR and OPR compared to treatment with Mo alone. Taken together, these results suggest that excessive Mo exposure can induce autophagy in duck renal tubular epithelial cells, inhibition of autophagy aggravates Mo-induced mitochondrial dysfunction by regulating oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jionghan Zhuang
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, Institute of Animal Population Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, No. 1101 Zhimin Avenue, Economic and Technological Development District, Nanchang 330045, Jiangxi, PR China
| | - Gaohui Nie
- School of Information Technology, Jiangxi University of Finance and Economics, No. 665 Yuping West street, Economic and Technological Development District, Nanchang 330032, Jiangxi, PR China
| | - Ruiming Hu
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, Institute of Animal Population Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, No. 1101 Zhimin Avenue, Economic and Technological Development District, Nanchang 330045, Jiangxi, PR China
| | - Chang Wang
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, Institute of Animal Population Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, No. 1101 Zhimin Avenue, Economic and Technological Development District, Nanchang 330045, Jiangxi, PR China
| | - Chenghong Xing
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, Institute of Animal Population Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, No. 1101 Zhimin Avenue, Economic and Technological Development District, Nanchang 330045, Jiangxi, PR China
| | - Guyue Li
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, Institute of Animal Population Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, No. 1101 Zhimin Avenue, Economic and Technological Development District, Nanchang 330045, Jiangxi, PR China
| | - Guoliang Hu
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, Institute of Animal Population Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, No. 1101 Zhimin Avenue, Economic and Technological Development District, Nanchang 330045, Jiangxi, PR China
| | - Fan Yang
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, Institute of Animal Population Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, No. 1101 Zhimin Avenue, Economic and Technological Development District, Nanchang 330045, Jiangxi, PR China.
| | - Caiying Zhang
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, Institute of Animal Population Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, No. 1101 Zhimin Avenue, Economic and Technological Development District, Nanchang 330045, Jiangxi, PR China.
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9
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Cao Z, Zhang T, Sun X, Liu M, Shen Z, Li B, Zhao X, Jin H, Zhang Z, Tian Y. Membrane-permeabilized sonodynamic therapy enhances drug delivery into macrophages. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0217511. [PMID: 31181129 PMCID: PMC6557485 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0217511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages play a pivotal role in the formation and development of atherosclerosis as a predominant inflammatory cell type present within atherosclerotic plaque. Promoting anti-atherosclerotic drug delivery into macrophages may provide a therapeutic potential on atherosclerotic plaque. In this study, we investigated whether membrane-permeabilized sonodynamic therapy (MP-SDT) enhances drug delivery into THP-1 macrophages. Images of confocal microscopy confirmed that the optimal plasma distribution of the sonosensitizer protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) was at 1 hour incubation. The non-lethal parameter of MP-SDT was determined by cell viability as measured by a CCK-8 assay. Bright field microscopy demonstrated plasma membrane deformation in response to MP-SDT. Using SYTOX Green, a model drug for cellular uptake, we found that MP-SDT significantly induced membrane permeabilization dependent on ultrasound intensity and exposure time. Using Fluo-3 AM, intracellular calcium elevation during MP-SDT was confirmed as a result of membrane permeabilization. Membrane perforation of MP-SDT-treated cells was observed by scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Moreover, MP-SDT-induced membrane permeabilization and perforation were remarkably prevented by scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS) during MP-SDT. Furthermore, we assessed the therapeutic effect of MP-SDT in combination with anti-atherosclerotic drug atorvastatin. Our results showed that MP-SDT increased the therapeutic effect of atorvastatin on lipid-laden THP-1-derived foam cells, including decreasing lipid droplets, increasing the cholesterol efflux and the expression of PPARγ and ABCG1. In conclusion, MP-SDT might become a promising approach to facilitating the delivery of anti-atherosclerotic drugs into macrophages via membrane permeabilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengyu Cao
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Cardiovascular Institute, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Tianyi Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Cardiovascular Institute, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xin Sun
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Cardiovascular Institute, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Mingyu Liu
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Cardiovascular Institute, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Zhaoqian Shen
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Cardiovascular Institute, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Bicheng Li
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Cardiovascular Institute, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xuezhu Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Cardiovascular Institute, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Hong Jin
- Karolinska Institute, Department of Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Zhiguo Zhang
- Laboratory of Photo- and Sono-theranostic Technologies and Condensed Matter Science and Technology Institute, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Ye Tian
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Cardiovascular Institute, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- Department of Pathophysiology and Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Pathophysiology, Harbin Medical University, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research (Harbin Medical University), Ministry of Education, Harbin, China
- Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Harbin, China
- * E-mail:
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10
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Protoporphyrin IX-mediated sonodynamic therapy promotes autophagy in vascular smooth muscle cells. Oncol Lett 2017; 14:2097-2102. [PMID: 28789437 PMCID: PMC5530015 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.6394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Sonodynamic therapy (SDT) is effective in treating intimal hyperplasia and promoting plaque stability in animal models. The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of SDT with the sonosensitizer protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) on vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) viability and autophagy. Cultured VSMCs cells were divided into the following groups: i) Control, ii) ultrasound, iii) PpIX and iv) SDT. Flow cytometry and laser confocal detection were used to measure Annexin V stained VSMCs following different treatments. Alterations in mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) were evaluated via JC-1 staining. Autophagosome formation was observed using electron and fluorescence microscopy. Western blotting was used to analyze the expression levels of the autophagy markers light chain 3 (LC3-I) and LC3-II. The results demonstrated that SDT did not trigger apoptosis nor induce a significant decline in MMP of VSMCs. However, SDT significantly increased autophagasome formation and increased the LC3-II/LC3-I ratio. The findings demonstrated that PpIX-SDT increased autophagy without inducing mitochondrial-dependent apoptosis in VSMCs.
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11
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Berberine-sonodynamic therapy induces autophagy and lipid unloading in macrophage. Cell Death Dis 2017; 8:e2558. [PMID: 28102849 PMCID: PMC5386349 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2016.354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2016] [Revised: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Impaired autophagy in macrophages accompanies the progression of atherosclerosis and contributes to lipid loading in plaques and ineffective lipid degradation. Therefore, evoking autophagy and its associated cholesterol efflux may provide a therapeutic treatment for atherosclerosis. In the present study, berberine-mediated sonodynamic therapy (BBR-SDT) was used to induce autophagy and cholesterol efflux in THP-1 macrophages and derived foam cells. Following BBR-SDT, autophagy was increased in the macrophages, autophagy resistance in the foam cells was prevented, and cholesterol efflux was induced. The first two effects were blocked by the reactive oxygen species scavenger, N-acetyl cysteine. BBR-SDT also reduced the phosphorylation of Akt and mTOR, two key molecules in the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway, which is responsible for inducing autophagy. Correspondingly, treatment with the autophagy inhibitor, 3-methyladenine, or the PI3K inhibitor, LY294002, abolished the autophagy-induced effects of BBR-SDT. Furthermore, induction of cholesterol efflux by BBR-SDT was reversed by an inhibition of autophagy by 3-methyladenine or by a small interfering RNA targeting Atg5. Taken together, these results demonstrate that BBR-SDT effectively promotes cholesterol efflux by increasing reactive oxygen species generation, and this subsequently induces autophagy via the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway in both ‘normal' macrophages and lipid-loaded macrophages (foam cells). Thus, BBR-SDT may be a promising atheroprotective therapy to inhibit the progression of atherosclerosis and should be further studied.
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ROS-Dependent Activation of Autophagy through the PI3K/Akt/mTOR Pathway Is Induced by Hydroxysafflor Yellow A-Sonodynamic Therapy in THP-1 Macrophages. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2017; 2017:8519169. [PMID: 28191279 PMCID: PMC5278230 DOI: 10.1155/2017/8519169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2016] [Revised: 12/10/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Monocyte-derived macrophages participate in infaust inflammatory responses by secreting various types of proinflammatory factors, resulting in further inflammatory reactions in atherosclerotic plaques. Autophagy plays an important role in inhibiting inflammation; thus, increasing autophagy may be a therapeutic strategy for atherosclerosis. In the present study, hydroxysafflor yellow A-mediated sonodynamic therapy was used to induce autophagy and inhibit inflammation in THP-1 macrophages. Following hydroxysafflor yellow A-mediated sonodynamic therapy, autophagy was induced as shown by the conversion of LC3-II/LC3-I, increased expression of beclin 1, degradation of p62, and the formation of autophagic vacuoles. In addition, inflammatory factors were inhibited. These effects were blocked by Atg5 siRNA, the autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine, and the reactive oxygen species scavenger N-acetyl cysteine. Moreover, AKT phosphorylation at Ser473 and mTOR phosphorylation at Ser2448 decreased significantly after HSYA-SDT. These effects were inhibited by the PI3K inhibitor LY294002, the AKT inhibitor triciribine, the mTOR inhibitor rapamycin, mTOR siRNA, and N-acetyl cysteine. Our results demonstrate that HSYA-SDT induces an autophagic response via the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway and inhibits inflammation by reactive oxygen species in THP-1 macrophages.
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Li X, Zhang X, Zheng L, Kou J, Zhong Z, Jiang Y, Wang W, Dong Z, Liu Z, Han X, Li J, Tian Y, Zhao Y, Yang L. Hypericin-mediated sonodynamic therapy induces autophagy and decreases lipids in THP-1 macrophage by promoting ROS-dependent nuclear translocation of TFEB. Cell Death Dis 2016; 7:e2527. [PMID: 28005078 PMCID: PMC5260986 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2016.433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2016] [Revised: 10/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Lipid catabolism disorder is the primary cause of atherosclerosis. Transcription factor EB (TFEB) prevents atherosclerosis by activating macrophage autophagy to promote lipid degradation. Hypericin-mediated sonodynamic therapy (HY-SDT) has been proved non-invasively inducing THP-1-derived macrophage apoptosis; however, it is unknown whether macrophage autophagy could be triggered by HY-SDT to influence cellular lipid catabolism via regulating TFEB. Here, we report that HY-SDT resulted in the time-dependent THP-1-derived macrophage autophagy activation through AMPK/AKT/mTOR pathway. Besides, TFEB nuclear translocation in macrophage was triggered by HY-SDT to promote autophagy activation and lysosome regeneration which enhanced lipid degradation in response to atherogenic lipid stressors. Moreover, following HY-SDT, the ABCA1 expression level was increased to promote lipid efflux in macrophage, and the expression levels of CD36 and SR-A were decreased to inhibit lipid uptake, both of which were prevented by TFEB knockdown. These results indicated that TFEB nuclear translocation activated by HY-SDT was not only the key regulator of autophagy activation and lysosome regeneration in macrophage to promote lipolysis, but also had a crucial role in reverse cholesterol transporters to decrease lipid uptake and increase lipid efflux. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) were adequately generated in macrophage by HY-SDT. Further, ROS scavenger N-acetyl-l-cysteine abolished HY-SDT-induced TFEB nuclear translocation and autophagy activation, implying that ROS were the primary upstream factors responsible for these effects during HY-SDT. In summary, our data indicate that HY-SDT decreases lipid content in macrophage by promoting ROS-dependent nuclear translocation of TFEB to influence consequent autophagy activation and cholesterol transporters. Thus, HY-SDT may be beneficial for atherosclerosis via TFEB regulation to ameliorate lipid overload in atherosclerotic plaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuesong Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Pathophysiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Cardiovascular Institute, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Longbin Zheng
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Pathophysiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Jiayuan Kou
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Pathophysiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Zhaoyu Zhong
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Pathophysiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yueqing Jiang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Pathophysiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Cardiovascular Institute, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Zengxiang Dong
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Cardiovascular Institute, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Zhongni Liu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Pathophysiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaobo Han
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Pathophysiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Electron Microscopic Center, Basic Medical Science College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Ye Tian
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Pathophysiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Division of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yajun Zhao
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Pathophysiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Liming Yang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Pathophysiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
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Golovin YI, Gribanovsky SL, Golovin DY, Klyachko NL, Majouga AG, Master АM, Sokolsky M, Kabanov AV. Towards nanomedicines of the future: Remote magneto-mechanical actuation of nanomedicines by alternating magnetic fields. J Control Release 2015; 219:43-60. [PMID: 26407671 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2015.09.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The paper describes the concept of magneto-mechanical actuation of single-domain magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) in super-low and low frequency alternating magnetic fields (AMFs) and its possible use for remote control of nanomedicines and drug delivery systems. The applications of this approach for remote actuation of drug release as well as effects on biomacromolecules, biomembranes, subcellular structures and cells are discussed in comparison to conventional strategies employing magnetic hyperthermia in a radio frequency (RF) AMF. Several quantitative models describing interaction of functionalized MNPs with single macromolecules, lipid membranes, and proteins (e.g. cell membrane receptors, ion channels) are presented. The optimal characteristics of the MNPs and an AMF for effective magneto-mechanical actuation of single molecule responses in biological and bio-inspired systems are discussed. Altogether, the described studies and phenomena offer opportunities for the development of novel therapeutics both alone and in combination with magnetic hyperthermia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri I Golovin
- Nanocenter, G. R. Derzhavin Tambov State University, Tambov 392000, Russian Federation; Laboratory of Chemical Design of Bionanomaterials, Faculty of Chemistry, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 117234, Russian Federation
| | - Sergey L Gribanovsky
- Nanocenter, G. R. Derzhavin Tambov State University, Tambov 392000, Russian Federation
| | - Dmitry Y Golovin
- Nanocenter, G. R. Derzhavin Tambov State University, Tambov 392000, Russian Federation
| | - Natalia L Klyachko
- Laboratory of Chemical Design of Bionanomaterials, Faculty of Chemistry, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 117234, Russian Federation; Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Alexander G Majouga
- Laboratory of Chemical Design of Bionanomaterials, Faculty of Chemistry, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 117234, Russian Federation; National University of Science and Technology MISiS, Leninskiy pr., 9, Moscow 119049, Russian Federation
| | - Аlyssa M Master
- Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Marina Sokolsky
- Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Alexander V Kabanov
- Laboratory of Chemical Design of Bionanomaterials, Faculty of Chemistry, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 117234, Russian Federation; Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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Li WJ, Nie SP, Yao YF, Liu XZ, Shao DY, Gong DM, Cui SW, Phillips GO, He M, Xie MY. Ganoderma atrum Polysaccharide Ameliorates Hyperglycemia-Induced Endothelial Cell Death via a Mitochondria-ROS Pathway. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:8182-8191. [PMID: 26323486 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b03462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to examine the role of Ganoderma atrum polysaccharide (PSG-1) in reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and mitochondrial function in hyperglycemia-induced angiopathy. In this work, ROS scavenger, oxidizing agent tert-butylhydroperoxide (tBH), mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) blockers, and caspase inhibition are used to investigate whether PSG-1 may promote survival of human umbilical vein cells (HUVECs) through preventing the overproduction of ROS and mitochondrial dysfunction. Experimental results show that exposure of HUVECs to 35.5 mmol/L glucose increases the proportion of cells undergoing apoptosis. PSG-1, mPTP blocker, or caspase inhibition can reduce apoptosis and ROS generation. PSG-1 also increases mitochondrial Bcl-2 protein formation and mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) but inhibits Bax translocation, cytochrome c release, and caspase activation. In summary, vascular protection of PSG-1 can be mediated by a mitochondria-ROS pathway. ROS generation and mPTP induction are critical for high glucose-mediated apoptosis. PSG-1 ameliorates endothelial dysfunction by inhibiting oxidative stress and subsequent mitochondrial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Juan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University , 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Shao-Ping Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University , 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Yu-Fei Yao
- China People's Liberation Army No. 94 Hospital, No. 1028, Jinggangshan Avenue, Nanchang 330000, China
| | - Xiao-Zhen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University , 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Deng-Yin Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University , 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - De-Ming Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University , 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang 330047, China
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland , Auckland, Private Bag 92019, New Zealand
| | - Steve W Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University , 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang 330047, China
- Guelph Food Research Center, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 93 Stone Road West, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 5C9
| | - Glyn O Phillips
- Phillips Hydrocolloids Research Centre, Glyndwr University , Wrexham, LL11 2AW Wales, U.K
| | - Ming He
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University , 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang 330047, China
- Departments of Pharmaceutical Science, Nanchang University , Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Ming-Yong Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University , 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang 330047, China
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Zhu X, Wang H, Zheng L, Zhong Z, Li X, Zhao J, Kou J, Jiang Y, Zheng X, Liu Z, Li H, Cao W, Tian Y, Wang Y, Yang L. Upconversion nanoparticle-mediated photodynamic therapy induces THP-1 macrophage apoptosis via ROS bursts and activation of the mitochondrial caspase pathway. Int J Nanomedicine 2015; 10:3719-36. [PMID: 26045663 PMCID: PMC4447170 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s82162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis (AS) is the most vital cardiovascular disease, which poses a great threat to human health. Macrophages play an important role in the progression of AS. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has emerged as a useful therapeutic modality not only in the treatment of cancer but also in the treatment of AS. The purpose of this study was to determine the molecular mechanisms underlying the activity of PDT, using mesoporous-silica-coated upconversion fluorescent nanoparticles encapsulating chlorin e6 (UCNPs-Ce6) in the induction of apoptosis in THP-1 macrophages. Here, we investigated the ability of UCNPs-Ce6-mediated PDT to induce THP-1 macrophage apoptosis by facilitating the induction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and regulation of mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPTP) to depolarize mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP). Both Bax translocation and the release of cytochrome C were examined using immunofluorescence and Western blotting. Our results indicated that the levels of ROS were significantly increased in the PDT group, resulting in both MPTP opening and MMP depolarization, which led to apoptosis. In addition, immunofluorescence and Western blotting revealed that PDT induced both Bax translocation and the release of cytochrome C, as well as upregulation of cleaved caspase-9, cleaved caspase-3, and cleaved poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase. Therefore, we demonstrated that UCNPs-Ce6-mediated PDT induces apoptosis in THP-1 macrophages via ROS bursts. The proapoptotic factor Bax subsequently translocates from the cytosol to the mitochondria, resulting in the MPTP opening and cytochrome C release. This study demonstrated the great potential of UCNPs-Ce6-mediated PDT in the treatment of AS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Zhu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Wang
- Materials Physics and Chemistry Department, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Longbin Zheng
- Department of Pathophysiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaoyu Zhong
- Department of Pathophysiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuesong Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Blood Transfusion Department, Jining No 1 People's Hospital, Jining, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiayuan Kou
- Department of Pathophysiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Yueqing Jiang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiufeng Zheng
- Department of Pathophysiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongni Liu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongxia Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenwu Cao
- Laboratory of Sono- and Photo-theranostic Technologies, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, People's Republic of China ; Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Ye Tian
- Department of Pathophysiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People's Republic of China ; Division of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - You Wang
- Materials Physics and Chemistry Department, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Liming Yang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
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Photoactivation of hypericin decreases the viability of RINm5F insulinoma cells through reduction in JNK/ERK phosphorylation and elevation of caspase-9/caspase-3 cleavage and Bax-to-Bcl-2 ratio. Biosci Rep 2015; 35:BSR20150028. [PMID: 26182357 PMCID: PMC4445353 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20150028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulinomas cause neuroglycopenic symptoms, permanent neurological damage and even death. Current available therapies cannot satisfactorily treat malignant insulinomas and some benign insulinomas. The promising phototherapeutic results and harmless side effects of hypericin in some cancer treatments prompted us to explore possible anti-growth activity of photoactivated hypericin against RINm5F insulinoma cells and underlying mechanisms. We now show that detectable and maximal internalization of hypericin in RINm5F insulinoma cells occurred in 20 and 60 min respectively. Hypericin was considerably associated with the plasma membrane, appreciably localized in the sub-plasma membrane region and substantially accumulated in the cytoplasm. Photoactivated hypericin decreased the viability of RINm5F insulinoma cells due to its anti-proliferative and apoptotic actions. Photoactivation of hypericin inhibited cell proliferation reflected by decreased expression of the proliferation marker Ki-67 and cell-cycle arrest in the G0/G1-phase. The anti-proliferative effect resulted from down-regulation of phosphorylation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and extracellular-signal-regulated kinase (ERK). Photoactivated hypericin triggered apoptosis through activation of caspase-3 and caspase-9 and elevation of the Bax-to B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) ratio. The findings lay a solid foundation for implementation of hypericin-mediated photodynamic therapy in treatment of insulinomas. Photoexcited hypericin exerts strong antigrowth activity in RINm5F insulinoma cells via inhibition of cell proliferation by reducing JNK/ERK phosphorylation and stimulation of apoptosis by elevating caspase-9/caspase-3 cleavage and Bax-to-Bcl-2 ratio.
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