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Wu J, Cui Y, Zhang X, Gui L, Wang Y, Peng S, Zhao M. BCESA: a nano-scaled intercalator capable of targeting tumor tissue and releasing anti-tumoral β-carboline-3-carboxylic acid. Int J Nanomedicine 2019; 14:3027-3041. [PMID: 31118620 PMCID: PMC6508158 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s187600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: In the discovery of DNA intercalators, β-carbolines compose one member of the most interesting alkaloid family and are of clinical importance. In the efforts, N-(3-benzyloxycarbonyl-β-carboline-1-yl)ethyl-Ser-Ala-OBzl (BCESA) was designed as a nano-scaled DNA intercalator without Dox-like toxicity. Methods: Based on the structural analysis and CDOCKER energy comparison, BCESA was rationally designed as such a nano-scaled intercalator. The anti-tumor activity, the toxicity and the tumor targeting action of BCESA were evaluated on mouse models. Results: The in vitro proliferation of cancer cells, but not non-cancer cells, was effectively inhibited by BCESA. On S180 mouse model BCESA dose-dependently slowed the tumor growth, and 0.01 μmol/kg/day was found as a minimal effective dose. Both BCESA and its moiety were found in the tumor tissue, but not in the organs and the blood, of S180 mice. Conclusion: BCESA should be a nano-scaled intercalator capable of targeting tumor tissue to release anti-tumoral β-carboline-3-carboxylic acid and its 1-methyl derivative, while Ser-Ala-OBzl is a simple and desirable carrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhui Wu
- Beijing Area Major Laboratory of Peptide and Small Molecular Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing100069, People’s Republic of China
- Engineering Research Center of Endogenous Prophylactic of Ministry of Education of China, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing100069, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yue Cui
- Beijing Area Major Laboratory of Peptide and Small Molecular Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing100069, People’s Republic of China
- Engineering Research Center of Endogenous Prophylactic of Ministry of Education of China, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing100069, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyi Zhang
- Beijing Area Major Laboratory of Peptide and Small Molecular Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing100069, People’s Republic of China
- Engineering Research Center of Endogenous Prophylactic of Ministry of Education of China, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing100069, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lin Gui
- Beijing Area Major Laboratory of Peptide and Small Molecular Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing100069, People’s Republic of China
- Engineering Research Center of Endogenous Prophylactic of Ministry of Education of China, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing100069, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yaonan Wang
- Beijing Area Major Laboratory of Peptide and Small Molecular Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing100069, People’s Republic of China
- Engineering Research Center of Endogenous Prophylactic of Ministry of Education of China, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing100069, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shiqi Peng
- Beijing Area Major Laboratory of Peptide and Small Molecular Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing100069, People’s Republic of China
- Engineering Research Center of Endogenous Prophylactic of Ministry of Education of China, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing100069, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ming Zhao
- Beijing Area Major Laboratory of Peptide and Small Molecular Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing100069, People’s Republic of China
- Engineering Research Center of Endogenous Prophylactic of Ministry of Education of China, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing100069, People’s Republic of China
- Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials and Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials of Natural Macromolecules (Beijing University of Chemical Technology), Ministry of Education, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
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Wang Y, Chen H, Zhang X, Gui L, Wu J, Feng Q, Peng S, Zhao M. Dimethyl 2,2'-[2,2'-(ethane-1,1-diyl)bis(1 H-indole-3,2-diyl)]-diacetate: a small molecule capable of nano-scale assembly, inhibiting venous thrombosis and inducing no bleeding side effect. Int J Nanomedicine 2018; 13:7835-7844. [PMID: 30538462 PMCID: PMC6254983 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s178683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Due to the discovery that deep venous thrombosis (DVT) inhibitor is of chemotherapeutic importance, the nano-property of dimethyl 2,2′-[2,2′-(ethane-1,1-diyl) bis(1H-indole-3,2-diyl)]-diacetate (DEBIC), a recently reported antitumor agent, is worthy of characterization. Materials and methods One-pot reaction was used to prepare DEBIC. Electrospray Ionization (+/−)-Fourier Transform-Ion Cyclotron Resonance-Mass Spectrometer (ESI(+/−)-FT-ICR-MS), quadrupole Collision Induced Dissociation (qCID) and nuclear overhauser effect spectroscopy spectra were used to present the assembly of DEBIC. Transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy and Faraday–Tyndall effect were used to visualize the nano-property of DEBIC. Rat models were used to evaluate DVT inhibition and the bleeding reaction of DEBIC. Results One-pot reaction can provide DEBIC in acceptable yield and high purity. In water, rat plasma and lyophilized powders of DEBIC existed as particles of small nano-size. In vivo DEBIC inhibited DVT in a dose-dependent manner. The minimal effective dose of DEBIC was 1.7 μmol/kg. Even the dose of 36 μmol/kg/day DEBIC did not induce bleeding side effect in DVT rats like in warfarin (0.82 μmol/kg/day). Conclusion DEBIC is a small molecule capable of nano-scale assembly, inhibiting venous thrombosis and inducing no bleeding side effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaonan Wang
- Beijing Area Major Laboratory of Peptide and Small Molecular Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China, .,Engineering Research Center of Endogenous Prophylactic of Ministry of Education of China, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China,
| | - Haiyan Chen
- Beijing Area Major Laboratory of Peptide and Small Molecular Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China, .,Engineering Research Center of Endogenous Prophylactic of Ministry of Education of China, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China,
| | - Xiaoyi Zhang
- Beijing Area Major Laboratory of Peptide and Small Molecular Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China, .,Engineering Research Center of Endogenous Prophylactic of Ministry of Education of China, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China,
| | - Lin Gui
- Beijing Area Major Laboratory of Peptide and Small Molecular Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China, .,Engineering Research Center of Endogenous Prophylactic of Ministry of Education of China, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China,
| | - Jianhui Wu
- Beijing Area Major Laboratory of Peptide and Small Molecular Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China, .,Engineering Research Center of Endogenous Prophylactic of Ministry of Education of China, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China,
| | - Qiqi Feng
- Beijing Area Major Laboratory of Peptide and Small Molecular Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China, .,Engineering Research Center of Endogenous Prophylactic of Ministry of Education of China, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China,
| | - Shiqi Peng
- Beijing Area Major Laboratory of Peptide and Small Molecular Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China, .,Engineering Research Center of Endogenous Prophylactic of Ministry of Education of China, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China,
| | - Ming Zhao
- Beijing Area Major Laboratory of Peptide and Small Molecular Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China, .,Engineering Research Center of Endogenous Prophylactic of Ministry of Education of China, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China, .,Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China,
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Sun Q, Wang X, Cui C, Li J, Wang Y. Doxorubicin and anti-VEGF siRNA co-delivery via nano-graphene oxide for enhanced cancer therapy in vitro and in vivo. Int J Nanomedicine 2018; 13:3713-3728. [PMID: 29983564 PMCID: PMC6028351 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s162939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Graphene oxide (GO) has attracted intensive interest in biological and medical fields in recent years due to its unique physical, chemical, and biological properties. In our previous work, we proved that GO could deliver small interfering RNA (siRNA) into cells and downregulate the expression of the desired gene. METHODS This study investigated the potential of a modified GO nanocarrier for co-delivery of siRNA and doxorubicin (DOX) for enhanced cancer therapy. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, laser particle size analyzer, UV-visible spectroscopy, gel electrophoresis retardation, and in vitro release assay were studied. RESULTS The results of real-time polymerase chain reaction revealed that the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) mRNA was decreased 46.84%±3.72% (mean ± SD). Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay indicated that the expression of VEGF protein was down-regulated to 52.86%±1.10% (mean ± SD) in vitro. In vivo tumor growth assay GO-poly-l-lysine hydrobromide/folic acid (GPF)/DOX/siRNA exhibited gene silencing and tumor inhibition (66.95%±2.35%, mean ± SD) compared with naked siRNA (1.62%±1.47%, mean ± SD) and DOX (33.63%±5.85%, mean ± SD). GPF/DOX/siRNA exhibited no testable cytotoxicity. CONCLUSION The results indicated that co-delivery of siRNA and DOX by GPF could be a promising application in tumor clinical therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Sun
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China,
- Beijing Area Major Laboratory of Peptide and Small Molecular Drugs, Beijing, China,
- Engineering Research Center of Endogenous Prophylactic of Ministry of Education of China, Beijing, China,
| | - Xiaoli Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China,
- Beijing Area Major Laboratory of Peptide and Small Molecular Drugs, Beijing, China,
- Engineering Research Center of Endogenous Prophylactic of Ministry of Education of China, Beijing, China,
| | - Chunying Cui
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China,
- Beijing Area Major Laboratory of Peptide and Small Molecular Drugs, Beijing, China,
- Engineering Research Center of Endogenous Prophylactic of Ministry of Education of China, Beijing, China,
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China,
- Beijing Area Major Laboratory of Peptide and Small Molecular Drugs, Beijing, China,
- Engineering Research Center of Endogenous Prophylactic of Ministry of Education of China, Beijing, China,
| | - Yifan Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China,
- Beijing Area Major Laboratory of Peptide and Small Molecular Drugs, Beijing, China,
- Engineering Research Center of Endogenous Prophylactic of Ministry of Education of China, Beijing, China,
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Pan Y, Ren X, Wang S, Li X, Luo X, Yin Z. Annexin V-Conjugated Mixed Micelles as a Potential Drug Delivery System for Targeted Thrombolysis. Biomacromolecules 2017; 18:865-876. [PMID: 28240872 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.6b01756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
To alleviate the hemorrhagic side effect of thrombolysis therapy, a thrombus targeted drug delivery system based on the specific affinity of Annexin V to phosphatidylserine exposed on the membrane surface of activated platelet was developed. The amphiphilic and biodegradable biomaterial, polycaprolactone-block-poly(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate)-block-poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (PCL-b-PDMAEMA-b-PHEMA (PCDH)) triblock polymer, was synthesized via ring opening polymerization (ROP) and atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) to use as the nanocarriers of thrombolytic drug. In order to conjugate Annexin V to the polymer, PCDH was modified by succinic anhydride via ring-opening reaction to introduce the carboxyl group (PCDH-COOH). After preparation of PCDH/PCDH-COOH (9/1, m/m) mixed micelles, Annexin V was coupled with the micelles using carbodiimide chemistry. The blood clot lysis assay in vitro confirmed that lumbrokinase-loaded targeted micelles (LKTM) had stronger thrombolysis potency than free lumbrokinase (LK) and LK-loaded nontargeted micelles (LKM, P < 0.05). In vivo thrombolytic assay, multispectral, optoacoustic tomography (MSOT) was used to assess the target ability of LKTM. The results of MSOT images indicated the fluorescence intensity of the LKTM group located in the blood clot position were significantly stronger than the LKM group. A 5 mm of carotid artery containing blood clot was cut out 24 h later after administration to assess the degree of thrombolysis. The results of thrombolytic assay in vivo were consistent with the assay in vitro, which the differences between LK, LKM, and LKTM groups were both statistically significant. All the results of thrombolysis assays above proved that the capacity of thrombolysis in the LKTM group was optimal. It suggested that Annexin V-conjugated micelles will be a potential drug delivery system for targeted thrombolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Pan
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University , Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xiaoting Ren
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University , Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Shuang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University , Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xin Li
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University , Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xianglin Luo
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University , Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Zongning Yin
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University , Chengdu, 610041, China
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Jiang X, Zhao M, Wang Y, Zhu H, Zhao S, Wu J, Song Y, Peng S. RGD(F/S/V)-Dex: towards the development of novel, effective, and safe glucocorticoids. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2016; 10:1059-76. [PMID: 27022245 PMCID: PMC4789840 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s99568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Dexamethasone (Dex) is an effective glucocorticoid in treating inflammation and preventing rejection reaction. However, the side effects limit its clinical application. To improve its druggable profile, the conjugates of RGD-peptide-modified Dex were presented and their enhanced anti-inflammation activity, minimized osteoporotic action, and nanoscaled assembly were explored. (RGD stands for Arg-Gly-Asp. Standard single letter biochemical abbreviations for amino acids have been used throughout this paper.) In respect of the rejection reaction, the survival time of the implanted myocardium of the mice treated with 1.43 µmol/kg/d of the conjugates for 15 consecutive days was significantly longer than that of the mice treated with 2.5 µmol/kg/d of Dex, and the conjugates, but not Dex, exhibited no toxic action. At a single dose of 14.3 µmol/kg (100 times minimal effective dose, 0.143 µmol/kg), the conjugates induced no liver, kidney, or systemic toxicity. At the dose of 1.43 µmol/kg, the conjugates, but not Dex, prolonged the bleeding time of the mice, and inhibited the thrombosis of the rats. In water and rat plasma, the conjugates formed nanoparticles of 14-250 and 101-166 nm in diameter, respectively. Since the nanoparticles of ~100 nm in size cannot be entrapped by macrophages in the circulation, RGDF-Dex would particularly be worthy of development, since its nanoparticle diameter is 101 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueyun Jiang
- Beijing Area Major Laboratory of Peptide and Small Molecular Drugs, Engineering Research Center of Endogenous Prophylactic of Ministry of Education of China, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Zhao
- Beijing Area Major Laboratory of Peptide and Small Molecular Drugs, Engineering Research Center of Endogenous Prophylactic of Ministry of Education of China, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China; Faculty of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yuji Wang
- Beijing Area Major Laboratory of Peptide and Small Molecular Drugs, Engineering Research Center of Endogenous Prophylactic of Ministry of Education of China, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Haimei Zhu
- Beijing Area Major Laboratory of Peptide and Small Molecular Drugs, Engineering Research Center of Endogenous Prophylactic of Ministry of Education of China, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Shurui Zhao
- Beijing Area Major Laboratory of Peptide and Small Molecular Drugs, Engineering Research Center of Endogenous Prophylactic of Ministry of Education of China, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianhui Wu
- Beijing Area Major Laboratory of Peptide and Small Molecular Drugs, Engineering Research Center of Endogenous Prophylactic of Ministry of Education of China, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanbo Song
- Guangxi Pusen Biotechnology Co. Ltd., Nanning, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Shiqi Peng
- Beijing Area Major Laboratory of Peptide and Small Molecular Drugs, Engineering Research Center of Endogenous Prophylactic of Ministry of Education of China, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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Wang Y, Tang J, Zhu H, Jiang X, Liu J, Xu W, Ma H, Feng Q, Wu J, Zhao M, Peng S. Aqueous extract of Rabdosia rubescens leaves: forming nanoparticles, targeting P-selectin, and inhibiting thrombosis. Int J Nanomedicine 2015; 10:6905-18. [PMID: 26604756 PMCID: PMC4639563 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s91316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The hot water extract of Rabdosia rubescens was traditionally used as an antithrombotic medicine. To explore its antithrombotic utility and mechanism, we carried out a series of in vitro and in vivo assays in this study. In vitro platelet aggregation assay showed that the half maximal inhibitory concentration values of aqueous extract of R. rubescens leaves (AERL) inhibiting platelet aggregation induced by thrombin, arachidonic acid, adenosine diphosphate, and platelet-activating factor ranged from 0.12 mg/mL to 1.43 mg/mL. The minimal effective oral dose of AERL inhibiting the rats from forming thrombus was 25 mg/kg. Both in vitro and in vivo actions were correlated with AERL concentration-dependently inhibiting sP-selectin release. In water, AERL formed nanoparticles, and their size depended on the concentration. Docking the five nucleotides, 21 phenolic acids, and four diterpenoids identified by high-performance liquid chromatography-photodiode array detector/(-)electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry analysis into the active site of P-selectin, rosmarinic acid was predicted to be the antithrombotic ingredient of AERL. In flow cytometry analysis, 1 μM of rosmarinic acid effectively inhibited sP-selectin release in arachidonic acid-activated platelets. In a rat model, 5 mg/kg of oral rosmarinic acid effectively inhibited thrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Wang
- Beijing Area Major Laboratory of Peptide and Small Molecular Drugs, Engineering Research Center of Endogenous Prophylactic of Ministry of Education of China, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jingcheng Tang
- Beijing Area Major Laboratory of Peptide and Small Molecular Drugs, Engineering Research Center of Endogenous Prophylactic of Ministry of Education of China, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Haimei Zhu
- Beijing Area Major Laboratory of Peptide and Small Molecular Drugs, Engineering Research Center of Endogenous Prophylactic of Ministry of Education of China, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xueyun Jiang
- Beijing Area Major Laboratory of Peptide and Small Molecular Drugs, Engineering Research Center of Endogenous Prophylactic of Ministry of Education of China, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiawang Liu
- Beijing Area Major Laboratory of Peptide and Small Molecular Drugs, Engineering Research Center of Endogenous Prophylactic of Ministry of Education of China, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenyun Xu
- Beijing Area Major Laboratory of Peptide and Small Molecular Drugs, Engineering Research Center of Endogenous Prophylactic of Ministry of Education of China, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Haiping Ma
- Beijing Area Major Laboratory of Peptide and Small Molecular Drugs, Engineering Research Center of Endogenous Prophylactic of Ministry of Education of China, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qiqi Feng
- Beijing Area Major Laboratory of Peptide and Small Molecular Drugs, Engineering Research Center of Endogenous Prophylactic of Ministry of Education of China, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianhui Wu
- Beijing Area Major Laboratory of Peptide and Small Molecular Drugs, Engineering Research Center of Endogenous Prophylactic of Ministry of Education of China, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ming Zhao
- Beijing Area Major Laboratory of Peptide and Small Molecular Drugs, Engineering Research Center of Endogenous Prophylactic of Ministry of Education of China, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Faculty of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Shiqi Peng
- Beijing Area Major Laboratory of Peptide and Small Molecular Drugs, Engineering Research Center of Endogenous Prophylactic of Ministry of Education of China, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
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