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Pharmacokinetics and Safety of a Bilastine Once-Daily, Preservative-Free, Ophthalmic Formulation. Adv Ther 2021; 38:4070-4081. [PMID: 34125400 PMCID: PMC8280016 DOI: 10.1007/s12325-021-01801-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Bilastine is a second-generation H1 antihistamine indicated for the symptomatic treatment of allergic rhinoconjunctivitis and urticaria. On the basis of the demonstrated efficacy and safety of the oral formulation, a new ophthalmic formulation of bilastine was recently developed. Previous preclinical studies had indicated that bilastine is mainly absorbed by the conjunctiva and shows low plasma concentration. The objective of this study was to evaluate the pharmacokinetics and safety of ophthalmic bilastine (6 mg/mL) after single and multiple dose administration at steady state in healthy adults. Methods This was an open-label, single-centre, phase I, bioavailability clinical trial. One drop of the bilastine ophthalmic formulation was administered once daily in each eye of the subjects for 5 days. Bilastine plasma concentrations were measured by HPLC–MS/MS. Adverse drug reactions were recorded for each subject during drug administration and follow-up visits. Results Twelve healthy subjects (age 18–55 years) were included in the study. After multiple dose administration, bilastine reached a mean (± SD) maximum blood concentrations of 2682.26 ± 1615.88 pg/mL at a median time of 2.50 h (range 1.25–4.00 h). The half-life of bilastine in plasma was 7.88 ± 6.72 h. Steady state AUC was 19,512.51 ± 9248.76 h·pg/mL. Adverse events were mild and transient, consisting mainly of dysgeusia. Conclusions Bilastine once-daily ophthalmic formulation 6 mg/mL is absorbed into the bloodstream in low amounts by the ophthalmic route. The bilastine ophthalmic formulation showed a good safety profile after multiple dose administration.
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Valero A, Izquierdo I, Kowalski ML, Scadding GK, Bousquet J, Mullol J. Higher efficacy of rupatadine 20 mg and 10 mg versus placebo in patients with perennial allergic rhinitis: a pooled responder analysis. Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol 2020; 16:29. [PMID: 32346387 PMCID: PMC7181536 DOI: 10.1186/s13223-020-00425-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The clinical efficacy of rupatadine in terms of responders has not been previously explored in perennial allergic rhinitis (PAR). Methods This pooled analysis included data from 6 randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials conducted in PAR patients treated with rupatadine 10 mg or 20 mg, or placebo. Participants were aged ≥ 18 years, with diagnosis of PAR and a Total 4 Nasal Symptom Score (T4NSS) ≥ 5. We evaluated the T4NSS and Total 5 Symptom Score (T5SS) for 28 days of treatment, the responder proportion (50% and 75% response), and the time to response. Results Efficacy data from 1486 patients were analysed: 585 received placebo, 682 rupatadine 10 mg, and 219 rupatadine 20 mg. Compared with placebo, rupatadine promoted greater symptom improvements and higher responder proportions (50% and 75% response) for T4NSS and T5SS over 28 days. Symptom improvements and responder proportions were higher in the rupatadine 20 mg group vs the 10 mg group. The time to response was shorter in the rupatadine 20 mg group vs the 10 mg group for T4NSS (16 and 9 days for the 50% and 75% responses, respectively) and for T5SS (13 and 8 days for the 50% and 75% responses, respectively). Conclusions Rupatadine was efficacious in reducing allergic rhinitis symptoms, showing high responder proportions. The faster and stronger effect of rupatadine 20 mg may suggest its use in patients with severe PAR or not responding to the standard dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Valero
- 1Allergy Section, Pneumology and Allergy Department, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Catalonia Spain.,2CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Barcelona, Catalonia Spain
| | - Iñaki Izquierdo
- Department of Clinical Development & Medical Adviser, Biohorm, Grupo Uriach, Avinguda Camí Reial, 51-57, 08184 Barcelona, Catalonia Spain
| | - Marek L Kowalski
- 4Department of Immunology and Allergy, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Glenis K Scadding
- Department of Allergy and Rhinology, Royal National Ear, Nose and Throat Hospital, London, UK
| | - Jean Bousquet
- MACVIA-France, Contre les Maladies Chroniques Pour un VIeillissement Actif en France European Innovation Partnership on Active and Healthy Ageing Reference Site, Montpellier, France
| | - Joaquim Mullol
- 2CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Barcelona, Catalonia Spain.,Rhinology Unit & Smell Clinic, ENT Department, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Universitat de Barcelona, C/Villarroel, 170, 08036 Barcelona, Catalonia Spain
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Mullol J, Izquierdo I, Okubo K, Canonica GW, Bousquet J, Valero A. Clinically relevant effect of rupatadine 20 mg and 10 mg in seasonal allergic rhinitis: a pooled responder analysis. Clin Transl Allergy 2019; 9:50. [PMID: 31624533 PMCID: PMC6784348 DOI: 10.1186/s13601-019-0293-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Different clinical trials showed the superior efficacy of rupatadine compared to placebo at improving seasonal allergic rhinitis (SAR) symptoms, but no study has assessed if the response promoted is clinically meaningful. Methods This study is a pooled analysis of data of seven randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled SAR studies comparing responder proportions upon treatment with rupatadine (10 or 20 mg) or placebo. We evaluated the following symptom scores at baseline (Visit 1) and over 14 days of treatment: Total 4 Nasal Symptom Score (T4NSS), Total 2 Ocular Symptom Score (T2OSS) and Total 6 Symptom Score (T6SS). The proportion of responders (50% and 75% response) and the time to response were compared between groups on days 7 (Visit 2) and 14 (Visit 3). Responder rates were compared between groups on days 7 and 14 for the complete/near-to-complete response for T4NSS (TN4SS score ≤ 2 and each symptom score ≤ 1) and T6SS (T6SS score ≤ 3 and each symptom score ≤ 1). Results Data from 1470 patients were analyzed: 332 treated with placebo, 662 with rupatadine 10 mg and 476 with rupatadine 20 mg. The reduction in T4NSS, T2OSS and T6SS over 14 days of treatment relative to baseline was statistically higher in rupatadine groups vs the placebo group, with greater improvements in the 20 mg group. A statistically higher proportion of patients reached the 50% and 75% response for T4NSS, T2OSS and T6SS in rupatadine groups compared to the placebo group across the visits. Among rupatadine-treated patients, those receiving 20 mg compared favourably for both cut-off responses. The time to achieve a proportion of responders was shorter in the rupatadine 20 mg group than in the rupatadine 10 mg and placebo groups for all the symptom scores. The number of patients who achieved a complete/near-to-complete response for both symptom scores was higher in rupatadine groups than in the placebo group, with higher proportions in the 20 mg group. Conclusions This responder analysis confirms the superior efficacy of rupatadine vs placebo to treat SAR. Rupatadine promoted higher proportions of responders according to stringent response criteria and in a dose-dependent manner, with faster and higher response rates in the 20 mg group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joaquim Mullol
- 1Unitat de Rinologia, & Clínica de l'Olfacte, ENT Department, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, C/Villarroel, 170, 08036 Barcelona, Catalonia Spain.,2Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.,3Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,4CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Barcelona, Catalonia Spain
| | - Iñaki Izquierdo
- Department of Clinical Development & Medical Adviser, Biohorm, Grupo Uriach, Avinguda Camí Reial, 51-57, 08184 Barcelona, Catalonia Spain
| | - Kimihiro Okubo
- 6Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Giorgio Walter Canonica
- 7Personalized Medicine Clinic Asthma & Allergy, Humanitas University, Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Jean Bousquet
- MACVIA-France, Contre les Maladies Chroniques Pour un VIeillissement Actif en France European Innovation Partnership on Active and Healthy Ageing Reference Site, Montpellier, France
| | - Antonio Valero
- 2Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.,4CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Barcelona, Catalonia Spain.,9Allergy Section, Pneumology and Allergy Department, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Okubo K, Suzuki T, Tanaka A, Aoki H. Long-term safety and efficacy of rupatadine in Japanese patients with perennial allergic rhinitis: a 52-week open-label clinical trial. J Drug Assess 2019; 8:104-114. [PMID: 31231589 PMCID: PMC6567265 DOI: 10.1080/21556660.2019.1614005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: Long-term safety and efficacy of 10- and 20-mg rupatadine in Japanese patients with perennial allergic rhinitis (PAR) were investigated in a 52-week open-label study (JapicCTI-152952, clinicaltrials.jp). Methods: The rupatadine dose was fixed to 10 mg once daily for the first 2 weeks. Thereafter, the study investigator was allowed to increase the dosage to 20 mg if the response was insufficient. Safety was evaluated on the basis of treatment-emergent adverse events, laboratory findings, and vital sign measurements. The primary efficacy endpoint was changed from baseline to Week 2 in the total 4 nasal symptom score. Secondary efficacy endpoints included changes over time in ocular symptoms, patient and physician clinical overall impression, and patient quality-of-life. Results: Seventy-two immunoglobulin E positive patients (mean age = 32.1 years), consisting of 58 adults (age ≥ 18 years) and 14 adolescents (12–17 years), were enrolled. Ninety-four treatment-emergent adverse events were reported in 48 patients (66.7%), including nine adverse drug reactions in nine patients (12.5%). The most frequently reported adverse drug reaction was somnolence (9.7%). The primary and secondary efficacy endpoints demonstrated a statistically significant clinical benefit with rupatadine. The rupatadine dose was increased from 10 to 20 mg in 36 patients (50.0%), which resulted in better symptom management. Conclusions: Rupatadine 10- and 20-mg once-daily doses were well tolerated in long-term use. Updosing to 20 mg is a reasonable option in PAR patients whose symptoms cannot be controlled effectively by the 10-mg dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimihiro Okubo
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
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Bjermer L, Westman M, Holmström M, Wickman MC. The complex pathophysiology of allergic rhinitis: scientific rationale for the development of an alternative treatment option. Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol 2019; 15:24. [PMID: 31015846 PMCID: PMC6469109 DOI: 10.1186/s13223-018-0314-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Allergic rhinitis (AR) poses a global health problem and can be challenging to treat. Many of the current symptomatic treatments for AR have been available for decades, yet there has been little improvement in patient quality of life or symptom burden over the years. In this review, we ask why this might be and explore the pathophysiological gaps that exist within the various AR treatment classes. We focus on the benefits and drawbacks of different treatment options and delivery routes for AR treatments and consider how, given what is known about AR pathophysiology and symptomatology, patients may be offered more effective treatment options for rapid, effective, and sustained AR control. In particular, we consider how a new AR preparation, MP-AzeFlu (Dymista®, Meda, Sweden), comprising a formulation of an intranasal antihistamine (azelastine hydrochloride), an intranasal corticosteroid (fluticasone propionate), and excipients delivered in a single spray, may offer benefits over and above single and multiple AR therapy options. We review the evidence in support of this treatment across the spectrum of AR disease. The concept of AR control is also reviewed within the context of new European Union and Contre les Maladies Chroniques pour un VIeillissement Actif-Allergic Rhinitis and its Impact on Asthma initiatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leif Bjermer
- 1Department of Respiratory Medicine & Allergology, Skane University Hospital, 22185, Lund, Sweden
| | - Marit Westman
- 2Dept. of ENT-diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden.,3Immunology and Allergy Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mats Holmström
- 4Dept. of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Division of Ear, Nose and Throat Diseases, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Magnus C Wickman
- 5Department of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.,Sach's Children's Hospital, 118 83 Stockholm, Sweden
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Titulaer J, Arefian H, Hartmann M, Younis MZ, Guntinas-Lichius O. Cost-effectiveness of allergic rhinitis treatment: An exploratory study. SAGE Open Med 2018; 6:2050312118794588. [PMID: 30147935 PMCID: PMC6100121 DOI: 10.1177/2050312118794588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Allergic rhinitis is serious public health problems and one of the most common
chronic diseases worldwide. We aimed to assess the cost-effectiveness of
clinically relevant treatment options for allergic rhinitis using evidence-based
literature. In addition, we aimed to develop recommendations for allergic
rhinitis treatment based on health economic facts. We searched MEDLINE via
PubMed from 2009 to 2014 to identify all therapeutic options described in the
current literature and selected randomized controlled trials that used a symptom
score, had at least one placebo control group and used adult patients. We
analyzed the side effects and the number of cases in which treatment was
discontinued for each treatment option. Local antihistamines were the most
cost-effective local therapy and are recommended due to the low number of
complications. Regarding systemic therapies, although the use of oral steroids
is indeed significantly cost-effective, this treatment was found to be
associated with strong side effects. Sublingual immunotherapy was identified as
the most cost-effective immunotherapy and exhibits a good side-effect profile.
Overall, local therapy with antihistamines was found to be the most
cost-effective option of all therapies. This study showed that there are only
minor differences between sublingual and subcutaneous immunotherapy. Based on
our results, we recommend the use of an international, uniform nasal symptom
score to facilitate the comparison of clinical trials on allergic rhinitis in
the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Titulaer
- Hospital Pharmacy, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany.,Department of Otolaryngology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Habibollah Arefian
- Hospital Pharmacy, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany.,Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Michael Hartmann
- Hospital Pharmacy, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany.,Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Mustafa Z Younis
- Health Policy and Management, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS, USA
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Urdaneta ER, Patel MK, Franklin KB, Tian X, Wu MM. Assessment of Different Cetirizine Dosing Strategies on Seasonal Allergic Rhinitis Symptoms: Findings of Two Randomized Trials. ALLERGY & RHINOLOGY 2018; 9:2152656718783630. [PMID: 30027003 PMCID: PMC6047240 DOI: 10.1177/2152656718783630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Background Cetirizine has been shown to be effective for relief of seasonal allergic rhinitis (SAR) symptoms. Allergic rhinitis symptoms have been reported to have circadian variations, with symptoms tending to be most bothersome overnight and in the morning. Objective To evaluate the effects of different cetirizine dosing schedules in comparison to twice daily (BID) chlorpheniramine and placebo on SAR symptoms at 12 and 24 hours postdose. Methods Study 1 subjects received cetirizine 10-mg once daily in the morning (QAM), cetirizine 10-mg once daily at bedtime (QHS), cetirizine 5-mg twice daily, or placebo. Study 2 subjects received cetirizine 5-mg QAM, cetirizine 10-mg QHS, chlorpheniramine 8-mg BID, or placebo. The primary end point was total symptom severity complex (TSSC); TSSC was the sum of symptom severity ratings averaged over the 2-week study period. Post hoc analyses of reflective symptom severity assessed in the morning (TSSCAM) and in the evening (TSSCPM) were conducted to evaluate cetirizine’s effects at 12 and 24 hours postdose. Results In study 1, subject- and investigator-assessed TSSC was significantly lower in all cetirizine groups versus placebo (P ≤ .003). In study 2, subject-assessed TSSC was significantly lower in all cetirizine groups versus placebo (P ≤ .04) and was numerically lower for investigator-assessed TSSC. Post hoc analyses demonstrated that cetirizine significantly improved TSSCAM at 12 and 24 hours postdose versus placebo in both studies regardless of dosing schedule. TSSCPM significantly improved at 12 and 24 hours postdose in all study 1 cetirizine groups versus placebo. In study 2, versus placebo, TSSCPM significantly improved at 12 hours postdose in cetirizine 5-mg QAM group and numerically improved at 24 hours postdose in cetirizine 10-mg QHS group. Conclusion Regardless of dosing regimen, cetirizine demonstrates effective 24-hour relief of SAR symptoms, particularly on TSSCAM, which assesses overnight and early morning symptom control.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mitesh K Patel
- Johnson & Johnson Consumer Inc., Fort Washington, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Xiaoyan Tian
- Johnson & Johnson Consumer Inc., Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Mei-Miau Wu
- Johnson & Johnson Consumer Inc., Skillman, New Jersey
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Shamizadeh S, Brockow K, Ring J. Rupatadine: efficacy and safety of a non-sedating antihistamine with PAF-antagonist effects. ALLERGO JOURNAL INTERNATIONAL 2014; 23:87-95. [PMID: 26120520 PMCID: PMC4479428 DOI: 10.1007/s40629-014-0011-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Accepted: 08/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Rupatadine is a modern non-sedating H1-antihistamine that also haswith additional antagonist effects on platelet-activating factor (PAF). Under the tradenames Rupafin® and Urtimed®, Rrupatadine is approvedregistered in Germany for the treatment of allergic rhinitis and urticaria infor adults and children aged over 12 years. In this review, the available literature available to date onregarding the pharmacological profile and clinical application of Rrupatadine is reviewed and compared to other conventional histamines. In conclusionFinally, the side effects, safety and interaction profileincompatibility of Rrupatadine are discussed. Due to CYP p450 metabolism, Rrupatadine should not be given together with Eerythromycin, Kketoconazole or grapefruit juice. Rupatadine has been found to be effective and safe Iin a variety of randomized clinical trials both in both seasonal and perennial allergic rhinitis, as well as inbut also chronic urticaria Rupatadine has been found as effective and safe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soja Shamizadeh
- />Department of Dermatology and Allergy Biederstein, Technische Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Knut Brockow
- />Department of Dermatology and Allergy Biederstein, Technische Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Johannes Ring
- />Department of Dermatology and Allergy Biederstein, Technische Universität, Munich, Germany
- />Klinik und Poliklinik für Dermatologie und Allergologie am Biederstein, Biedersteiner Straße 29, 80802 München, Germany
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Zhang L, Cheng L, Hong J. The clinical use of cetirizine in the treatment of allergic rhinitis. Pharmacology 2013; 92:14-25. [PMID: 23867423 DOI: 10.1159/000351843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2013] [Accepted: 03/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cetirizine is among the first second-generation H1 antihistamines (SGAHs) developed to provide selective H1 receptor inhibition without central nervous system depression. OBJECTIVE The aim of this review is to summarize the amount of data collected over 25 years of clinical use of cetirizine and compare this with data available for other SGAHs in the management of patients with allergic rhinitis (AR). METHODS A comprehensive literature search for publications relating to cetirizine was performed using the Pubmed database, and relevant papers published in English were selected for detailed review. RESULTS Compared with the majority of other SGAHs, cetirizine was generally shown to have a more favourable pharmacological profile, to be well tolerated, be at least equally or more efficacious in attenuating/inhibiting nasal and ocular symptoms and to improve the quality of life in AR patients. The majority of clinical trials investigating the effect of SGAHs in AR patients further indicated that cetirizine was often employed as the main comparator active drug. CONCLUSION Based on the evidence that cetirizine is a commonly employed active comparator drug in AR, it is tempting to suggest that cetirizine may be a suitable benchmark in the development of novel pharmacotherapies for AR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luo Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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