Preoperative Prediction of Cytokeratin 19 Expression for Hepatocellular Carcinoma with Deep Learning Radiomics Based on Gadoxetic Acid-Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Radiomics predicting immunohistochemical markers in primary hepatic carcinoma: Current status and challenges

Primary hepatic carcinoma, comprising hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC), and combined hepatocellular cholangiocarcinoma (cHCC-CCA), ranks among the most common malignancies worldwide. The heterogeneity of tumors is a primary factor impeding the efficacy of treatments for primary hepatic carcinoma. Immunohistochemical markers may play a potential role in characterizing this heterogeneity, providing significant guidance for prognostic analysis and the development of personalized treatment plans for the patients with primary hepatic carcinoma. Currently, primary hepatic carcinoma immunohistochemical analysis primarily relies on invasive techniques such as surgical pathology and tissue biopsy. Consequently, the non-invasive preoperative acquisition of primary hepatic carcinoma immunohistochemistry has emerged as a focal point of research. As an emerging non-invasive diagnostic technique, radiomics possesses the potential to extensively characterize tumor heterogeneity. It can predict immunohistochemical markers associated with hepatocellular carcinoma preoperatively, demonstrating significant auxiliary utility in clinical guidance. This article summarizes the progress in using radiomics to predict immunohistochemical markers in primary hepatic carcinoma, addresses the challenges faced in this field of study, and anticipates its future application prospects.

Self-supervised multi-modal feature fusion for predicting early recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma

Surgical resection stands as the primary treatment option for early-stage hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients. Postoperative early recurrence (ER) is a significant factor contributing to the mortality of HCC patients. Therefore, accurately predicting the risk of ER after curative resection is crucial for clinical decision-making and improving patient prognosis. This study leverages a self-supervised multi-modal feature fusion approach, combining multi-phase MRI and clinical features, to predict ER of HCC. Specifically, we utilized attention mechanisms to suppress redundant features, enabling efficient extraction and fusion of multi-phase features. Through self-supervised learning (SSL), we pretrained an encoder on our dataset to extract more generalizable feature representations. Finally, we achieved effective multi-modal information fusion via attention modules. To enhance explainability, we employed Score-CAM to visualize the key regions influencing the model's predictions. We evaluated the effectiveness of the proposed method on our dataset and found that predictions based on multi-phase feature fusion outperformed those based on single-phase features. Additionally, predictions based on multi-modal feature fusion were superior to those based on single-modal features.

Deep learning radiomics based on contrast enhanced MRI for preoperatively predicting early recurrence in hepatocellular carcinoma after curative resection

Purpose

To explore the role of deep learning (DL) and radiomics-based integrated approach based on contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (CEMRI) for predicting early recurrence (ER) in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients after curative resection.

Methods

Total 165 HCC patients (ER, n = 96 vs. non-early recurrence (NER), n = 69) were retrospectively collected and divided into a training cohort (n = 132) and a validation cohort (n = 33). From pretreatment CEMR images, a total of 3111 radiomics features were extracted, and radiomics models were constructed using five machine learning classifiers (logistic regression, support vector machine, k-nearest neighbor, extreme gradient Boosting, and multilayer perceptron). DL models were established via three variations of ResNet architecture. The clinical-radiological (CR), radiomics combined with clinical-radiological (RCR), and deep learning combined with RCR (DLRCR) models were constructed. Model discrimination, calibration, and clinical utilities were evaluated by receiver operating characteristic curve, calibration curve, and decision curve analysis, respectively. The best-performing model was compared with the widely used staging systems and preoperative prognostic indexes.

Results

The RCR model (area under the curve (AUC): 0.841 and 0.811) and the optimal radiomics model (AUC: 0.839 and 0.804) achieved better performance than the CR model (AUC: 0.662 and 0.752) in the training and validation cohorts, respectively. The optimal DL model (AUC: 0.870 and 0.826) outperformed the radiomics model in the both cohorts. The DL, radiomics, and CR predictors (aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and tumor diameter) were combined to construct the DLRCR model. The DLRCR model presented the best performance over any model, yielding an AUC, an accuracy, a sensitivity, a specificity of 0.917, 0.886, 0.889, and 0.882 in the training cohort and of 0.844, 0.818, 0.800, and 0.846 in the validation cohort, respectively. The DLRCR model achieved better clinical utility compared to the clinical staging systems and prognostic indexes.

Conclusion

Both radiomics and DL models derived from CEMRI can predict HCC recurrence, and DL and radiomics-based integrated approach can provide a more effective tool for the precise prediction of ER for HCC patients undergoing resection.

MRI-Based Radiomics and Deep Learning in Biological Characteristics and Prognosis of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Opportunities and Challenges

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the fifth most common malignancy and the third leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. HCC exhibits strong inter-tumor heterogeneity, with different biological characteristics closely associated with prognosis. In addition, patients with HCC often distribute at different stages and require diverse treatment options at each stage. Due to the variability in tumor sensitivity to different therapies, determining the optimal treatment approach can be challenging for clinicians prior to treatment. Artificial intelligence (AI) technology, including radiomics and deep learning approaches, has emerged as a unique opportunity to improve the spectrum of HCC clinical care by predicting biological characteristics and prognosis in the medical imaging field. The radiomics approach utilizes handcrafted features derived from specific mathematical formulas to construct various machine-learning models for medical applications. In terms of the deep learning approach, convolutional neural network models are developed to achieve high classification performance based on automatic feature extraction from images. Magnetic resonance imaging offers the advantage of superior tissue resolution and functional information. This comprehensive evaluation plays a vital role in the accurate assessment and effective treatment planning for HCC patients. Recent studies have applied radiomics and deep learning approaches to develop AI-enabled models to improve accuracy in predicting biological characteristics and prognosis, such as microvascular invasion and tumor recurrence. Although AI-enabled models have demonstrated promising potential in HCC with biological characteristics and prognosis prediction with high performance, one of the biggest challenges, interpretability, has hindered their implementation in clinical practice. In the future, continued research is needed to improve the interpretability of AI-enabled models, including aspects such as domain knowledge, novel algorithms, and multi-dimension data sources. Overcoming these challenges would allow AI-enabled models to significantly impact the care provided to HCC patients, ultimately leading to their deployment for clinical use. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 5 TECHNICAL EFFICACY: Stage 2.

Current status of magnetic resonance imaging radiomics in hepatocellular carcinoma: A quantitative review with Radiomics Quality Score

BACKGROUND

Radiomics is a promising tool that may increase the value of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for different tasks related to the management of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, its implementation in clinical practice is still far, with many issues related to the methodological quality of radiomic studies.

AIM

To systematically review the current status of MRI radiomic studies concerning HCC using the Radiomics Quality Score (RQS).

METHODS

A systematic literature search of PubMed, Google Scholar, and Web of Science databases was performed to identify original articles focusing on the use of MRI radiomics for HCC management published between 2017 and 2023. The methodological quality of radiomic studies was assessed using the RQS tool. Spearman's correlation (ρ) analysis was performed to explore if RQS was correlated with journal metrics and characteristics of the studies. The level of statistical signi-ficance was set at P < 0.05.

RESULTS

One hundred and twenty-seven articles were included, of which 43 focused on HCC prognosis, 39 on prediction of pathological findings, 16 on prediction of the expression of molecular markers outcomes, 18 had a diagnostic purpose, and 11 had multiple purposes. The mean RQS was 8 ± 6.22, and the corresponding percentage was 24.15% ± 15.25% (ranging from 0.0% to 58.33%). RQS was positively correlated with journal impact factor (IF; ρ = 0.36, P = 2.98 × 10-5), 5-years IF (ρ = 0.33, P = 1.56 × 10-4), number of patients included in the study (ρ = 0.51, P < 9.37 × 10-10) and number of radiomics features extracted in the study (ρ = 0.59, P < 4.59 × 10-13), and time of publication (ρ = -0.23, P < 0.0072).

CONCLUSION

Although MRI radiomics in HCC represents a promising tool to develop adequate personalized treatment as a noninvasive approach in HCC patients, our study revealed that studies in this field still lack the quality required to allow its introduction into clinical practice.

Diagnostic value of radiomics in predicting Ki-67 and cytokeratin 19 expression in hepatocellular carcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Background

Radiomics have been increasingly used in the clinical management of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), such as markers prediction. Ki-67 and cytokeratin 19 (CK-19) are important prognostic markers of HCC. Radiomics has been introduced by many researchers in the prediction of these markers expression, but its diagnostic value remains controversial. Therefore, this review aims to assess the diagnostic value of radiomics in predicting Ki-67 and CK-19 expression in HCC.

Methods

Original studies were systematically searched in PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science from inception to May 2023. All included studies were evaluated by the radiomics quality score. The C-index was used as the effect size of the performance of radiomics in predicting Ki-67and CK-19 expression, and the positive cutoff values of Ki-67 label index (LI) were determined by subgroup analysis and meta-regression.

Results

We identified 34 eligible studies for Ki-67 (18 studies) and CK-19 (16 studies). The most common radiomics source was magnetic resonance imaging (MRI; 25/34). The pooled C-index of MRI-based models in predicting Ki-67 was 0.89 (95% CI:0.86-0.92) in the training set, and 0.87 (95% CI: 0.82-0.92) in the validation set. The pooled C-index of MRI-based models in predicting CK-19 was 0.86 (95% CI:0.81-0.90) in the training set, and 0.79 (95% CI: 0.73-0.84) in the validation set. Subgroup analysis suggested Ki-67 LI cutoff was a significant source of heterogeneity (I 2 = 0.0% P>0.05), and meta-regression showed that the C-index increased as Ki-67 LI increased.

Conclusion

Radiomics shows promising diagnostic value in predicting positive Ki-67 or CK-19 expression. But lacks standardized guidelines, which makes the model and variables selection dependent on researcher experience, leading to study heterogeneity. Therefore, standardized guidelines are warranted for future research.

Systematic Review Registration

https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/, identifier CRD42023427953.

The value of MRI in predicting hepatocellular carcinoma with cytokeratin 19 expression: a systematic review and meta-analysis

AIM

To evaluate the overall diagnostic performance of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), different image features, and different image analysis methods in predicting hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with cytokeratin 19 (CK19) expression.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A systematic literature search was performed to identify studies using MRI to predict HCC with CK19 expression between 2012 and 2023. Data were extracted to calculate the pooled sensitivity and specificity. Overall diagnostic performance was assessed using areas under the summary receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC). Subgroup analyses were conducted for specific image features and according to image analysis methods (traditional image feature, radiomics, and combined methods). Z-test statistics was used to analyse the differences in diagnostic performance between combined and individual methods.

RESULTS

Eleven studies with 14 datasets (1,278 lesions from 1,264 patients) were included. The overall pooled sensitivity, specificity, and AUC with corresponding 95% confidence intervals were estimated to be 0.72 (0.55, 0.85), 0.88 (0.80, 0.93), and 0.89 (0.86, 0.91) for MRI in predicting HCC with CK19 expression. Combined methods had higher sensitivity than image feature methods (0.86 versus 0.54, p=0.001), with no difference in specificity (0.85 versus 0.87, p=0.641). There were no significant differences between radiomics and combined methods regarding sensitivity (p=0.796) and specificity (p=0.535), respectively.

CONCLUSION

MRI shows moderate sensitivity and high specificity in identifying HCC with CK19 expression. The application of radiomics can improve the sensitivity of MRI in identifying HCC with CK19 expression.

Identifying Proliferative Hepatocellular Carcinoma at Pretreatment CT: Implications for Therapeutic Outcomes after Transarterial Chemoembolization

Background Hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs) can be divided into proliferative and nonproliferative types, which may have implications for outcomes after conventional transarterial chemoembolization (cTACE). Biopsy to identify proliferative HCC is not routinely performed before cTACE. Purpose To develop and validate a predictive model for identifying proliferative HCCs using CT imaging features and to compare therapeutic outcomes between predicted proliferative and nonproliferative HCCs after cTACE according to this model. Materials and Methods This retrospective multicenter study included adults with HCC who underwent liver resection or cTACE between August 2013 and December 2020. A CT-based predictive model for identifying proliferative HCCs was developed and externally validated in a cohort that underwent resection. Diagnostic performance was calculated for the model. Thereafter, patients in the cTACE cohort were stratified into groups with predicted proliferative or nonproliferative HCCs according to the model. The primary outcome was overall survival (OS), and the secondary outcomes were tumor response rate and progression-free survival (PFS). These were compared between the two groups with use of the χ2 test and the log-rank test. Results A total of 1194 patients (1021 men; mean age, 54 years ± 12 [SD]; median follow-up time, 29.1 months) were included. The predictive model, named the SMARS score, incorporated lobulated shape, mosaic architecture, α-fetoprotein levels, rim arterial phase hyperenhancement, and satellite lesions. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for the SMARS score was 0.83 for the training cohort and 0.80 for the validation cohort. According to the SMARS score, patients with predicted proliferative HCCs (n = 114) had lower tumor response rate (48% vs 71%; P < .001) and worse PFS (6.6 months vs 12.4 months; P < .001) and OS (14.4 months vs 38.7 months; P < .001) than those with nonproliferative HCCs (n = 263). Conclusion The predictive model demonstrated good performance for identifying proliferative HCCs. According to the SMARS score, patients with predicted proliferative HCCs have worse prognosis than those with predicted nonproliferative HCCs after cTACE. © RSNA, 2023 Supplemental material is available for this article.

Liver Transplant in Patients with Hepatocarcinoma: Imaging Guidelines and Future Perspectives Using Artificial Intelligence

Hepatocellular carcinoma is the most common primary malignant hepatic tumor and occurs most often in the setting of chronic liver disease. Liver transplantation is a curative treatment option and is an ideal solution because it solves the chronic underlying liver disorder while removing the malignant lesion. However, due to organ shortages, this treatment can only be applied to carefully selected patients according to clinical guidelines. Artificial intelligence is an emerging technology with multiple applications in medicine with a predilection for domains that work with medical imaging, like radiology. With the help of these technologies, laborious tasks can be automated, and new lesion imaging criteria can be developed based on pixel-level analysis. Our objectives are to review the developing AI applications that could be implemented to better stratify liver transplant candidates. The papers analysed applied AI for liver segmentation, evaluation of steatosis, sarcopenia assessment, lesion detection, segmentation, and characterization. A liver transplant is an optimal treatment for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma in the setting of chronic liver disease. Furthermore, AI could provide solutions for improving the management of liver transplant candidates to improve survival.

Gadoxetic Acid-Enhanced MRI-Based Radiomics Signature: A Potential Imaging Biomarker for Identifying Cytokeratin 19-Positive Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Purpose

One subtype of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), with cytokeratin 19 expression (CK19+), has shown to be more aggressive and has a poor prognosis. However, CK19+ is determined by immunohistochemical examination using a surgically resected specimen. This study is aimed at establishing a radiomics signature based on preoperative gadoxetic acid-enhanced MRI for predicting CK19 status in HCC. Patients and Methods. Clinicopathological and imaging data were retrospectively collected from patients who underwent hepatectomy between February 2015 and December 2020. Patients who underwent gadoxetic acid-enhanced MRI and had CK19 results of histopathological examination were included. Radiomics features of the manually segmented lesion during the arterial, portal venous, and hepatobiliary phases were extracted. The 10 most reproducible and robust features at each phase were selected for construction of radiomics signatures, and their performance was evaluated by analyzing the area under the curve (AUC). The goodness of fit of the model was assessed by the Hosmer-Lemeshow test.

Results

A total of 110 patients were included. The incidence of CK19(+) HCC was 17% (19/110). Alpha fetoprotein was the only significant clinicopathological variable different between CK19(-) and CK19(+) groups. A majority of the selected radiomics features were wavelet filter-derived features. The AUCs of the three radiomics signatures based on arterial, portal venous, and hepatobiliary phases were 0.70 (95% CI: 0.56-0.83), 0.83 (95% CI: 0.73-0.92), and 0.89 (95% CI: 0.82-0.96), respectively. The three radiomics signatures were integrated, and the fusion signature yielded an AUC of 0.92 (95% CI: 0.86-0.98) and was used as the final model for CK19(+) prediction. The sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of the fusion signature was 0.84, 0.89, 0.88, 0.62, and 0.96, respectively. The Hosmer-Lemeshow test showed a good fit of the fusion signature (p > 0.05).

Conclusion

The established radiomics signature based on preoperative gadoxetic acid-enhanced MRI could be an accurate and potential imaging biomarker for HCC CK19(+) prediction.

Preoperative prediction of cytokeratin-19 expression for hepatocellular carcinoma using T1 mapping on gadoxetic acid-enhanced MRI combined with diffusion-weighted imaging and clinical indicators

Objectives

To explore the value of T1 mapping on gadoxetic acid-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in preoperative predicting cytokeratin 19 (CK19) expression for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).

Methods

This retrospective study included 158 patients from two institutions with surgically resected treatment-native solitary HCC who underwent preoperative T1 mapping on gadoxetic acid-enhanced MRI. Patients from institution I (n = 102) and institution II (n = 56) were assigned to training and test sets, respectively. univariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed to investigate the association of clinicoradiological variables with CK19. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and precision-recall (PR) curve were used to evaluate the performance for CK19 prediction. Then, a prediction nomogram was developed for CK19 expression. The performance of the prediction nomogram was evaluated by its discrimination, calibration, and clinical utility.

Results

Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that AFP>400ng/ml (OR=4.607, 95%CI: 1.098-19.326; p=0.037), relative apparent diffusion coefficient (rADC)≤0.71 (OR=3.450, 95%CI: 1.126-10.567; p=0.030), T1 relaxation time in the 20-minute hepatobiliary phase (T1rt-HBP)>797msec (OR=4.509, 95%CI: 1.301-15.626; p=0.018) were significant independent predictors of CK19 expression. The clinical-quantitative model (CQ-Model) constructed based on these significant variables had the best predictive performance with an area under the ROC curve of 0.844, an area under the PR curve of 0.785 and an F1 score of 0.778. The nomogram constructed based on CQ-Model demonstrated satisfactory performance with C index of 0.844 (95%CI: 0.759-0.908) and 0.818 (95%CI: 0.693-0.902) in the training and test sets, respectively.

Conclusions

T1 mapping on gadoxetic acid-enhanced MRI has good predictive efficacy for preoperative prediction of CK19 expression in HCC, which can promote the individualized risk stratification and further treatment decision of HCC patients.

Radiomics: A radiological evidence-based artificial intelligence technique to facilitate personalized precision medicine in hepatocellular carcinoma

The high postoperative recurrence rates in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remain a major hurdle in its management. Appropriate staging and treatment selection may alleviate the extent of fatal recurrence. However, effective methods to preoperatively evaluate pathophysiologic and molecular characteristics of HCC are lacking. Imaging plays a central role in HCC diagnosis and stratification due to the non-invasive diagnostic criteria. Vast and crucial information is hidden within image data. Other than providing a morphological sketch for lesion diagnosis, imaging could provide new insights to describe the pathophysiological and genetic landscape of HCC. Radiomics aims to facilitate diagnosis and prognosis of HCC using artificial intelligence techniques to harness the immense information contained in medical images. Radiomics produces a set of archetypal and robust imaging features that are correlated to key pathological or molecular biomarkers to preoperatively risk-stratify HCC patients. Inferred with outcome data, comprehensive combination of radiomic, clinical and/or multi-omics data could also improve direct prediction of response to treatment and prognosis. The evolution of radiomics is changing our understanding of personalized precision medicine in HCC management. Herein, we review the key techniques and clinical applications in HCC radiomics and discuss current limitations and future opportunities to improve clinical decision making.

Current status and future perspectives of radiomics in hepatocellular carcinoma

Given the frequent co-existence of an aggressive tumor and underlying chronic liver disease, the management of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients requires experienced multidisciplinary team discussion. Moreover, imaging plays a key role in the diagnosis, staging, restaging, and surveillance of HCC. Currently, imaging assessment of HCC entails the assessment of qualitative characteristics which are prone to inter-reader variability. Radiomics is an emerging field that extracts high-dimensional mineable quantitative features that cannot be assessed visually with the naked eye from medical imaging. The main potential applications of radiomic models in HCC are to predict histology, response to treatment, genetic signature, recurrence, and survival. Despite the encouraging results to date, there are challenges and limitations that need to be overcome before radiomics implementation in clinical practice. The purpose of this article is to review the main concepts and challenges pertaining to radiomics, and to review recent studies and potential applications of radiomics in HCC.

A radiomics nomogram for predicting cytokeratin 19-positive hepatocellular carcinoma: a two-center study

Objectives

We aimed to construct and validate a radiomics-based nomogram model derived from gadoxetic acid-enhanced magnetic resonance (MR) images to predict cytokeratin (CK) 19-positive (+) hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and patients' prognosis.

Methods

A two-center and time-independent cohort of 311 patients were retrospectively enrolled (training cohort, n = 168; internal validation cohort, n = 72; external validation cohort, n = 71). A total of 2286 radiomic features were extracted from multisequence MR images with the uAI Research Portal (uRP), and a radiomic feature model was established. A combined model was established by incorporating the clinic-radiological features and the fusion radiomics signature using logistic regression analysis. Receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) was used to evaluate the predictive efficacy of these models. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was used to assess 1-year and 2-year progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) in the cohort.

Results

By combining radiomic features extracted in DWI phase, arterial phase, venous and delay phase, the fusion radiomics signature achieved AUCs of 0.865, 0.824, and 0.781 in the training, internal, and external validation cohorts. The final combined clinic-radiological model showed higher AUC values in the three datasets compared with the fusion radiomics model. The nomogram based on the combined model showed satisfactory prediction performance in the training (C-index, 0.914), internal (C-index, 0.855), and external validation (C-index, 0.795) cohort. The 1-year and 2-year PFS and OS of the patients in the CK19+ group were 76% and 73%, and 78% and 68%, respectively. The 1-year and 2-year PFS and OS of the patients in the CK19-negative (-) group were 81% and 77%, and 80% and 74%, respectively. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed no significant differences in 1-year PFS and OS between the groups (P = 0.273 and 0.290), but it did show differences in 2-year PFS and OS between the groups (P = 0.032 and 0.040). Both PFS and OS were lower in CK19+ patients.

Conclusion

The combined model based on clinic-radiological radiomics features can be used for predicting CK19+ HCC noninvasively to assist in the development of personalized treatment.