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Vermilyea SC, Guthrie S, Hernandez I, Bondarenko V, Emborg ME. α-Synuclein Expression Is Preserved in Substantia Nigra GABAergic Fibers of Young and Aged Neurotoxin-Treated Rhesus Monkeys. Cell Transplant 2019; 28:379-387. [PMID: 30857404 PMCID: PMC6628567 DOI: 10.1177/0963689719835794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
α-Synuclein (α-syn) is a small presynaptic protein distributed ubiquitously in the central and peripheral nervous system. In normal conditions, α-syn is found in soluble form, while in Parkinson's disease (PD) it may phosphorylate, aggregate, and combine with other proteins to form Lewy bodies. The purpose of this study was to evaluate, in nonhuman primates, whether α-syn expression is affected by age and neurotoxin challenge. Young adult (n = 5, 5-10 years old) and aged (n = 4, 23-25 years old) rhesus monkeys received a single unilateral carotid artery injection of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP). Three months post-MPTP the animals were necropsied by transcardiac perfusion, and their brains extracted and processed with immunohistochemical methods. Quantification of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-positive substantia nigra (SN) neurons showed a significant 80-89% decrease in the side ipsilateral to MPTP administration in young and old animals. Optical density of TH- immunoreactivity (-ir) in the caudate and putamen presented a 60-70% loss compared with the contralateral side. α-Syn-ir was present in both ipsi- and contra- lateral MPTP-treated nigra, caudate, and putamen, mostly in fibers; its intracellular distribution was not affected by age. Comparison of α-syn-ir between MPTP-treated young and aged monkeys revealed significantly higher optical density for both the ipsi- and contralateral caudate and SN in the aged animals. TH and α-syn immunofluorescence confirmed the loss of nigral TH-ir dopaminergic neurons in the MPTP-treated side of intoxicated animals, but bilateral α-syn expression. Colabeling of GAD67 and α-syn immunofluorescence showed that α-syn expression was present mainly in GABAergic fibers. Our results demonstrate that, 3 months post unilateral intracarotid artery infusion of MPTP, α-syn expression in the SN is largely present in GABAergic fibers, regardless of age. Bilateral increase of α-syn expression in SN fibers of aged, compared with young rhesus monkeys, suggests that α-syn-ir may increase with age, but not after neurotoxin-induced dopaminergic nigral cell loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott C. Vermilyea
- Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA
- Preclinical Parkinson’s Research Program, Wisconsin National Primate
Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA
| | - Scott Guthrie
- Preclinical Parkinson’s Research Program, Wisconsin National Primate
Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA
| | - Iliana Hernandez
- Preclinical Parkinson’s Research Program, Wisconsin National Primate
Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA
| | - Viktorya Bondarenko
- Preclinical Parkinson’s Research Program, Wisconsin National Primate
Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA
| | - Marina E. Emborg
- Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA
- Preclinical Parkinson’s Research Program, Wisconsin National Primate
Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA
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Shultz JM, Resnikoff H, Bondarenko V, Joers V, Mejia A, Simmons H, Emborg ME. Neurotoxin-Induced Catecholaminergic Loss in the Colonic Myenteric Plexus of Rhesus Monkeys. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 6. [PMID: 28090391 DOI: 10.4172/2161-0460.1000279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Constipation is a common non-motor symptom of Parkinson's disease (PD). Although pathology of the enteric nervous system (ENS) has been associated with constipation in PD, the contribution of catecholaminergic neurodegeneration to this symptom is currently debated. The goal of this study was to assess the effects of the neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) on the colonic myenteric plexus and shed light on the role of catecholaminergic innervation in gastrointestinal (GI) function. METHODS Proximal colon tissue from 6-OHDA-treated (n=5) and age-matched control (n=5) rhesus monkeys was immunostained and quantified using ImageJ software. All animals underwent routine daily feces monitoring to assess for constipation or other GI dysfunction. RESULTS Quantification of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase (AADC)-immunoreactivity (-ir) revealed significant reduction in myenteric ganglia of 6-OHDA-treated animals compared to controls (TH-ir: 87.8%, P<0.0001; AADC-ir: 61.7% P=0.0034). Analysis of pan-neuronal markers (PGP9.5, HuC/D), other neurochemical phenotypes (VIP, nNOS), PD-associated pathology proteins (α-synuclein, phosphorylated α-synuclein), glial marker GFAP and neuroinflammation and oxidative stress (HLA-DR, CD45, Nitrotyrosine) did not show significant differences. Monitoring of feces revealed frequent (>30% days) soft stool or diarrhea in 2 of the 5 6-OHDA-treated animals and 0 of the 5 control animals during the 2 months prior to necropsy, with no animals exhibiting signs of constipation. CONCLUSION Systemic administration of 6-OHDA to rhesus monkeys significantly reduced catecholaminergic expression in the colonic myenteric plexus without inducing constipation. These findings support the concept that ENS catecholaminergic loss is not responsible for constipation in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanette M Shultz
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center (WNPRC) and Cellular and Molecular Pathology (CMP) Graduate Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | | | | | - Valerie Joers
- WNPRC, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Andres Mejia
- WNPRC, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | | | - Marina E Emborg
- WNPRC, CMP Graduate Program and Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
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Vermilyea SC, Lu J, Olsen M, Guthrie S, Tao Y, Fekete EM, Riedel MK, Brunner K, Boettcher C, Bondarenko V, Brodsky E, Block WF, Alexander A, Zhang SC, Emborg ME. Real-Time Intraoperative MRI Intracerebral Delivery of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Neurons. Cell Transplant 2016; 26:613-624. [PMID: 27633706 DOI: 10.3727/096368916x692979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived neurons represent an opportunity for cell replacement strategies for neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson's disease (PD). Improvement in cell graft targeting, distribution, and density can be key for disease modification. We have previously developed a trajectory guide system for real-time intraoperative magnetic resonance imaging (RT-IMRI) delivery of infusates, such as viral vector suspensions for gene therapy strategies. Intracerebral delivery of iPSC-derived neurons presents different challenges than viral vectors, including limited cell survival if cells are kept at room temperature for prolonged periods of time, precipitation and aggregation of cells in the cannula, and obstruction during injection, which must be solved for successful application of this delivery approach. To develop procedures suitable for RT-IMRI cell delivery, we first performed in vitro studies to tailor the delivery hardware (e.g., cannula) and defined a range of parameters to be applied (e.g., maximal time span allowable between cell loading in the system and intracerebral injection) to ensure cell survival. Then we performed an in vivo study to evaluate the feasibility of applying the system to nonhuman primates. Our results demonstrate that the RT-IMRI delivery system provides valuable guidance, monitoring, and visualization during intracerebral cell delivery that are compatible with cell survival.
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Ren R, Shi C, Cao J, Sun Y, Zhao X, Guo Y, Wang C, Lei H, Jiang H, Ablat N, Xu J, Li W, Ma Y, Qi X, Ye M, Pu X, Han H. Neuroprotective Effects of A Standardized Flavonoid Extract of Safflower Against Neurotoxin-Induced Cellular and Animal Models of Parkinson's Disease. Sci Rep 2016; 6:22135. [PMID: 26906725 PMCID: PMC4764910 DOI: 10.1038/srep22135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Safflower has long been used to treat cerebrovascular diseases in China. We previously reported that kaempferol derivatives of safflower can bind DJ-1, a protein associated with Parkinson’s disease (PD), and flavonoid extract of safflower exhibited neuroprotective effects in a 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-induced mouse model of PD. In this study, a standardized safflower flavonoid extract (SAFE) was isolated from safflower and mainly contained flavonoids. Two marker compounds of SAFE, kaempferol 3-O-rutinoside and anhydrosafflor yellow B, were proven to suppress microtubule destabilization and decreased cell area, respectively. We confirmed that SAFE in dripping pill form could improve behavioural performances in a 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-induced rat model of PD, partially via the suppression of α-synuclein overexpression or aggregation, as well as the suppression of reactive astrogliosis. Using an MRI tracer-based method, we found that 6-OHDA could change extracellular space (ECS) diffusion parameters, including a decrease in tortuosity and the rate constant of clearance and an increase in the elimination half-life of the tracer in the 6-OHDA-lesioned substantia nigra. SAFE treatment could partially inhibit the changes in ECS diffusion parameters, which might provide some information about neuronal loss and astrocyte activation. Consequently, our results indicate that SAFE is a potential therapeutic herbal product for treatment of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rutong Ren
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China.,State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Chunyan Shi
- Beijing Key Lab of MRI Device and Technique, Beijing 100191, China.,Department of Radiology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jing Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yi Sun
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China.,State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xin Zhao
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China.,State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yongfei Guo
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China.,State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Chen Wang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China.,State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Hui Lei
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China.,State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Hanjie Jiang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China.,State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Nuramatjan Ablat
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China.,State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jiamin Xu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China.,State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Wan Li
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China.,State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yingcong Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xianrong Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Min Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xiaoping Pu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China.,State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Hongbin Han
- Beijing Key Lab of MRI Device and Technique, Beijing 100191, China.,Department of Radiology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
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Vermilyea SC, Emborg ME. α-Synuclein and nonhuman primate models of Parkinson's disease. J Neurosci Methods 2015; 255:38-51. [PMID: 26247888 PMCID: PMC4604057 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2015.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Revised: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Accumulation of α-synuclein (α-syn) leading to the formation of insoluble intracellular aggregates named Lewy bodies is proposed to have a significant role in Parkinson's disease (PD) pathology. Nonhuman primate (NHP) models of PD have proven essential for understanding the neurobiological basis of the disease and for the preclinical evaluation of first-in-class and invasive therapies. In addition to neurotoxin, aging and intracerebral gene transfer models, a new generation of models using inoculations of α-syn formulations, as well as transgenic methods is emerging. Understanding of their advantages and limitations will be essential when choosing a platform to evaluate α-syn-related pathology and interpreting the test results of new treatments targeting α-syn aggregation. In this review we aim to provide insight on this issue by critically analyzing the differences in endogenous α-syn, as well as α-syn pathology in PD and PD NHP models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott C Vermilyea
- Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, United States; Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, United States.
| | - Marina E Emborg
- Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, United States; Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, United States; Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, 1220 Capitol Court, Madison, WI 53715, United States.
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