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Srinivasan AR. Treat to target in Crohn's disease: A practical guide for clinicians. World J Gastroenterol 2024; 30:50-69. [PMID: 38293329 PMCID: PMC10823901 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v30.i1.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
A treat-to-target (T2T) approach applies the principles of early intervention and tight disease control to optimise long-term outcomes in Crohn's disease. The Selecting Therapeutic Targets in Inflammatory Bowel Disease (STRIDE)-II guidelines specify short, intermediate, and long-term treatment goals, documenting specific treatment targets to be achieved at each of these timepoints. Scheduled appraisal of Crohn's disease activity against pre-defined treatment targets at these timepoints remains central to determining whether current therapy should be continued or modified. Consensus treatment targets in Crohn's disease comprise combination clinical and patient-reported outcome remission, in conjunction with biomarker normalisation and endoscopic healing. Although the STRIDE-II guidelines endorse the pursuit of endoscopic healing, clinicians must consider that this may not always be appropriate, acceptable, or achievable in all patients. This underscores the need to engage patients at the outset in an effort to personalise care and individualise treatment targets. The use of non-invasive biomarkers such as faecal calprotectin in conjunction with cross-sectional imaging techniques, particularly intestinal ultrasound, holds great promise; as do emerging treatment targets such as transmural healing. Two randomised clinical trials, namely, CALM and STARDUST, have evaluated the efficacy of a T2T approach in achieving endoscopic endpoints in patients with Crohn's disease. Findings from these studies reflect that patient subgroups and Crohn's disease characteristics likely to benefit most from a T2T approach, remain to be clarified. Moreover, outside of clinical trials, data pertaining to the real-world effectiveness of a T2T approach remains scare, highlighting the need for pragmatic real-world studies. Despite the obvious promise of a T2T approach, a lack of guidance to support its integration into real-world clinical practice has the potential to limit its uptake. This highlights the need to describe strategies, processes, and models of care capable of supporting the integration and execution of a T2T approach in real-world clinical practice. Hence, this review seeks to examine the current and emerging literature to provide clinicians with practical guidance on how to incorporate the principles of T2T into routine clinical practice for the management of Crohn's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish R Srinivasan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Austin Health, Victoria, Melbourne 3083, Australia
- Department of Gastroenterology, Eastern Health, Victoria, Melbourne 3128, Australia
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Melbourne 3052, Australia
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2
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Fasulo E, D’Amico F, Osorio L, Allocca M, Fiorino G, Zilli A, Parigi TL, Danese S, Furfaro F. The Management of Postoperative Recurrence in Crohn's Disease. J Clin Med 2023; 13:119. [PMID: 38202126 PMCID: PMC10779955 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13010119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Crohn's disease (CD) is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease with different phenotypes of presentation, inflammatory, penetrating, or stricturing disease, that significantly impacts patient well-being and quality of life. Despite advances in medical therapy, surgery sometimes represents the only treatment to address complications, such as strictures, fistulas, or abscesses. Minimizing postoperative recurrence (POR) remains a major challenge for both clinicians and patients; consequently, various therapeutic strategies have been developed to prevent or delay POR. The current review outlines an updated overview of POR management. We focused on diagnostic assessment, which included endoscopic examination, biochemical analyses, and cross-sectional imaging techniques, all crucial tools used to accurately diagnose this condition. Additionally, we delved into the associated risk factors contributing to POR development. Furthermore, we examined recent advances in the prophylaxis and treatment of POR in CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernesto Fasulo
- Department of Gastroenterology and Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy; (E.F.); (F.D.); (M.A.); (G.F.); (A.Z.); (S.D.)
| | - Ferdinando D’Amico
- Department of Gastroenterology and Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy; (E.F.); (F.D.); (M.A.); (G.F.); (A.Z.); (S.D.)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, 20089 Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Osorio
- Gastroenterologist Hospital Pablo Tobon Uribe, Medellín 050010, Colombia;
| | - Mariangela Allocca
- Department of Gastroenterology and Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy; (E.F.); (F.D.); (M.A.); (G.F.); (A.Z.); (S.D.)
| | - Gionata Fiorino
- Department of Gastroenterology and Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy; (E.F.); (F.D.); (M.A.); (G.F.); (A.Z.); (S.D.)
| | - Alessandra Zilli
- Department of Gastroenterology and Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy; (E.F.); (F.D.); (M.A.); (G.F.); (A.Z.); (S.D.)
| | - Tommaso Lorenzo Parigi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy; (E.F.); (F.D.); (M.A.); (G.F.); (A.Z.); (S.D.)
| | - Silvio Danese
- Department of Gastroenterology and Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy; (E.F.); (F.D.); (M.A.); (G.F.); (A.Z.); (S.D.)
- Gastroenterology and Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Federica Furfaro
- Department of Gastroenterology and Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy; (E.F.); (F.D.); (M.A.); (G.F.); (A.Z.); (S.D.)
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Chen WJ, Luo LL, Dong ZX, Wu J, Gu XX, Bian ZL. Application of transabdominal ultrasound in Crohn's disease. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2022; 30:364-369. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v30.i8.364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Crohn's disease (CD), a chronic nonspecific intestinal inflammatory disorder of uncertain origin, is collectively referred to as inflammatory bowel disease with ulcerative colitis. In recent years, with the increasing incidence of CD, a greater demand has been put forward for disease diagnosis and inflammatory activity monitoring. With the development of ultrasound technology, transabdominal ultrasound has become more relevant for the diagnosis and follow-up of CD, providing an effective non-invasive examination tool for patients. This review summarizes several transabdominal ultrasound modalities and associated techniques that are presently being developed and utilized in clinical practice, describes the ultrasound manifestations of CD, and discusses the value and prospect of transabdominal ultrasonography in CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Jie Chen
- Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Lei-Lei Luo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Nantong Third Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zhi-Xing Dong
- Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jing Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Nantong Third Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xing-Xing Gu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Nantong Third Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zhao-Lian Bian
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Nantong Third Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
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van Leeuwen NM, Boonstra M, Fretheim H, Brunborg C, Midtvedt Ø, Garen T, Molberg Ø, Huizinga TWJ, de Vries-Bouwstra JK, Hoffman-Vold AM. Gastrointestinal symptom severity and progression in systemic sclerosis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2022; 61:4024-4034. [PMID: 35238377 PMCID: PMC9789747 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/keac118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the severity and evolution of patient-reported gastrointestinal tract (GIT) symptoms in systemic sclerosis (SSc) patients, assess predictive factors for progression and determine the impact of standard of care treatment. METHODS SSc patients from the Leiden and Oslo cohorts were included. We assessed clinical data and patient-reported GIT symptoms measured by the validated University of California, Los-Angeles Gastrointestinal-tract (UCLA-GIT) score at baseline and annually. GIT severity and progression was determined. Logistic regression was applied to identify risk factors associated with baseline GIT symptom severity. Linear mixed-effect models were applied to assess progression in GIT symptom burden and to identify predictive factors. We repeated all analysis in patients with early disease (inception cohort) to exclude the effect of longstanding disease and increase insights in development of GIT symptom burden early in the disease course. RESULTS We included 834 SSc patients with baseline UCLA GIT scores, 454 from Leiden and 380 from Oslo. In the total cohort, 28% reported moderate-severe GIT symptoms at baseline, with increased risk for severity conferred by ACA, smoking and corticosteroid use, while use of calcium channel blockers appeared protective. In the inception cohort, 23% reported moderate-severe GIT symptoms at baseline, with increased risk for females and with smoking. Over time, symptom burden increased mainly for reflux/bloating. Female sex and ACA predicted GIT symptom progression. CONCLUSION High GIT symptom burden is present early in SSc disease course. Both for prevalence and for progression of GIT symptom burden, female sex and smoking were identified as risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina M van Leeuwen
- Correspondence to: Nina Marijn van Leeuwen, Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 4333ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands. E-mail:
| | - Maaike Boonstra
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Cathrine Brunborg
- Oslo Centre for Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Research Support Services, Oslo University Hospital
| | | | | | - Øyvind Molberg
- Department of Rheumatology,Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tom W J Huizinga
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Tabari A, Kaplan JL, Huh SY, Moran CJ, Gee MS. Clinical characteristics and MRI-based phenotypes of perianal abscess formation in children with fistulizing Crohn's Disease. Front Pediatr 2022; 10:1045583. [PMID: 36507146 PMCID: PMC9731150 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2022.1045583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to explore potential correlation of the MR imaging features and clinical characteristics with formation of perianal abscess in children with Crohn's perianal fistulas (CPF). METHODS From 2010 to 2020, pediatric patients with CPF diagnosis on their first pelvic MRI were identified retrospectively. All patients were divided into two groups based on the presence or absence of perianal abscess. Baseline clinical and MRI characteristics were recorded for each patient. All the statistical calculations were performed using R (version 3.6.3). RESULTS A total of 60 patients [F:M 17:43, median age 14 years (IQR 10-15), ranging 3-18 years] were included in this study. Forty-four abscesses were identified in 36/60 children (mean volume 3 ± 8.6 ml, median 0.3 ml). In 24/60 patients with perianal disease, no abscess was detected on the MRI. Ten patients (28%) showed perianal abscess on pelvic MRI at the initial diagnosis. The rate of active disease on colonoscopy (visible ulcerations/aphthous ulcers) was similar in both groups (95% vs. 94%). With regards to disease location, the majority of patients (40/60, 66.6%) in both groups had ileocolonic CD. All patients without abscess had a single perianal fistula (n = 24; 3 simple and 21 complex fistulae), however, patients with perianal abscess tended to have >1 fistulous tracts (n = 50 fistulas; all complex, 27 single, 10 double and 1 triple). Intersphincteric fistula was the most common fistula type in both groups (79% and 66%, p = 0.1). The total length of fistula (3.8 ± 1.7 vs. 2.8 ± 0.8 cm, p = 0.006) and presence of multiple external openings (n = 25 vs. 7, p = 0.019) were significantly higher in patients with abscesses, and fistula length >3.3 cm showed 80% specificity and 83% PPV for the presence of perianal abscess. Fistulas were symptomatic (pain, bleeding or drainage) at similar rates in both groups (68% and 70%, p = 0.1). CONCLUSION Pediatric patients with CPF who develop perianal abscess have a distinct imaging phenotype defined by longer fistula length (>3.3 cm), multiple skin openings and multiple fistulous tracts (≥2) on MRI. Patients who have these features but does not have an abscess on imaging may merit more aggressive treatment (and close monitoring) to prevent the development of an abscess.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azadeh Tabari
- Division of Pediatric Imaging, Department of Radiology, MassGeneral Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jess L Kaplan
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, MassGeneral Hospital for Children, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Susanna Y Huh
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Takeda Pharmaceuticals International Co, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Christopher J Moran
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, MassGeneral Hospital for Children, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael S Gee
- Division of Pediatric Imaging, Department of Radiology, MassGeneral Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Ónody A, Veres-Székely A, Pap D, Rokonay R, Szebeni B, Sziksz E, Oswald F, Veres G, Cseh Á, Szabó AJ, Vannay Á. Interleukin-24 regulates mucosal remodeling in inflammatory bowel diseases. J Transl Med 2021; 19:237. [PMID: 34078403 PMCID: PMC8173892 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-021-02890-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Recently, increased interleukin (IL)-24 expression has been demonstrated in the colon biopsies of adult patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). However, the role of IL-24 in the pathomechanism of IBD is still largely unknown. Methods Presence of IL-24 was determined in the samples of children with IBD and in the colon of dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) treated mice. Effect of inflammatory factors on IL24 expression was determined in peripheral blood (PBMCs) and lamina propria mononuclear cells (LPMCs). Also, the impact of IL-24 was investigated on HT-29 epithelial cells and CCD-18Co colon fibroblasts. Expression of tissue remodeling related genes was investigated in the colon of wild type (WT) mice locally treated with IL-24 and in the colon of DSS treated WT and Il20rb knock out (KO) mice. Results Increased amount of IL-24 was demonstrated in the serum and colon samples of children with IBD and DSS treated mice compared to that of controls. IL-1β, LPS or H2O2 treatment increased the expression of IL24 in PBMCs and LPMCs. IL-24 treatment resulted in increased amount of TGF-β and PDGF-B in HT-29 cells and enhanced the expression of extracellular matrix (ECM)-related genes and the motility of CCD-18Co cells. Similarly, local IL-24 treatment increased the colonic Tgfb1 and Pdgfb expression of WT mice. Moreover, expression of pro-fibrotic Tgfb1 and Pdgfb were lower in the colon of DSS treated Il20rb KO compared to that of WT mice. The disease activity index of colitis was less severe in DSS treated Il20rb KO compared to WT mice. Conclusion Our study suggest that IL-24 may play a significant role in the mucosal remodeling of patients with IBD by promoting pro-fibrotic processes. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12967-021-02890-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Ónody
- 1st Department of Pediatrics, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Apor Veres-Székely
- 1st Department of Pediatrics, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.,ELKH-SE Pediatrics and Nephrology Research Group, 53-54 Bókay J. Street, Budapest, H-1083, Hungary
| | - Domonkos Pap
- ELKH-SE Pediatrics and Nephrology Research Group, 53-54 Bókay J. Street, Budapest, H-1083, Hungary
| | - Réka Rokonay
- 1st Department of Pediatrics, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Beáta Szebeni
- ELKH-SE Pediatrics and Nephrology Research Group, 53-54 Bókay J. Street, Budapest, H-1083, Hungary
| | - Erna Sziksz
- 1st Department of Pediatrics, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Franz Oswald
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Gábor Veres
- Pediatric Institute-Clinic, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Áron Cseh
- 1st Department of Pediatrics, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Attila J Szabó
- 1st Department of Pediatrics, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.,ELKH-SE Pediatrics and Nephrology Research Group, 53-54 Bókay J. Street, Budapest, H-1083, Hungary
| | - Ádám Vannay
- 1st Department of Pediatrics, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary. .,ELKH-SE Pediatrics and Nephrology Research Group, 53-54 Bókay J. Street, Budapest, H-1083, Hungary.
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Chang CW, Tu CH, Chou JW, Huang TY, Hsu WH, Wang YP, Chen CC, Chung CS, Lin CP, Lin WC, Tai CM, Wang HY, Chen MJ. Endoscopic management of strictures in patients with Crohn's disease - A multi-center experience in Taiwan. J Formos Med Assoc 2020; 119:1500-1505. [PMID: 31917065 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfma.2019.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic gastrointestinal (GI) disorder that causes relapsing inflammation and severe mucosal damage in the intestine. Crohn's disease (CD)-related stricturing complications are a major cause of surgery, disability, and reduced quality of life. Endoscopic balloon dilation (EBD) has been shown to reliably delay or prevent surgery in patients with stricturing CD. However, cases of EBD performed for stricture in CD in Taiwan are rare. In this study, we want to evaluate the experiences regarding EBD for stricturing CD in Taiwan. METHODS We conducted a retrospective analysis of 9 medical centers in Taiwan. Patients with CD-related strictures who were treated with EBD were included and analyzed. RESULTS In nine medical centers, a total of 26 CD patients (19 male, 7 female, mean disease duration 75.4 ± 65.2 months) underwent 42 EBD procedures during the study period. Among the subjects, an 83.3% (35/42) EBD success rate was seen, but 26.9% (7/26) patients underwent surgery after ineffective EBD. In the surgery group, the the small bowel strictures was high compared with the non-surgery group (p = 0.01). There were no significant differences in disease phenotype, disease duration or history of fistulizing disease. In the surgery group, immunosuppressant use was high, and 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA) use was low compared with the non-surgery group. After EBD, the physicians tended to change the drugs, especially increasing the use of biologic agents. CONCLUSION EBD is a safe and effective procedure for CD-related stricture, with a 83.3% success rate in Taiwan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Wang Chang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; MacKay Junior College of Medicine, Nursing and Management, Taipei, Taiwan; MacKay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hung Tu
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Wei Chou
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Tien-Yu Huang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Hung Hsu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Po Wang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Cheng Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, E-Da Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; School of Medicine, College of Medicine,I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Shuan Chung
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan; College of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Pin Lin
- Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Chen Lin
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; MacKay Junior College of Medicine, Nursing and Management, Taipei, Taiwan; MacKay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Ming Tai
- Department of Internal Medicine, E-Da Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; School of Medicine, College of Medicine,I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Horng-Yuan Wang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; MacKay Junior College of Medicine, Nursing and Management, Taipei, Taiwan; MacKay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Jen Chen
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; MacKay Junior College of Medicine, Nursing and Management, Taipei, Taiwan; MacKay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan.
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Epithelial-mesenchymal transition in Crohn's disease. Mucosal Immunol 2018; 11:294-303. [PMID: 29346350 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2017.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Crohn's disease (CD) is often accompanied by the complications of intestinal strictures and fistulas. These complications remain obstacles in CD treatment. In recent years, the importance of epithelial-mesenchymal transition in the pathogenesis of CD-associated fistulas and intestinal fibrosis has become apparent. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition refers to a dynamic change, wherein epithelial cells lose their polarity and adherence and acquire migratory function and fibroblast features. During formation of CD-associated fistulas, intestinal epithelial cells dislocate from the basement membrane and migrate to the lining of the fistula tracts, where they convert into transitional cells as a compensatory response under the insufficient wound healing condition. In CD-associated intestinal fibrosis, epithelial-mesenchymal transition may serve as a source of new fibroblasts and consequently lead to overproduction of extracellular matrix. In this review, we present current knowledge of epithelial-mesenchymal transition and its role in the pathogenesis of CD in order to highlight new therapy targets for the associated complications.
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Zangenberg MS, Horesh N, Kopylov U, El-Hussuna A. Preoperative optimization of patients with inflammatory bowel disease undergoing gastrointestinal surgery: a systematic review. Int J Colorectal Dis 2017; 32:1663-1676. [PMID: 29051981 DOI: 10.1007/s00384-017-2915-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Surgical management of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a challenging task. The aim of preoperative optimization (PO) is to decrease the risk of complications and reduce the length of postoperative stay. The aim of this study was to review and grade the available evidence, attain clear recommendations, and point out potential future research. METHODS Studies were identified from electronic databases (PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library) and scanning reference lists in relevant papers. English-written studies examining PO in adult patients with IBD were included. Eight PO factors were investigated. RESULTS Management of IBD is a multidisciplinary task. Steroid withdrawal is recommended while steroid stress dose is not recommended. Thiopurines appear to be safe, but it may be prudent to plan the procedure remotely from the last dose of an anti-TNF agent. Nutritional risk screening is recommended to unveil and correct any malnutrition. Thrombosis prophylaxis prior to surgery is well supported by evidence while extended 4-week prophylaxis needs further research. Percutaneous ultrasound or CT-guided drainage for intra-abdominal abscesses is recommended, but it is unclear for how long supplementary antibiotics (ABs) should be used. Oral AB 24 h prior to open surgery might improve outcome if given as complementary to IV perioperative AB. Mechanical bowel preparation is not supported by evidence. Comorbidities must be treated accordingly prior to surgical intervention. Smoking cessation can be beneficial for wound healing. CONCLUSION Multimodel PO intervention in IBD patients is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nir Horesh
- Department of Surgery, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer and Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Uri Kopylov
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, and Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Alaa El-Hussuna
- Department of Surgery, Aalborg University Hospital, Hobrovej 18-22, 9000, Aalborg, Denmark.
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Kurahara LH, Hiraishi K, Sumiyoshi M, Doi M, Hu Y, Aoyagi K, Jian Y, Inoue R. Significant contribution of TRPC6 channel-mediated Ca 2+ influx to the pathogenesis of Crohn's disease fibrotic stenosis. J Smooth Muscle Res 2017; 52:78-92. [PMID: 27818466 PMCID: PMC5321852 DOI: 10.1540/jsmr.52.78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal fibrosis is an intractable complication of Crohn's disease (CD), and, when occurring excessively, causes severe intestinal obstruction that often necessitates surgical resection. The fibrosis is characterized by an imbalance in the turnover of extracellular matrix (ECM) components, where intestinal fibroblasts/myofibroblasts play active roles in ECM production, fibrogenesis and tissue remodeling, which eventually leads to the formation of stenotic lesions. There is however a great paucity of knowledge about how intestinal fibrosis initiates and progresses, which hampers the development of effective pharmacotherapies against CD. Recently, we explored the potential implications of transient receptor potential (TRP) channels in the pathogenesis of intestinal fibrosis, since they are known to act as cellular stress sensors/transducers affecting intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis/dynamics, and are involved in a broad spectrum of cell pathophysiology including inflammation and tissue remodeling. In this review, we will place a particular emphasis on the intestinal fibroblast/myofibroblast TRPC6 channel to discuss its modulatory effects on fibrotic responses and therapeutic potential for anti-fibrotic treatment against CD-related stenosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Hai Kurahara
- Department of Physiology, Fukuoka University School of Medicine, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan
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Alcedo KP, Thanigachalam S, Naser SA. RHB-104 triple antibiotics combination in culture is bactericidal and should be effective for treatment of Crohn's disease associated with Mycobacterium paratuberculosis. Gut Pathog 2016; 8:32. [PMID: 27307791 PMCID: PMC4908774 DOI: 10.1186/s13099-016-0115-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) has been implicated as an etiological agent of Crohn's disease (CD), a debilitating chronic inflammatory bowel disease. Clarithromycin (CLA), clofazimine (CLO), rifabutin (RIF) and other antibiotics have been used individually or in combinations with other drugs to treat mycobacterial diseases including CD. The treatment has varied by regimen, dosage, and duration, resulting in conflicting outcomes and additional suffering to the patients. RHB-104, a drug formula with active ingredients composed of (63.3 %) CLA, (6.7 %) CLO, and (30 %) RIF, has been recently subjected to investigation in an FDA approved Phase III clinical trial to treat patients with moderate to severe CD. In this study, we determined the efficacy of RHB-104 active ingredients against MAP strains isolated from the blood, tissue, and milk of CD patients. Based on fluorescence quenching technology using the Bactec MGIT Para-TB medium, we determined the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of CLA, CLO, RIF individually and in dual and triple combinations against 16 MAP clinical strains and 19 other mycobacteria. RESULTS The MIC of all drugs against 35 different mycobacteria ranged between 0.25-20 μg/mL. However, the MIC of RHB-104 active ingredients regimen was the lowest at 0.25-10 μg/mL compared to the MIC of the other drugs at 0.5-20 μg/mL. The components of RHB-104 active ingredients at their individual concentrations or in dual combinations were not effective against all microorganisms compared to the triple combinations at MIC level. The MIC of CLA-CLO, CLA-RIF, and CLO-RIF regimens ranged between 0.5-1.25 μg/mL compared to 0.25 μg/mL of bactericidal effect of the triple combination. CONCLUSION The data clearly demonstrated that lower concentrations of the triple combination of RHB-104 active ingredients provided synergistic anti-MAP growth activity compared to individual or dual combinations of the drugs. Consequently, this is favorable and should lead to tolerable dosage that is desirable for long-term treatment of CD and Mycobacterium avium complex disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karel P Alcedo
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL USA
| | - Saisathya Thanigachalam
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL USA
| | - Saleh A Naser
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL USA
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Phitayakorn R, Lachman N. Getting back together after a break-up: Relationship advice for anatomists and surgeons. Clin Anat 2015; 28:931-4. [PMID: 26174432 DOI: 10.1002/ca.22596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Revised: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The "surgeon-anatomist" was originally a single individual who self-pursued knowledge and understanding of anatomy as the foundation for successful surgical outcomes. However, recent advances in medical education have ironically led to the separation of anatomy and surgery. This physical and emotional "divorce" of anatomists and surgeons into separate individuals has created several critical educational issues for medical and surgical educators including a general lack of anatomical knowledge in medical students and misalignment of graduate medical education procedural specialty training with the Accreditation Council of Graduate Medical Education Core Competencies and now the Next Accreditation System. There are numerous opportunities for anatomists and surgeons to work together to improve educational instruction of established difficult anatomical regions, procedural training, or even develop new techniques and procedures. Similarly, anatomists with specialized training in medical education would be invaluable partners to ensure that procedural assessments align with instructional technologies for truly longitudinal curricula that starts at the medical student level, but stops at the patient outcomes of attending surgeons. This mutually beneficial relationship would be similar to multidisciplinary care teams and current surgeon and PhD/EdD partnerships. The restoration of the relationship between anatomists and surgeons would be invaluable to surgical education and remains an exciting research opportunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy Phitayakorn
- Department of Surgery, The Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Nirusha Lachman
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
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Abstract
Importance of chronic fibroproliferative diseases (FDs) including pulmonary fibrosis, chronic kidney diseases, inflammatory bowel disease, and cardiovascular or liver fibrosis is rapidly increasing and they have become a major public health problem. According to some estimates about 45% of all deaths are attributed to FDs in the developed world. Independently of their etiology the common hallmark of FDs is chronic inflammation. Infiltrating immune cells, endothelial, epithelial, and other resident cells of the injured organ release an orchestra of inflammatory mediators, which stimulate the proliferation and excessive extracellular matrix (ECM) production of myofibroblasts, the effector cells of organ fibrosis. Abnormal amount of ECM disturbs the original organ architecture leading to the decline of function. Although our knowledge is rapidly expanding, we still have neither a diagnostic tool to detect nor a drug to specifically target fibrosis. Therefore, there is an urgent need for the more comprehensive understanding of the pathomechanism of fibrosis and development of novel diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. In the present review we provide an overview of the common key mediators of organ fibrosis highlighting the role of interleukin-10 (IL-10) cytokine family members (IL-10, IL-19, IL-20, IL-22, IL-24, and IL-26), which recently came into focus as tissue remodeling-related inflammatory cytokines.
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