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Tieppo Francio V, Alm J, Leavitt L, Mok D, Yoon BV, Nazir N, Lam C, Latif U, Sowder T, Braun E, Sack A, Khan T, Sayed D. Variables associated with nonresponders to high-frequency (10 kHz) spinal cord stimulation. Pain Pract 2024; 24:584-599. [PMID: 38078593 DOI: 10.1111/papr.13328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The use of spinal cord stimulation (SCS) therapy to treat chronic pain continues to rise. Optimal patient selection remains one of the most important factors for SCS success. However, despite increased utilization and the existence of general indications, predicting which patients will benefit from neuromodulation remains one of the main challenges for this therapy. Therefore, this study aims to identify the variables that may correlate with nonresponders to high-frequency (10 kHz) SCS to distinguish the subset of patients less likely to benefit from this intervention. MATERIALS AND METHODS This was a retrospective single-center observational study of patients who underwent 10 kHz SCS implant. Patients were divided into nonresponders and responders groups. Demographic data and clinical outcomes were collected at baseline and statistical analysis was performed for all continuous and categorical variables between the two groups to calculate statistically significant differences. RESULTS The study population comprised of 237 patients, of which 67.51% were responders and 32.49% were nonresponders. There was a statistically significant difference of high levels of kinesiophobia, high self-perceived disability, greater pain intensity, and clinically relevant pain catastrophizing at baseline in the nonresponders compared to the responders. A few variables deemed potentially relevant, such as age, gender, history of spinal surgery, diabetes, alcohol use, tobacco use, psychiatric illness, and opioid utilization at baseline were not statistically significant. CONCLUSION Our study is the first in the neuromodulation literature to raise awareness to the association of high levels of kinesiophobia preoperatively in nonresponders to 10 kHz SCS therapy. We also found statistically significant differences with greater pain intensity, higher self-perceived disability, and clinically relevant pain catastrophizing at baseline in the nonresponders relative to responders. It may be appropriate to screen for these factors preoperatively to identify patients who are less likely to respond to SCS. If these modifiable risk factors are present, it might be prudent to consider a pre-rehabilitation program with pain neuroscience education to address these factors prior to SCS therapy, to enhance successful outcomes in neuromodulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinicius Tieppo Francio
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - John Alm
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Logan Leavitt
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Daniel Mok
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - B Victor Yoon
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Niaman Nazir
- Department of Population Health, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Christopher Lam
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Usman Latif
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Timothy Sowder
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Edward Braun
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Andrew Sack
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Talal Khan
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Dawood Sayed
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
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Tieppo Francio V, Leavitt L, Alm J, Mok D, Yoon BJV, Nazir N, Lam CM, Latif U, Sowder T, Braun E, Sack A, Khan TW, Sayed D. Healthcare Utilization (HCU) Reduction with High-Frequency (10 kHz) Spinal Cord Stimulation (SCS) Therapy. Healthcare (Basel) 2024; 12:745. [PMID: 38610166 PMCID: PMC11012032 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare12070745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2024] [Revised: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord stimulation (SCS) is a well-established treatment for patients with chronic pain. With increasing healthcare costs, it is important to determine the benefits of SCS in healthcare utilization (HCU). This retrospective, single-center observational study involved 160 subjects who underwent implantation of a high-frequency (10 kHz) SCS device. We focused on assessing trends in HCU by measuring opioid consumption in morphine milligram equivalents (MME), as well as monitoring emergency department (ED) and office visits for interventional pain procedures during the 12-month period preceding and following the SCS implant. Our results revealed a statistically significant reduction in HCU in all domains assessed. The mean MME was 51.05 and 26.52 pre- and post-implant, respectively. There was a 24.53 MME overall decrease and a mean of 78.2% statistically significant dose reduction (p < 0.0001). Of these, 91.5% reached a minimally clinically important difference (MCID) in opioid reduction. Similarly, we found a statistically significant (p < 0.01) decrease in ED visits, with a mean of 0.12 pre- and 0.03 post-implant, and a decrease in office visits for interventional pain procedures from a 1.39 pre- to 0.28 post-10 kHz SCS implant, representing a 1.11 statistically significant (p < 0.0001) mean reduction. Our study reports the largest cohort of real-world data published to date analyzing HCU trends with 10 kHz SCS for multiple pain etiologies. Furthermore, this is the first and only study evaluating HCU trends with 10 kHz SCS by assessing opioid use, ED visits, and outpatient visits for interventional pain procedures collectively. Preceding studies have individually investigated these outcomes, consistently yielding positive results comparable to our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinicius Tieppo Francio
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Logan Leavitt
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - John Alm
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Daniel Mok
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Byung-jo Victor Yoon
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Niaman Nazir
- Department of Population Health, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Christopher M. Lam
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Usman Latif
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Timothy Sowder
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Edward Braun
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Andrew Sack
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Talal W. Khan
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Dawood Sayed
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
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Bodnar RJ. Endogenous opiates and behavior: 2021. Peptides 2023; 164:171004. [PMID: 36990387 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2023.171004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
This paper is the forty-fourth consecutive installment of the annual anthological review of research concerning the endogenous opioid system, summarizing articles published during 2021 that studied the behavioral effects of molecular, pharmacological and genetic manipulation of opioid peptides and receptors as well as effects of opioid/opiate agonizts and antagonists. The review is subdivided into the following specific topics: molecular-biochemical effects and neurochemical localization studies of endogenous opioids and their receptors (1), the roles of these opioid peptides and receptors in pain and analgesia in animals (2) and humans (3), opioid-sensitive and opioid-insensitive effects of nonopioid analgesics (4), opioid peptide and receptor involvement in tolerance and dependence (5), stress and social status (6), learning and memory (7), eating and drinking (8), drug abuse and alcohol (9), sexual activity and hormones, pregnancy, development and endocrinology (10), mental illness and mood (11), seizures and neurologic disorders (12), electrical-related activity and neurophysiology (13), general activity and locomotion (14), gastrointestinal, renal and hepatic functions (15), cardiovascular responses (16), respiration and thermoregulation (17), and immunological responses (18).
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Bodnar
- Department of Psychology and Neuropsychology Doctoral Sub-Program, Queens College, City University of New York, CUNY, 65-30 Kissena Blvd., Flushing, NY 11367, USA.
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Oliveira MDJ, Matis GK. Spinal cord stimulation as a treatment option for complex regional pain syndrome: a narrative review. Br J Neurosurg 2022:1-5. [PMID: 36548907 DOI: 10.1080/02688697.2022.2159930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Objectives: This review aims to analyze the last years' experience of applying spinal cord stimulation (SCS) in complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) patients with persistent or refractory chronic pain. Methods: This is a narrative review which was executed based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines and was carried out through the following databases: PUBMED and Cochrane Library. Also, a search for trials in the metaRegister of controlled trials (www.clinicaltrials.gov) was performed. Results: SCS provides pain reduction and improves sensory, vasomotor and sudomotor symptoms. It can reduce opioid using, offering better life quality for the patients. Conclusions: SCS found to be an excellent therapeutic alternative for patients with CRPS. It offers immediate pain relief and allows patients to regain functionality and have a better quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Georgios K Matis
- Department of Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery, University Cologne Hospital, Cologne, Germany
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Conic RRZ, Caylor J, Cui CL, Reyes Z, Nelson E, Yin S, Lerman I. Sex-specific differences in the efficacy of traditional low frequency versus high frequency spinal cord stimulation for chronic pain. Bioelectron Med 2022; 8:8. [PMID: 35484578 PMCID: PMC9052649 DOI: 10.1186/s42234-022-00090-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Spinal cord stimulation (SCS), an FDA-approved therapy for chronic pain, uses paresthesia (low frequency SCS (LF-SCS)) or paresthesia-free (such as high-frequency SCS (HF-SCS)) systems, providing analgesia through partially-elucidated mechanisms, with recent studies indicating a sexual dimorphism in pain pathogenesis (Bretherton et al., Neuromodulation, 2021; Paller et al., Pain Med 10:289–299, 2009; Slyer et al., Neuromodulation, 2019; Van Buyten et al., Neuromodulation 20:642–649, 2017; Mekhail et al., Pain Pract, 2021). We aim to evaluate SCS therapy sex effects based on paradigm, utilizing visual analog scores (VAS), perceived pain reduction (PPR), and opioid use. Methods A retrospective cohort study of SCS patients implanted between 2004 and 2020 (n = 237) was conducted. Descriptive statistics and linear mixed methods analyses were used. Results HF-SCS (10 kHz) was implanted in 94 patients (40 females, 54 males), and LF-SCS in 143 (70 females, 73 males). At 3 months and 6 months, HF-SCS (p < 0.001) and LF-SCS (p < 0.005) had lower VAS scores compared to baseline (p < 0.005), with no differences across groups. PPR improved in both post-implantation (p < 0.006) and at 3 months (p < 0.004 respectively), compared to baseline persisting to 6 (p < 0.003) and 12 months (p < 0.01) for HF-SCS, with significantly better PPR for HF-SCS at 3 (p < 0.008) and 6 (p < 0.001) months compared to LF-SCS. There were no differences in opioid use from baseline for either modality; however LF-SCS patients used more opioids at every time point (p < 0.05) compared to HF-SCS. VAS was improved for all modalities in both sexes at 3 months (p = 0.001), which persisted to 6 months (p < 0.05) for HF-SCS males and females, and LF-SCS females. Female HF-SCS had improved PPR at 3 (p = 0.016) and 6 (p = 0.022) months compared to baseline, and at 6 (p = 0.004) months compared to LF-SCS. Male HF-SCS and LF-SCS had improved PPR post-implantation (p < 0.05) and at 3 months (p < 0.05), with HF-SCS having greater benefit at 3 (p < 0.05) and 6 (p < 0.05) months. LF-SCS males but not females used less opioids at 6 months (p = 0.017) compared to baseline; however this effect did not persist. On linear mixed model analyses, including age, sex and stimulator type, VAS decreased with age, at each timepoint, and had a trend towards increasing with female sex, while PPR increased at 3 and 6 months and lastly HF-SCS was associated with decreased opioid use. Discussion PPR at 3 and 6 months improved to a greater extent in HF-SCS. HF-SCS females had improved PPR at 3 and 6 months, and only LF-SCS males used less opioids at 6 months, potentially indicating sex-based pathway. Future studies should further elucidate differences in sex-based pathways and identify optimal SCS opioid-sparing paradigms for chronic pain patients. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s42234-022-00090-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalynn R Z Conic
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Department of Anesthesiology, Center for Pain Medicine, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jacob Caylor
- Department of Anesthesiology, Center for Pain Medicine, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Northwest Pain Care, PS, Spokane, WA, USA
| | - Christina L Cui
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Zabrina Reyes
- School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Eric Nelson
- College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, USA
| | - Sopyda Yin
- Department of Anesthesiology, Center for Pain Medicine, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Imanuel Lerman
- Department of Anesthesiology, Center for Pain Medicine, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA. .,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA. .,VA Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, VA San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, CA, USA. .,Affiliate Electrical and Computer Engineering, VA San Diego Healthcare System, Center for Stress and Mental Health, Center for Pain Medicine, UC San Diego Health, Qualcomm Institute, California Institute for Telecommunications and Information Technology (Calit2), VA San Diego, 3350 La Jolla Village Dr, (MC116A), San Diego, CA, 92161, USA.
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