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Li X, Huang X, Xu K, Zan J, Liu G, Sun Y, Ren H. Effects of ultrasound-guided thoracolumbar interfascial plane block combined with general anaesthesia versus general anaesthesia alone on emergence agitation in children with cerebral palsy undergoing selective posterior rhizotomy: protocol for a randomised controlled clinical trial. BMJ Open 2024; 14:e082533. [PMID: 39117416 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2023-082533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Selective posterior rhizotomy (SPR) is a preferred procedure for relieving spastic children with cerebral palsy, but it is associated with severe pain and significant emergence agitation (EA). The thoracolumbar interfascial plane (TLIP) block provides an effective blockade to the dorsal branch of the spinal nerve. We hypothesise that the TLIP block may be an effective tool to alleviate EA and postoperative pain scores in children with cerebral palsy undergoing SPR. METHODS AND ANALYSIS This study is a single-centre, randomised, parallel-controlled trial being conducted in Beijing, China. A total of 50 paediatric patients with cerebral palsy scheduled for SPR are randomised in a 1:1 ratio to receive bilateral TLIP block with 0.2% ropivacaine 0.5 mL/kg or control. Patients in the TLIP group receive general anaesthesia combined with TLIP block, while patients in the control group receive only general anaesthesia, without a TLIP block. The primary outcome is the Paediatric Anaesthesia Emergence Delirium Score. The secondary outcomes are the incidence of EA, the Wong-Baker Faces Pain-rating Scale, the perioperative haemodynamics, the intraoperative remifentanil and propofol dosage, the extubation time and recovery time, and adverse reactions. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine on 21 September 2023 (2023DZMEC-379-02). Written informed consent is obtained from the legal guardian of each patient. The results of this study will be published in peer-reviewed international journals. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER ChiCTR2300076397.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueyang Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Kai Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jingwei Zan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Guokai Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Sun
- Department of Pharmacy, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Huilong Ren
- Department of Anesthesiology, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
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Gajapure SJ, Chakole V. Exploring the Thoracolumbar Interfascial Plane (TLIP) Block as a Novel Approach for Improved Pain Management After Spine Surgery: A Comparative Review. Cureus 2024; 16:e59531. [PMID: 38826979 PMCID: PMC11144041 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.59531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Postoperative pain management following spine surgery remains a significant challenge, often requiring multimodal approaches to achieve adequate analgesia while minimizing side effects. The thoracolumbar interfascial plane (TLIP) block has emerged as a novel regional anesthesia technique for addressing this issue. By targeting the interfascial plane between the erector spinae and quadratus lumborum muscles at the thoracolumbar junction, the TLIP block aims to provide targeted analgesia to the surgical site while reducing systemic opioid requirements. This review explores the anatomy, technique, mechanism of action, and clinical evidence supporting the TLIP block for post-spine surgery pain management. Additionally, it compares the TLIP block with traditional pain management approaches and discusses its implications for clinical practice and future research. Overall, the TLIP block shows promise as an effective and potentially safer alternative for post-spine surgery pain management, potentially improving patient outcomes and enhancing recovery. Further research is warranted to optimize its utilization and comprehensively evaluate its long-term effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sweta J Gajapure
- Anesthesiology, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, IND
| | - Vivek Chakole
- Anesthesiology, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, IND
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Ma K, Uejima JL, Bebawy JF. Regional Anesthesia Techniques in Modern Neuroanesthesia Practice: A Narrative Review of the Clinical Evidence. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol 2024; 36:109-118. [PMID: 36941119 DOI: 10.1097/ana.0000000000000911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
Neurosurgical procedures are often associated with significant postoperative pain that is both underrecognized and undertreated. Given the potentially undesirable side effects associated with general anesthesia and with various pharmacological analgesic regimens, regional anesthetic techniques have gained in popularity as alternatives for providing both anesthesia and analgesia for the neurosurgical patient. The aim of this narrative review is to present an overview of the regional techniques that have been incorporated and continue to be incorporated into modern neuroanesthesia practice, presenting in a comprehensive way the evidence, where available, in support of such practice for the neurosurgical patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kan Ma
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - John F Bebawy
- Anesthesiology and Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
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Mondal S, Pandey RK, Kumar M, Sharma A, Darlong V, Punj J. Analgesic efficacy of classical thoracolumbar interfascial plane block versus modified thoracolumbar interfascial plane block in patients undergoing lumbar disc surgeries: A comparative, randomised controlled trial. Indian J Anaesth 2024; 68:366-373. [PMID: 38586260 PMCID: PMC10993931 DOI: 10.4103/ija.ija_1153_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Background and Aims We compared classical (medial) and modified (lateral) thoracolumbar interfascial plane block (TLIP) with only general anaesthesia (GA) using multimodal analgesia in patients undergoing lumbar disc surgeries. Methods In this study, 100 patients aged 18-70 years were randomised to Group cTLIP (conventional TLIP block with 20 mL of 0.25% ropivacaine with GA), Group mTLIP (modified TLIP block with 20 mL of 0.25% ropivacaine with GA), and Group C (only GA using multimodal analgesia). The primary outcome was to assess the total peri-operative opioid consumption in the first 24 h. The secondary outcomes were to assess pain score upon arriving in the post-anaesthesia care unit, time to first analgesic need after surgery, post-operative opioid consumption in 24 h, and incidence of nausea and vomiting. Results The total peri-operative opioid consumption in Group cTLIP (507.58 (258.55) μg) and Group mTLIP (491.67 (165.39) μg) was significantly lower than that in Group C (1225.4 (237.03) μg); (P < 0.001). However, it was comparable between groups cTLIP and mTLIP (P = 0.767). Pain score was comparable in groups cTLIP and mTLIP. It was significantly lower than Group C (P = 0.001). Rescue analgesia was needed in all (100%) patients of Group C but in only 15.2% of patients of the cTLIP and mTLIP groups. No patient in groups cTLIP and mTLIP complained of nausea and vomiting in the first 24 h, whereas it was significantly higher (61.8%) in Group C (P = 0.001). Conclusion The analgesic effect of the modified TLIP block was not superior to the conventional TLIP block. Both techniques provided the same intra-operative and post-operative analgesia for lumbar disc surgeries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sourav Mondal
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Pain Medicine and Critical Care, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, India
| | - Ravinder Kumar Pandey
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Pain Medicine and Critical Care, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, India
| | - Mritunjay Kumar
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Pain Medicine and Critical Care, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, India
| | - Ankur Sharma
- Department of Anaesthesiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Vanlal Darlong
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Pain Medicine and Critical Care, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, India
| | - Jyotsna Punj
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Pain Medicine and Critical Care, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, India
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Patel TD, McNicholas MN, Paschell PA, Arnold PM, Lee CT. Thoracolumbar Interfascial Plane (TLIP) block verses other paraspinal fascial plane blocks and local infiltration for enhanced pain control after spine surgery: a systematic review. BMC Anesthesiol 2024; 24:122. [PMID: 38539065 PMCID: PMC10976846 DOI: 10.1186/s12871-024-02500-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Spinal surgeries are accompanied by excessive pain due to extensive dissection and muscle retraction during the procedure. Thoracolumbar interfascial plane (TLIP) blocks for spinal surgeries are a recent addition to regional anesthesia to improve postoperative pain management. When performing a classical TLIP (cTLIP) block, anesthetics are injected between the muscle (m.) multifidus and m. longissimus. During a modified TLIP (mTLIP) block, anesthetics are injected between the m. longissimus and m. iliocostalis instead. Our systematic review provides a comprehensive evaluation of the effectiveness of TLIP blocks in improving postoperative outcomes in spinal surgery through an analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs).We conducted a systematic review based on the PRISMA guidelines using PubMed and Scopus databases. Inclusion criteria required studies to be RCTs in English that used TLIP blocks during spinal surgery and report both outcome measures. Outcome data includes postoperative opioid consumption and pain.A total of 17 RCTs were included. The use of a TLIP block significantly decreases postoperative opioid use and pain compared to using general anesthesia (GA) plus 0.9% saline with no increase in complications. There were mixed outcomes when compared against wound infiltration with local anesthesia. When compared with erector spinae plane blocks (ESPB), TLIP blocks often decreased analgesic use, however, this did not always translate to decreased pain. The cTLIP and mTLP block methods had comparable postoperative outcomes but the mTLIP block had a significantly higher percentage of one-time block success.The accumulation of the current literature demonstrates that TLIP blocks are superior to non-block procedures in terms of analgesia requirements and reported pain throughout the hospitalization in patients who underwent spinal surgery. The various levels of success seen with wound infiltration and ESPB could be due to the nature of the different spinal procedures. For example, studies that saw superiority with TLIP blocks included fusion surgeries which is a more invasive procedure resulting in increased postoperative pain compared to discectomies.The results of our systematic review include moderate-quality evidence that show TLIP blocks provide effective pain control after spinal surgery. Although, the application of mTLIP blocks is more successful, more studies are needed to confirm that superiority of mTLIP over cTLIP blocks. Additionally, further high-quality research is needed to verify the potential benefit of TLIP blocks as a common practice for spinal surgeries.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Paul M Arnold
- Carle Neuroscience Institute, Carle Foundation Hospital, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Cheng-Ting Lee
- Department of Anesthesiology, Carle Foundation Hospital Urbana, Illinois, USA
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Hong B, Baek S, Kang H, Oh C, Jo Y, Lee S, Park S. Regional analgesia techniques for lumbar spine surgery: a frequentist network meta-analysis. Int J Surg 2023; 109:1728-1741. [PMID: 36912781 PMCID: PMC10389589 DOI: 10.1097/js9.0000000000000270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Various regional analgesia techniques are used to reduce postoperative pain in patients undergoing lumbar spine surgery. Traditionally, wound infiltration (WI) with local anesthetics has been widely used by surgeons. Recently, other regional analgesia techniques, such as the erector spinae plane block (ESPB) and thoracolumbar interfascial plane (TLIP) block, are being used for multimodal analgesia. The authors aimed to determine the relative efficacy of these using a network meta-analysis. MATERIALS AND METHODS The authors searched PubMed, EMBASE, the Cochrane Controlled Library, and Google Scholar databases to identify all randomized controlled trials that compared the analgesic efficacy of the following interventions: ESPB, TLIP block, WI technique, and controls. The primary endpoint was postoperative opioid consumption during the first 24 hours after surgery, while the pain score, estimated postoperatively at three different time periods, was the secondary objective. RESULTS The authors included 34 randomized controlled trials with data from 2365 patients. TLIP showed the greatest reduction in opioid consumption compared to controls [mean difference (MD) =-15.0 mg; 95% CI: -18.8 to -11.2]. In pain scores, TLIP had the greatest effect during all time periods compared to controls (MD=-1.9 in early, -1.4 in middle, -0.9 in late). The injection level of ESPB was different in each study. When only surgical site injection of ESPB was included in the network meta-analysis, there was no difference compared with TLIP (MD=1.0 mg; 95% CI: -3.6 to 5.6). CONCLUSIONS TLIP showed the greatest analgesic efficacy after lumbar spine surgery, in terms of postoperative opioid consumption and pain scores, while ESPB and WI are also alternative analgesic options for these surgeries. However, further studies are needed to determine the optimal method of providing regional analgesia after lumbar spine surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boohwi Hong
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Chungnam National University Hospital
- Departments of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University
- Biomedical Research Institute, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Sujin Baek
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Chungnam National University Hospital
- Departments of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University
| | - Hyemin Kang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Chungnam National University Hospital
- Departments of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University
| | - Chahyun Oh
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Chungnam National University Hospital
- Departments of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University
| | - Yumin Jo
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Chungnam National University Hospital
- Departments of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University
| | - Soomin Lee
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Chungnam National University Hospital
- Departments of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University
| | - Seyeon Park
- Department of Nursing, College of Nursing, Chungnam National University
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Long G, Liu C, Liang T, Zhan X. The efficacy of thoracolumbar interfascial plane block for lumbar spinal surgeries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Orthop Surg Res 2023; 18:318. [PMID: 37095532 PMCID: PMC10127357 DOI: 10.1186/s13018-023-03798-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The intent of this meta-analysis was to examine the efficacy of thoracolumbar interfascial plane block (TLIP) for pain control after lumbar spinal surgery. METHODS Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) published on PubMed, CENTRAL, Scopus, Embase, and Web of Science databases up to February 10, 2023, comparing TLIP with no or sham block or wound infiltration for lumbar spinal surgeries were included. Pain scores, total analgesic consumption, and postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) were analyzed. RESULTS Seventeen RCTs were eligible. Comparing TLIP with no block or sham block, the meta-analysis showed a significant decrease of pain scores at rest and movement at 2 h, 8 h, 12 h, and 24 h. Pooled analysis of four studies showed a significant difference in pain scores at rest between TLIP and wound infiltration group at 8 h but not at 2 h, 12 h, and 24 h. Total analgesic consumption was significantly reduced with TLIP block as compared to no block/sham block and wound infiltration. TLIP block also significantly reduced PONV. GRADE assessment of the evidence was moderate. CONCLUSION Moderate quality evidence indicates that TLIP blocks are effective in pain control after lumbar spinal surgeries. TLIP reduces pain scores at rest and movement for up to 24 h, reduces total analgesic consumption, and the incidence of PONV. However, evidence of its efficacy as compared to wound infiltration of local anesthetics is scarce. Results should be interpreted with caution owing low to moderate quality of the primary studies and marked heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanghua Long
- Spine and Osteopathy Ward, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, 6 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Chong Liu
- Spine and Osteopathy Ward, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, 6 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Tuo Liang
- Spine and Osteopathy Ward, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, 6 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Xinli Zhan
- Spine and Osteopathy Ward, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, 6 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, Guangxi, China.
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Hu L, Shen Z, Pei D, Sun J, Zhang B, Zhu Z, Yan W, Zhou H, An E. Ultrasound-Guided Modified Thoracolumbar Fascial Plane Block in Tianji Robot-Assisted Lumbar Internal Fixation: A Prospective, Randomized, and Non-Inferiority Study. J Pain Res 2023; 16:543-552. [PMID: 36846204 PMCID: PMC9946005 DOI: 10.2147/jpr.s395677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Ultrasound-guided modified thoracolumbar fascial plane block (MTLIP) has been reported effective for postoperative pain control following lumbar surgery. Although trauma of the Tianji robot-assisted lumbar internal fixation is reduced, the degree of pain cannot be ignored.MTLIP may improve operation efficiency and reduce puncture complications.This study aimed to explore whether MTLIP is not inferior to thoracolumbar fascial plane block (TLIP) in the treatment of lumbar internal fixation. Methods This prospective double-blinded, non-inferiority randomized trial enrolled patients underwent Tianji robot-assisted lumbar internal fixation between April and August 2022 to either MTLIP or TLIP. The primary outcome was an effective dermatomal block area after 30 min. Secondary outcomes included the numeric rating scale (NRS) scores, nerve block operation time, puncture times, image clarity, patient satisfaction, intraoperative opioid consumption, complications/adverse reactions, and Oswestry Disability Index (ODI). Results Sixty participants were randomized to MTLIP (n=30) and TLIP (n=30). The effective dermatomal block area 30 min after block was non-inferior in the MTLIP group (283.6 ± 62.6 cm2) compared with the TLIP group (261.4±53.2 cm2) (P=0.145; estimated mean difference: -22.17, 95% CI: -52.19, 7.85; smaller than the non-inferiority margin of 39.5). Compared with TLIP, MTLIP showed shorter operation time, smaller puncture times, and better target definition and satisfaction scores (all P<0.001). Sufentanil amount, remifentanil amount, PCIA sufentanil dosage, parecoxib amount, NRS scores (increased with time in the two groups but without inter-group differences), and complications were not significantly different between the two groups (all P>0.05). Conclusion This non-inferiority trial supports the hypothesis that MTLIP yields a non-inferior effective dermatomal block area compared with TLIP for Tianji robot-assisted lumbar internal fixation. Clinical Trials Registration Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (ChiCTR2200058687);.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Hu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing City, People’s Republic of China,Key Laboratory of Basic Research and Clinical Transformation of Perioperative Precision Anesthesia, Jiaxing City, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhuoer Shen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu City, People’s Republic of China
| | - Daqing Pei
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing City, People’s Republic of China,Key Laboratory of Basic Research and Clinical Transformation of Perioperative Precision Anesthesia, Jiaxing City, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jintao Sun
- Jiaxing University Master Degree Cultivation Base, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou City, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing City, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhipeng Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing City, People’s Republic of China
| | - Weiwei Yan
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing City, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongmei Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing City, People’s Republic of China,Key Laboratory of Basic Research and Clinical Transformation of Perioperative Precision Anesthesia, Jiaxing City, People’s Republic of China,Department of Anesthesiology, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu City, People’s Republic of China,Correspondence: Hongmei Zhou; Erdan An, Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Huancheng Strasse 1518, Jiaxing, 314000, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86 13867300139; +86 13515733732, Fax +86 573 82080930, Email ;
| | - Erdan An
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing City, People’s Republic of China,Key Laboratory of Basic Research and Clinical Transformation of Perioperative Precision Anesthesia, Jiaxing City, People’s Republic of China
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The development of truncal and fascial plane blocks has created novel opportunities to apply regional analgesic techniques to patients undergoing spine surgery. This review will summarize recent literature devoted to evaluating candidate blocks for spine surgery, including erector spinae plane block, thoracolumbar interfascial plane block, midpoint transverse process to pleura block, and transversus abdominis plane block. Procedure-specific effects of blocks on patient and healthcare system outcomes will be presented and gaps in care and knowledge will be highlighted. RECENT FINDINGS The most studied paradigm was bilateral erector spinae plane block for lumbar spine surgery. The most common outcomes assessed were early postoperative pain scores, opioid consumption and related side effects, and length of hospital stay. All candidate blocks were associated with mixed evidence for analgesic and opioid-sparing benefits, and/or reductions in length of hospital stay. The magnitude of these effects was overall small, with many studies showing statistically but not clinically significant differences on outcomes of interest. This may reflect, at least in part, the current state of the (emerging) evidence base on this topic. SUMMARY Our understanding of the risks, benefits, and value of truncal and fascial plane blocks for spine surgery cohorts is evolving. Although the results derived from this body of literature are encouraging, further research is required before the widespread adoption of specified blocks into spine care can be recommended.
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