Post-Inhibitory Rebound Firing of Dorsal Root Ganglia Neurons

Comprehensive Gene Expression Analysis Using Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Derived from Patients with Sleep Bruxism: A Preliminary In Vitro Study

Sleep bruxism (SB) involves involuntary jaw movements during sleep and is potentially caused by motor neuronal hyperexcitability and GABAergic system dysfunction. However, the molecular basis remains unclear. In this study, we aimed to investigate changes in the expression of several genes associated with the pathophysiology of SB. Bulk RNA sequencing (bulk RNA-seq) and single-nucleus RNA sequencing (snRNA-seq) of neurons derived from patient and control human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) were performed to comprehensively assess gene expression and cell type-specific alterations, respectively. Bulk RNA-seq revealed significant upregulation of calcium signaling-related genes in SB neurons, including those encoding G protein-coupled receptors and receptor-operated calcium channels. snRNA-seq confirmed the increased expression of GRIN2B (an N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunit) and CHRM3 (an M3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor), particularly in glutamatergic and GABAergic neurons. These alterations were linked to hyperexcitability, with GRIN2B contributing to glutamatergic signaling and CHRM3 contributing to cholinergic signaling. These findings suggest that disrupted calcium signaling and overexpression of GRIN2B and CHRM3 drive neuronal hyperexcitability, providing insight into the pathophysiology of SB. Targeting these pathways may inform therapeutic strategies for SB treatment.

Inhibitory basal ganglia nuclei differentially innervate pedunculopontine nucleus subpopulations and evoke opposite motor and valence behaviors

The canonical basal ganglia model predicts that the substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr) and the globus pallidus externa (GPe) will have specific effects on locomotion: the SNr inhibiting locomotion and the GPe enhancing it. In this manuscript, we use in vivo optogenetics to show that a projection-defined neural subpopulation within each structure exerts non-canonical effects on locomotion. These non-canonical subpopulations are defined by their projection to the pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) and mediate opposing effects on reward. To understand how these structures differentially modulate the PPN, we use ex vivo whole-cell recording with optogenetics to comprehensively dissect the SNr and GPe connections to regionally- and molecularly-defined populations of PPN neurons. The SNr inhibits all PPN subtypes, but most strongly inhibits caudal glutamatergic neurons. The GPe selectively inhibits caudal glutamatergic and GABAergic neurons, avoiding both cholinergic and rostral cells. This circuit characterization reveals non-canonical basal ganglia pathways for locomotion and valence.

Electrophysiological and computational analysis of Cav3.2 channel variants associated with familial trigeminal neuralgia

Trigeminal neuralgia (TN) is a rare form of chronic neuropathic pain characterized by spontaneous or elicited paroxysms of electric shock-like or stabbing pain in a region of the face. While most cases occur in a sporadic manner and are accompanied by intracranial vascular compression of the trigeminal nerve root, alteration of ion channels has emerged as a potential exacerbating factor. Recently, whole exome sequencing analysis of familial TN patients identified 19 rare variants in the gene CACNA1H encoding for Ca_v3.2T-type calcium channels. An initial analysis of 4 of these variants pointed to a pathogenic role. In this study, we assessed the electrophysiological properties of 13 additional TN-associated Ca_v3.2 variants expressed in tsA-201 cells. Our data indicate that 6 out of the 13 variants analyzed display alteration of their gating properties as evidenced by a hyperpolarizing shift of their voltage dependence of activation and/or inactivation resulting in an enhanced window current supported by Ca_v3.2 channels. An additional variant enhanced the recovery from inactivation. Simulation of neuronal electrical membrane potential using a computational model of reticular thalamic neuron suggests that TN-associated Ca_v3.2 variants could enhance neuronal excitability. Altogether, the present study adds to the notion that ion channel polymorphisms could contribute to the etiology of some cases of TN and further support a role for Ca_v3.2 channels.

Characterization in Effective Stimulation on the Magnitude, Gating, Frequency Dependence, and Hysteresis of INa Exerted by Picaridin (or Icaridin), a Known Insect Repellent

Picaridin (icaridin), a member of the piperidine chemical family, is a broad-spectrum arthropod repellent. Its actions have been largely thought to be due to its interaction with odorant receptor proteins. However, to our knowledge, to what extent the presence of picaridin can modify the magnitude, gating, and/or the strength of voltage-dependent hysteresis (Hys_(V)) of plasmalemmal ionic currents, such as, voltage-gated Na⁺ current [I_Na], has not been entirely explored. In GH₃ pituitary tumor cells, we demonstrated that with exposure to picaridin the transient (I_Na(T)) and late (I_Na(L)) components of voltage-gated Na⁺ current (I_Na) were differentially stimulated with effective EC₅₀’s of 32.7 and 2.8 μM, respectively. Upon cell exposure to it, the steady-state current versus voltage relationship I_Na(T) was shifted to more hyperpolarized potentials. Moreover, its presence caused a rightward shift in the midpoint for the steady-state inactivate curve of the current. The cumulative inhibition of I_Na(T) induced during repetitive stimuli became retarded during its exposure. The recovery time course from the I_Na block elicited, following the conditioning pulse stimulation, was satisfactorily fitted by two exponential processes. Moreover, the fast and slow time constants of recovery from the I_Na block by the same conditioning protocol were noticeably increased in the presence of picaridin. However, the fraction in fast or slow component of recovery time course was, respectively, increased or decreased with an increase in picaridin concentrations. The Hys_(V)’s strength of persistent I_Na (I_Na(P)), responding to triangular ramp voltage, was also enhanced during cell exposure to picaridin. The magnitude of resurgent I_Na (I_Na(R)) was raised in its presence. Picaritin-induced increases of I_Na(P) or I_Na(R) intrinsically in GH₃ cells could be attenuated by further addition of ranolazine. The predictions of molecular docking also disclosed that there are possible interactions of the picaridin molecule with the hNa_V1.7 channel. Taken literally, the stimulation of I_Na exerted by the exposure to picaridin is expected to exert impacts on the functional activities residing in electrically excitable cells.