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Vogler S, Habimana K, Haasis MA, Fischer S. Pricing, Procurement and Reimbursement Policies for Incentivizing Market Entry of Novel Antibiotics and Diagnostics: Learnings from 10 Countries Globally. APPLIED HEALTH ECONOMICS AND HEALTH POLICY 2024:10.1007/s40258-024-00888-y. [PMID: 38837100 DOI: 10.1007/s40258-024-00888-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fostering market entry of novel antibiotics and enhanced use of diagnostics to improve the quality of antibiotic prescribing are avenues to tackle antimicrobial resistance (AMR), which is a major public health threat. Pricing, procurement and reimbursement policies may work as AMR 'pull incentives' to support these objectives. This paper studies pull incentives in pricing, procurement and reimbursement policies (e.g., additions to, modifications of, and exemptions from standard policies) for novel antibiotics, diagnostics and health products with a similar profile in 10 study countries. It also explores whether incentives for non-AMR health products could be transferred to AMR health products. METHODS This research included a review of policies in 10 G20 countries based on literature and unpublished documents, and the production of country fact sheets that were validated by country experts. Initial research was conducted in 2020 and updated in 2023. RESULTS Identified pull incentives in pricing policies include free pricing, higher prices at launch and price increases over time, managed-entry agreements, and waiving or reducing mandatory discounts. Incentives in procurement comprise value-based procurement, pooled procurement and models that delink prices from volumes (subscription-based schemes), whereas incentives in reimbursement include lower evidence requirements for inclusion in the reimbursement scheme, accelerated reimbursement processes, separate budgets that offer add-on funding, and adapted prescribing conditions. CONCLUSIONS While a few pull incentives have been piloted or implemented for antibiotics in recent years, these mechanisms have been mainly used to incentivize launch of certain non-AMR health products, such as orphan medicines. Given similarities in their product characteristics, transferability of some of these pull incentives appears to be possible; however, it would be essential to conduct impact assessments of these incentives. Trade-offs between incentives to foster market entry and thus potentially improve access and the financial sustainability for payers need to be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Vogler
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Pharmaceutical Pricing and Reimbursement Policies, Pharmacoeconomics Department, Gesundheit Österreich (GÖG/Austrian National Public Health Institute), 1010, Vienna, Austria.
- Department of Health Care Management, Technische Universität Berlin, 10623, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Katharina Habimana
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Pharmaceutical Pricing and Reimbursement Policies, Pharmacoeconomics Department, Gesundheit Österreich (GÖG/Austrian National Public Health Institute), 1010, Vienna, Austria
| | - Manuel Alexander Haasis
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Pharmaceutical Pricing and Reimbursement Policies, Pharmacoeconomics Department, Gesundheit Österreich (GÖG/Austrian National Public Health Institute), 1010, Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefan Fischer
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Pharmaceutical Pricing and Reimbursement Policies, Pharmacoeconomics Department, Gesundheit Österreich (GÖG/Austrian National Public Health Institute), 1010, Vienna, Austria
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Algharibi EDA, Fadel BA, Al-Hanawi MK. Assessment of Knowledge of Health Economics among Healthcare Professionals in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Study. Healthcare (Basel) 2024; 12:185. [PMID: 38255073 PMCID: PMC10815652 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare12020185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Addressing the ongoing challenge of rising healthcare spending is crucial for ensuring the health quality of a population. At the core of healthcare systems, health professionals play a vital role in patient care and resource utilization. Despite healthcare cost concerns, health professionals often lack an understanding of health economics for optimal decision making. Accordingly, the aim of this study was to assess the knowledge of health economics among healthcare professionals in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The broader goal was to identify knowledge gaps crucial for developing targeted interventions to maintain quality healthcare within the context of resource constraints. We used cross-sectional data collected from January to June 2023 and employed univariate, bivariate, and multivariable techniques for analysis. Univariate analyses were used to compare respondent proportions in socio-economic and demographic categories, bivariate analysis was used to examine the frequencies of independent variables related to the dependent variable, and a multivariate logistic regression model was used to identify the factors associated with knowledge of health economics among healthcare professionals. A total of 1056 responses were included for analysis. Approximately 35.35% of the sample possessed optimal knowledge of healthcare economics. Additionally, 58.14% of respondents considered health economics knowledge essential in their job practice, 16.95% regularly read articles on health economics, 22.06% engage in economic decision making at work, and 20.17% apply health economics techniques in their decision making. Health economics knowledge varied according to profession status, work experience, perceptions about health economics, and involvement in management tasks and decision-making processes. Generally, knowledge of health economics tended to increase with experience, positive perceptions, and engagement in administrative or management tasks. Nevertheless, knowledge of health economics is largely limited among health professionals in Saudi Arabia. Policymakers should address disparities in knowledge and perceptions of health economics through ongoing training courses and workshops. These interventions will ensure the presence of highly skilled professionals capable of implementing effective healthcare decisions and managing the increasing costs of healthcare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esraa Dhaif Allah Algharibi
- Department of Health Services and Hospitals Administration, Faculty of Economics and Administration, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bodour Ayman Fadel
- Department of Health Services and Hospitals Administration, Faculty of Economics and Administration, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Khaled Al-Hanawi
- Department of Health Services and Hospitals Administration, Faculty of Economics and Administration, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Health Economics Research Group, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
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Fathelrahman AI. Medical Device-related Counseling Practice and Barriers among Sudanese Pharmacists: A Questionnaire-Based Study. J Res Pharm Pract 2021; 10:125-132. [PMID: 35198505 PMCID: PMC8809458 DOI: 10.4103/jrpp.jrpp_21_32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: The aim of the present study was to assess medical devices-related counseling practice and barriers among pharmacists. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study conducted using a convenient sample of Sudanese pharmacists. An online-version survey was used to collect data. Findings: One hundred and thirty pharmacists responded to the online survey. Most pharmacists in this sample were master or Ph.D. degree holders (62.3% and 12.3%, respectively), having a clinical training experience (70%) and substantial proportion are board-certified (30%). Medical devices reported to be commonly inquired by patients were blood glucose monitors, nebulizers, blood pressure monitors, dry powder inhalers, and insulin pens. Devices most frequently requiring counselling were blood glucose monitors, blood pressure monitors, syringes, thermometers, nebulizers, dry powder inhalers, insulin, and weighing scales. The most frequently supplied devices reported were syringes, blood glucose monitors, insulin pens, blood pressure monitors, thermometers, nebulizers, and dry powder inhalers. Devices least frequently requiring counselling were implanted devices, respirometers, and stethoscopes. The least frequently supplied devices were respirometers, implanted devices, and heart rate monitors. Conclusion: Medical devices reported to be commonly inquired by patients were most frequently requiring counseling, and most frequently supplied. Findings reflect the availability of devices in the market and pharmacists' response to the needs of their patients. Pharmacists should maintain adequate knowledge about the proper use of medical devices because this is a common patient inquiry.
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Eljilany I, El-Dahiyat F, Curley LE, Babar ZUD. Evaluating quantity and quality of literature focusing on health economics and pharmacoeconomics in Gulf Cooperation Council countries. Expert Rev Pharmacoecon Outcomes Res 2018; 18:403-414. [PMID: 29779401 DOI: 10.1080/14737167.2018.1479254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The importance of pharmacoeconomics and health economics has been augmented. It has the potential to provide evidence to aid in optimal decision-making in the funding of cost-effective medicines and services in Gulf Cooperation Council countries (G.C.C). OBJECTIVE To evaluate the quality and quantity of health economic researches published until the end of 2017 in G.C.C. and to identify the factors that affect the quality of studies. METHOD Studies were included according to predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. The quantity was recorded, and the quality was assessed using the Quality of Health Economic Studies (QHES) instrument. RESULTS Forty-nine studies were included. The mean (SD) quality score of all studies was 57.83 (25.05), and a high number of reviewed studies (47%) were evaluated as either poor or extremely poor quality. The factors that affect the quality of studies with statistical significance were, the type and method of economic evaluation, the economic outcome was the objective of the research, author`s background, the perspective of the study, health intervention and source of funding. CONCLUSION The use of economic evaluation studies in G.C.C was limited. Different factors that affect the quality of articles such as performing a full economic evaluation and choosing societal perspective were identified. Strategies to improve the quality of future studies were recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Islam Eljilany
- a Independent Researcher , Pharmacoeconomics Expert , Qatar
| | - Faris El-Dahiyat
- b College of Pharmacy , Al Ain University of Science and Technology , Al Ain , United Arab Emirates
| | - Louise Elizabeth Curley
- c School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences , The University of Auckland , Auckland , New Zealand
| | - Zaheer-Ud-Din Babar
- c School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences , The University of Auckland , Auckland , New Zealand.,d Department of Pharmacy , University of Huddersfield , Huddersfield , United Kingdom
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Khoja T, Rawaf S, Qidwai W, Rawaf D, Nanji K, Hamad A. Health Care in Gulf Cooperation Council Countries: A Review of Challenges and Opportunities. Cureus 2017; 9:e1586. [PMID: 29062618 PMCID: PMC5650259 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.1586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was undertaken to review the health care status in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) member states, and explore current challenges and future opportunities. Available data was acquired using databases including PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library. The data gathered was then combined and the expert authors in the field discussed and propose strategies to overcome the challenges. There is an increase in both population and health care needs of GCC States citizens and migrant workers. The huge emigrant population challenges the capability of the already limited available health care resources. The region is faced with a quadruple disease burden that includes communicable and non-communicable diseases, mental health issues and accidental injuries. Recent advances in technology have made breakthroughs in diagnosis and treatment modalities but with an increase in overall health care cost. Innovative and cost-effective strategies are required to cater the health care needs of people living in the GCC states. Policy makers should emphasize the need to prioritize and strengthen primary care as a matter of urgency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tawfiq Khoja
- Director General, Executive Board, Health Ministers' Council for Cooperation Council States
| | - Salman Rawaf
- Department of Primary Care and Public Health, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Uk
| | | | - David Rawaf
- Department of Primary Care and Public Health, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Uk
| | | | - Aisha Hamad
- Department of Primary Care and Public Health, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Uk
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Bahkali S, Househ M, Bawazir A, Khalifa M, Sheikh M. The Role of Primary Health Care in Prevention, Early Detection, and Control of Cancer. Oncology 2017. [DOI: 10.4018/978-1-5225-0549-5.ch024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide, and the incidence is growing. Recent evidence shows a reduced risk of dying from cancer. For years Primary Health Care (PHC) has played a vital role in promoting health, but little has been done in emphasizing its role in reducing the incidence of and mortality from cancer through performing early diagnosis. PHC is directly involved in the initial diagnosis of more than 85% of all cancer cases worldwide (Vedsted & Olesen, 2009). PHC also has an important role in the public awareness about the importance of screening, especially in high-risk patient groups. The interaction between the patient and the health service is crucial in ensuring that relevant alarming symptoms are presented and that action is taken at the earliest possible time. This chapter aims to explore the role of primary healthcare in the prevention, early detection, and control of cancer in a developing nation - Saudi Arabia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salwa Bahkali
- King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mowafa Househ
- King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amin Bawazir
- King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed Khalifa
- King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Saudi Arabia
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Gad M, Kriza C, Fidler A, Kolominsky-Rabas P. Accessing the medical devices market in Egypt and Saudi Arabia: a systematic review of policies and regulations. Expert Rev Med Devices 2016; 13:683-96. [DOI: 10.1080/17434440.2016.1195256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Gad
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Pulic Health and Health Technology Assessment (HTA), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany
- Shamseya for Innovative Community Healthcare Solutions, Cairo, Egypt
- National Cluster of Excellence, Medical Technologies-Medical Valley EMN’, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christine Kriza
- National Cluster of Excellence, Medical Technologies-Medical Valley EMN’, Erlangen, Germany
| | | | - Peter Kolominsky-Rabas
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Pulic Health and Health Technology Assessment (HTA), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany
- National Cluster of Excellence, Medical Technologies-Medical Valley EMN’, Erlangen, Germany
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Naja F, Nasreddine L, Al Thani AA, Yunis K, Clinton M, Nassar A, Farhat Jarrar S, Moghames P, Ghazeeri G, Rahman S, Al-Chetachi W, Sadoun E, Lubbad N, Bashwar Z, Bawadi H, Hwalla N. Study protocol: Mother and Infant Nutritional Assessment (MINA) cohort study in Qatar and Lebanon. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2016; 16:98. [PMID: 27146913 PMCID: PMC4855720 DOI: 10.1186/s12884-016-0864-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The Middle East and North Africa region harbors significant proportions of stunting and wasting coupled with surging rates of non-communicable diseases (NCDs). Recent evidence identified nutrition during the first 1000 days of life as a common denominator not only for optimal growth but also for curbing the risk of NCDs later in life. The main objective of this manuscript is to describe the protocol of the first cohort in the region to investigate the association of nutrition imbalances early in life with birth outcomes, growth patterns, as well as early determinants of non-communicable diseases. More specifically the cohort aims to1) examine the effects of maternal and early child nutrition and lifestyle characteristics on birth outcomes and growth patterns and 2) develop evidence-based nutrition and lifestyle guidelines for pregnant women and young children. Methods/design A multidisciplinary team of researchers was established from governmental and private academic and health sectors in Lebanon and Qatar to launch the Mother and Infant Nutritional Assessment 3-year cohort study. Pregnant women (n = 250 from Beirut, n = 250 from Doha) in their first trimester are recruited from healthcare centers in Beirut, Lebanon and Doha, Qatar. Participants are interviewed three times during pregnancy (once every trimester) and seven times at and after delivery (when the child is 4, 6, 9, 12, 18, and 24 months old). Delivery and birth data is obtained from hospital records. Data collection includes maternal socio-demographic and lifestyle characteristics, dietary intake, anthropometric measurements, and household food security data. For biochemical assessment of various indicators of nutritional status, a blood sample is obtained from women during their first trimester. Breastfeeding and complementary feeding practices, dietary intake, as well as anthropometric measurements of children are also examined. The Delphi technique will be used for the development of the nutrition and lifestyle guidelines. Discussion The Mother and Infant Nutritional Assessment study protocol provides a model for collaborations between countries of different socio-economic levels within the same region to improve research efficiency in the field of early nutrition thus potentially leading to healthier pregnancies, mothers, infants, and children. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12884-016-0864-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farah Naja
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Lara Nasreddine
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Al Anoud Al Thani
- Health Promotion and Non Communicable Disease Prevention Division, Supreme Council of Health, Al Rumaila West, Doha, Qatar
| | - Khaled Yunis
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Michael Clinton
- Social and Behavioral Institutional Review Board, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Anwar Nassar
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Sara Farhat Jarrar
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Patricia Moghames
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Ghina Ghazeeri
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Sajjad Rahman
- Department of Pediatrics, Al Ahli Hospital, Doha, Qatar
| | - Walaa Al-Chetachi
- Health Promotion and Non Communicable Disease Prevention Division, Supreme Council of Health, Al Rumaila West, Doha, Qatar
| | - Eman Sadoun
- Department of Healthcare Quality Management, Supreme Council of Health, Doha, Qatar
| | - Nibal Lubbad
- Department of Family Medicine, Primary Health Care Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Zelaikha Bashwar
- Department of Family Medicine, Primary Health Care Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Hiba Bawadi
- Department of Health Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Nahla Hwalla
- Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.
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