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Lepeak L, Miracle S, Ferragud A, Seiglie MP, Shafique S, Ozturk Z, Minnig MA, Medeiros G, Cottone P, Sabino V. Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide (PACAP) of the Bed Nucleus of the Stria Terminalis Mediates Heavy Alcohol Drinking in Mice. eNeuro 2023; 10:ENEURO.0424-23.2023. [PMID: 38053471 PMCID: PMC10755645 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0424-23.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is a complex psychiatric disease characterized by periods of heavy drinking and periods of withdrawal. Chronic exposure to ethanol causes profound neuroadaptations in the extended amygdala, which cause allostatic changes promoting excessive drinking. The bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST), a brain region involved in both excessive drinking and anxiety-like behavior, shows particularly high levels of pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP), a key mediator of the stress response. Recently, a role for PACAP in withdrawal-induced alcohol drinking and anxiety-like behavior in alcohol-dependent rats has been proposed; whether the PACAP system of the BNST is also recruited in other models of alcohol addiction and whether it is of local or nonlocal origin is currently unknown. Here, we show that PACAP immunoreactivity is increased selectively in the BNST of C57BL/6J mice exposed to a chronic, intermittent access to ethanol. While pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) type 1 receptor-expressing cells were unchanged by chronic alcohol, the levels of a peptide closely related to PACAP, the calcitonin gene-related neuropeptide, were found to also be increased in the BNST. Finally, using a retrograde chemogenetic approach in PACAP-ires-Cre mice, we found that the inhibition of PACAP neuronal afferents to the BNST reduced heavy ethanol drinking. Our data suggest that the PACAP system of the BNST is recruited by chronic, voluntary alcohol drinking in mice and that nonlocally originating PACAP projections to the BNST regulate heavy alcohol intake, indicating that this system may represent a promising target for novel AUD therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Antonio Ferragud
- Laboratory of Addictive Disorders, Departments of Pharmacology and Psychiatry, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian, School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118
| | - Mariel P. Seiglie
- Laboratory of Addictive Disorders, Departments of Pharmacology and Psychiatry, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian, School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118
| | - Samih Shafique
- Laboratory of Addictive Disorders, Departments of Pharmacology and Psychiatry, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian, School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118
| | - Zeynep Ozturk
- Laboratory of Addictive Disorders, Departments of Pharmacology and Psychiatry, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian, School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118
| | - Margaret A. Minnig
- Laboratory of Addictive Disorders, Departments of Pharmacology and Psychiatry, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian, School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118
| | - Gianna Medeiros
- Laboratory of Addictive Disorders, Departments of Pharmacology and Psychiatry, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian, School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118
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Turan Ç, Şenormancı G, Şenormancı Ö, Çelik SK, Çakmak G, Demirci OO. Comparison of pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP, ADCYAP1) gene polymorphisms among patients with methamphetamine addiction, methamphetamine-induced psychosis and healthy controls. ANNALES MÉDICO-PSYCHOLOGIQUES, REVUE PSYCHIATRIQUE 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.amp.2023.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
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3
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Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide type 1 receptor within the nucleus accumbens core mediates excessive alcohol drinking in alcohol-preferring rats. Neuropharmacology 2022; 212:109063. [PMID: 35460713 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2022.109063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol use disorders (AUD) have a strong component of heritability; however, the neurobiological mechanisms mediating the propensity to consume excessive amounts of alcohol are still not well understood. Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP), a highly conserved neuropeptide which exerts its effects mainly through the PAC1 receptor (PAC1R), has been suggested to be one of the mediators of the effects of drugs of abuse and alcohol. Here, we investigated the role of the PACAP/PAC1R system in excessive alcohol drinking in alcohol-preferring rats, an established animal model of AUD. Intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) administration of the PAC1R antagonist PACAP(6-38) blocked excessive alcohol drinking and motivation to drink in Sardinian alcohol-preferring (Scr:sP) rats, without affecting water, saccharin, or sucrose intake. Notably, PACAP(6-38) did not affect ethanol responding in outbred Wistar rats. PACAP(6-38) also significantly reduced alcohol-seeking behavior under a second-order schedule of reinforcement. Using immunohistochemistry, a significant increase in the number of PAC1R positive cells was observed selectively in the nucleus accumbens (NAcc) Core of Scr:sP rats, compared to Wistar rats following alcohol drinking. Finally, excessive drinking in Scr:sP rats was suppressed by intra-NAcc Core, but not intra-NAcc Shell, PACAP(6-38), as well as by virally-mediated PAC1R knockdown in the NAcc Core. The present study shows that hyperactivity of the PACAP/PAC1R system specifically in the NAcc Core mediates excessive drinking of alcohol-preferring rats, and indicates that this system may represent a novel target for the treatment of AUD.
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Minnig MA, Park T, Echeveste Sanchez M, Cottone P, Sabino V. Viral-Mediated Knockdown of Nucleus Accumbens Shell PAC1 Receptor Promotes Excessive Alcohol Drinking in Alcohol-Preferring Rats. Front Behav Neurosci 2021; 15:787362. [PMID: 34924973 PMCID: PMC8678417 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2021.787362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is a chronic, relapsing disorder whose genetic and environmental susceptibility components are not fully understood. Neuropeptidergic signaling has been repeatedly implicated in modulating excessive alcohol drinking, especially within sub-regions of the striatum. Here, we investigated the potential involvement of the selective receptor for pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP), PAC1R, in the nucleus accumbens shell (NAcc Shell) in excessive alcohol drinking in alcohol-preferring rats, an established animal model of the genetic propensity for alcoholism. Scr:sP alcohol-preferring rats were trained to operantly self-administer alcohol and then either an AAV virus short-hairpin RNA (shRNA) targeted to knockdown PAC1R, or an AAV control virus were microinfused into the NAcc Shell. NAcc Shell PAC1R shRNA knockdown virus was confirmed to significantly decrease PAC1R levels in the NAcc Shell. The effects of NAcc Shell PAC1R shRNA knockdown on ethanol self-administration were investigated using a Fixed Ratio (FR) 1 and a Progressive Ratio (PR) schedule of reinforcement. The effect of PAC1R knockdown on self-administration of an alternative reinforcer, saccharin, was also assessed. The results showed that the reduction in PAC1R in the NAcc Shell led to excessive ethanol drinking, increased preference for ethanol, and higher motivation to drink. NAcc Shell PAC1R shRNA knockdown did not comparably increase saccharin self-administration, suggesting selectivity of action. These data suggest that NAcc Shell PAC1R may serves as a "brake" on alcohol drinking, and thereby the loss of function of PAC1R leads to excessive alcohol consumption. Therefore, the PACAP/PAC1R system may represent a novel target for the treatment of AUD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Valentina Sabino
- Laboratory of Addictive Disorders, Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
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Jaramillo AA, Brown JA, Winder DG. Danger and distress: Parabrachial-extended amygdala circuits. Neuropharmacology 2021; 198:108757. [PMID: 34461068 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2021.108757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Our understanding of the role of the parabrachial nucleus (PBN) has evolved as technology has advanced, in part due to cell-specific studies and complex behavioral assays. This is reflected in the heterogeneous neuronal populations within the PBN to the extended amygdala (EA) circuits which encompass the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) and central amygdala (CeA) circuitry, as they differentially modulate aspects of behavior in response to diverse threat-like contexts necessary for survival. Here we review how the PBN→CeA and PBN→BNST pathways differentially modulate fear-like behavior, innate and conditioned, through unique changes in neurotransmission in response to stress-inducing contexts. Furthermore, we hypothesize how in specific instances the PBN→CeA and PBN→BNST circuits are redundant and in part intertwined with their respective reciprocal projections. By deconstructing the interoceptive and exteroceptive components of affect- and stress related behavioral paradigms, evidence suggests that the PBN→CeA circuit modulates innate response to physical stimuli and fear conditioning. Conversely, the PBN→BNST circuit modulates distress-like stress in unpredictable contexts. Thereby, the PBN provides a pathway for alarming interoceptive and exteroceptive stimuli to be processed and relayed to the EA to induce stress-relevant affect. Additionally, we provide a framework for future studies to detail the cell-type specific intricacies of PBN→EA circuits in mediating behavioral responses to threats, and the relevance of the PBN in drug-use as it relates to threat and negative reinforcement. This article is part of the special Issue on 'Neurocircuitry Modulating Drug and Alcohol Abuse'.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Jaramillo
- Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA; Dept. Mol. Phys. & Biophysics, USA; Vanderbilt Brain Institute, USA; Vanderbilt Center for Addiction Research, USA
| | - J A Brown
- Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA; Dept. Mol. Phys. & Biophysics, USA; Vanderbilt Brain Institute, USA; Vanderbilt Center for Addiction Research, USA; Department of Pharmacology, USA
| | - D G Winder
- Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA; Dept. Mol. Phys. & Biophysics, USA; Vanderbilt Brain Institute, USA; Vanderbilt Center for Addiction Research, USA; Department of Pharmacology, USA; Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, USA; Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, USA.
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Montégut L, Lopez-Otin C, Magnan C, Kroemer G. Old Paradoxes and New Opportunities for Appetite Control in Obesity. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2021; 32:264-294. [PMID: 33707095 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2021.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Human obesity is accompanied by alterations in the blood concentrations of multiple circulating appetite regulators. Paradoxically, most of the appetite-inhibitory hormones are elevated in nonsyndromic obesity, while most of the appetite stimulatory hormones are reduced, perhaps reflecting vain attempts of regulation by inefficient feedback circuitries. In this context, it is important to understand which appetite regulators exhibit a convergent rather than paradoxical behavior and hence are likely to contribute to the maintenance of the obese state. Pharmacological interventions in obesity should preferentially consist of the supplementation of deficient appetite inhibitors or the neutralization of excessive appetite stimulators. Here, we critically analyze the current literature on appetite-regulatory peptide hormones. We propose a short-list of appetite modulators that may constitute the best candidates for therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Léa Montégut
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Equipe labellisée par la Ligue Contre le Cancer, Université de Paris, Sorbonne Université, INSERM U1138, Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France; Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Carlos Lopez-Otin
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (IUOPA), Universidad de Oviedo, 33006, Oviedo, Spain
| | | | - Guido Kroemer
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Equipe labellisée par la Ligue Contre le Cancer, Université de Paris, Sorbonne Université, INSERM U1138, Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France; Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France; Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, Sorbonne Paris Cité, CNRS UMR8251, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France; Pôle de Biologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-, HP, Paris, France; Suzhou Institute for Systems Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Suzhou, China; Karolinska Institute, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Moody TW, Jensen RT. Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide/vasoactive intestinal peptide (Part 2): biology and clinical importance in central nervous system and inflammatory disorders. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 2021; 28:206-213. [PMID: 33481421 PMCID: PMC7961158 DOI: 10.1097/med.0000000000000621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To discuss recent advances of vasoactive intestinal peptide/pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (VIP/PACAP) receptors in the selected central nervous system (CNS) and inflammatory disorders. RECENT FINDINGS Recent studies provide evidence that PACAP plays an important role in a number of CNS disorders, particularly the pathogenesis of headaches (migraine, etc.) as well as posttraumatic stress disorder and drug/alcohol/smoking addiction. VIP has important therapeutic effects in a number of autoimmune/inflammatory disorder such as rheumatoid arthritis. In some cases, these insights have advanced to therapeutic trials. SUMMARY Recent insights from studies of VIP/PACAP and their receptors in both CNS disorders (migraine, posttraumatic stress disorder, addiction [drugs, alcohol, smoking]) and inflammatory disorders [such as rheumatoid arthritis] are suggesting new treatment approaches. The elucidation of the importance of VIP/PACAP system in these disorders combined recent development of specific drugs acting on this system (i.e., monoclonal VIP/PACAP antibodies) will likely lead to importance novel treatment approaches in these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry W Moody
- Department of Health and Human services, National Cancer Institute, Center for Cancer Training. Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Robert T Jensen
- National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Digestive Diseases Branch, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) modulates dependence-induced alcohol drinking and anxiety-like behavior in male rats. Neuropsychopharmacology 2021; 46:509-518. [PMID: 33191400 PMCID: PMC8027820 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-020-00904-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is a devastating illness defined by periods of heavy drinking and withdrawal, often leading to a chronic relapsing course. Initially, alcohol is consumed for its positive reinforcing effects, but later stages of AUD are characterized by drinking to alleviate withdrawal-induced negative emotional states. Brain stress response systems in the extended amygdala are recruited by excessive alcohol intake, sensitized by repeated withdrawal, and contribute to the development of addiction. In this study, we investigated one such brain stress response system, pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP), and its cognate receptor, PAC1R, in alcohol withdrawal-induced behaviors. During acute withdrawal, rats exposed to chronic intermittent ethanol vapor (ethanol-dependent) displayed a significant increase in PACAP levels in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST), a brain area within the extended amygdala critically involved in both stress and withdrawal. No changes in PACAP levels were observed in the central nucleus of the amygdala. Site-specific microinfusion of the PAC1R antagonist PACAP(6-38) into the BNST dose-dependently blocked excessive alcohol intake in ethanol-dependent rats without affecting water intake overall or basal ethanol intake in control, nondependent rats. Intra-BNST PACAP(6-38) also reversed ethanol withdrawal-induced anxiety-like behavior in ethanol-dependent rats, but did not affect this measure in control rats. Our findings show that chronic intermittent exposure to ethanol recruits the PACAP/PAC1R system of the BNST and that these neuroadaptations mediate the heightened alcohol drinking and anxiety-like behavior observed during withdrawal, suggesting that this system represents a major brain stress element responsible for the negative reinforcement associated with the "dark side" of alcohol addiction.
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Biran J, Gliksberg M, Shirat I, Swaminathan A, Levitas-Djerbi T, Appelbaum L, Levkowitz G. Splice-specific deficiency of the PTSD-associated gene PAC1 leads to a paradoxical age-dependent stress behavior. Sci Rep 2020; 10:9559. [PMID: 32533011 PMCID: PMC7292827 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-66447-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide receptor (PAC1, also known as ADCYAP1R1) is associated with post-traumatic stress disorder and modulation of stress response in general. Alternative splicing of PAC1 results in multiple gene products, which differ in their mode of signalling and tissue distribution. However, the roles of distinct splice variants in the regulation of stress behavior is poorly understood. Alternative splicing of a short exon, which is known as the "hop cassette", occurs during brain development and in response to stressful challenges. To examine the function of this variant, we generated a splice-specific zebrafish mutant lacking the hop cassette, which we designated 'hopless'. We show that hopless mutant larvae display increased anxiety-like behavior, including reduced dark exploration and impaired habituation to dark exposure. Conversely, adult hopless mutants displayed superior ability to rebound from an acute stressor, as they exhibited reduced anxiety-like responses to an ensuing novelty stress. We propose that the developmental loss of a specific PAC1 splice variant mimics prolonged mild stress exposure, which in the long term, predisposes the organism's stress response towards a resilient phenotype. Our study presents a unique genetic model demonstrating how early-life state of anxiety paradoxically correlates with reduced stress susceptibility in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Biran
- Department of Poultry and Aquaculture, Agricultural Research Organization, Rishon, Letziyon, 7528809, Israel.
| | - Michael Gliksberg
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, PO Box 26, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Ido Shirat
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, PO Box 26, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Amrutha Swaminathan
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, PO Box 26, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Talia Levitas-Djerbi
- The Faculty of Life Sciences and the Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, 5290002, Israel
| | - Lior Appelbaum
- The Faculty of Life Sciences and the Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, 5290002, Israel
| | - Gil Levkowitz
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, PO Box 26, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel.
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Biran J, Gliksberg M, Shirat I, Swaminathan A, Levitas-Djerbi T, Appelbaum L, Levkowitz G. Splice-specific deficiency of the PTSD-associated gene PAC1 leads to a paradoxical age-dependent stress behavior. Sci Rep 2020. [PMID: 32533011 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-66447-2.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide receptor (PAC1, also known as ADCYAP1R1) is associated with post-traumatic stress disorder and modulation of stress response in general. Alternative splicing of PAC1 results in multiple gene products, which differ in their mode of signalling and tissue distribution. However, the roles of distinct splice variants in the regulation of stress behavior is poorly understood. Alternative splicing of a short exon, which is known as the "hop cassette", occurs during brain development and in response to stressful challenges. To examine the function of this variant, we generated a splice-specific zebrafish mutant lacking the hop cassette, which we designated 'hopless'. We show that hopless mutant larvae display increased anxiety-like behavior, including reduced dark exploration and impaired habituation to dark exposure. Conversely, adult hopless mutants displayed superior ability to rebound from an acute stressor, as they exhibited reduced anxiety-like responses to an ensuing novelty stress. We propose that the developmental loss of a specific PAC1 splice variant mimics prolonged mild stress exposure, which in the long term, predisposes the organism's stress response towards a resilient phenotype. Our study presents a unique genetic model demonstrating how early-life state of anxiety paradoxically correlates with reduced stress susceptibility in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Biran
- Department of Poultry and Aquaculture, Agricultural Research Organization, Rishon, Letziyon, 7528809, Israel.
| | - Michael Gliksberg
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, PO Box 26, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Ido Shirat
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, PO Box 26, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Amrutha Swaminathan
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, PO Box 26, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Talia Levitas-Djerbi
- The Faculty of Life Sciences and the Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, 5290002, Israel
| | - Lior Appelbaum
- The Faculty of Life Sciences and the Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, 5290002, Israel
| | - Gil Levkowitz
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, PO Box 26, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel.
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Pleiotropic pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP): Novel insights into the role of PACAP in eating and drug intake. Brain Res 2019; 1729:146626. [PMID: 31883848 PMCID: PMC6953419 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2019.146626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) was discovered thirty years ago, but its role in eating and drug use disorders has only recently begun to be investigated. The present review develops the hypothesis that, although PACAP normally functions to tightly regulate intake, inhibiting it through negative feedback, this relationship can become dysregulated with the development of dependence, such that PACAP instead acts through positive feedback to promote excessive intake. We propose that repeated exposure to palatable food and drugs of abuse can alter the downstream responses of specific populations of neurons to stimulation by PACAP, leading to the perpetuation of the addiction cycle. Thus, this review will first describe published literature on homeostatic food intake, which shows that PACAP suppresses food intake, while its levels are themselves increased by overfeeding. Next, it will present literature on palatable food, cocaine, alcohol, and nicotine, which overall demonstrates that PACAP in specific limbic brain regions can promote their seeking and intake and itself is stimulated by their intake. Then, it will present literature on affective behavior, which shows that chronic stress increases levels of PACAP, which then promotes anxiety and depression, factors that can trigger substance seeking. Finally, the review will address mechanisms through which chronic substance exposure may dysregulate the PACAP system, proposing that it alters expression of PACAP receptor splice variants. While many questions remain to be addressed, the current evidence suggests that PACAP could be a viable medication target for the treatment of binge eating and drug and alcohol use disorders.
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Reglodi D, Toth D, Vicena V, Manavalan S, Brown D, Getachew B, Tizabi Y. Therapeutic potential of PACAP in alcohol toxicity. Neurochem Int 2019; 124:238-244. [PMID: 30682380 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2019.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2018] [Revised: 12/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol addiction is a worldwide concern as its detrimental effects go far beyond the addicted individual and can affect the entire family as well as the community. Considerable effort is being expended in understanding the neurobiological basis of such addiction in hope of developing effective prevention and/or intervention strategies. In addition, organ damage and neurotoxicological effects of alcohol are intensely investigated. Pharmacological approaches, so far, have only provided partial success in prevention or treatment of alcohol use disorder (AUD) including the neurotoxicological consequences of heavy drinking. Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) is an endogenous 38 amino-acid neuropeptide with demonstrated protection against neuronal injury, trauma as well as various endogenous and exogenous toxic agents including alcohol. In this mini-review, following a brief presentation of alcohol addiction and its neurotoxicity, the potential of PACAP as a therapeutic intervention in toxicological consequences of this devastating disorder is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dora Reglodi
- Department of Anatomy, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, University of Pecs Medical School, Hungary.
| | - Denes Toth
- Department of Forensic Medicine, University of Pecs Medical School, Hungary
| | - Viktoria Vicena
- Department of Anatomy, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, University of Pecs Medical School, Hungary
| | - Sridharan Manavalan
- Department of Anatomy, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, University of Pecs Medical School, Hungary; Department of Basic Sciences, National University of Health Sciences, Florida, USA
| | - Dwayne Brown
- Department of Pharmacology, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Bruk Getachew
- Department of Pharmacology, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Yousef Tizabi
- Department of Pharmacology, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
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Spence JP, Reiter JL, Qiu B, Gu H, Garcia DK, Zhang L, Graves T, Williams KE, Bice PJ, Zou Y, Lai Z, Yong W, Liang T. Estrogen-Dependent Upregulation of Adcyap1r1 Expression in Nucleus Accumbens Is Associated With Genetic Predisposition of Sex-Specific QTL for Alcohol Consumption on Rat Chromosome 4. Front Genet 2018; 9:513. [PMID: 30564267 PMCID: PMC6288178 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2018.00513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Humans show sex differences related to alcohol use disorders (AUD). Animal model research has the potential to provide important insight into how sex differences affect alcohol consumption, particularly because female animals frequently drink more than males. In previous work, inbred strains of the selectively bred alcohol-preferring (P) and non-preferring (NP) rat lines revealed a highly significant quantitative trait locus (QTL) on rat chromosome 4, with a logarithm of the odds score of 9.2 for alcohol consumption. Recently, interval-specific congenic strains (ISCS) were developed by backcrossing the congenic P.NP line to inbred P (iP) rats to further refine the chromosome 4 QTL region. Two ISCS sub-strains, ISCS-A and ISCS-B, were obtained with a narrowed QTL, where the smallest region of overlap consisted of 8.9 Mb in ISCS-B. Interestingly, we found that females from both ISCS lines consumed significantly less alcohol than female iP controls (p < 0.05), while no differences in alcohol consumption were observed between male ISCS and iP controls. RNA-sequencing was performed on the nucleus accumbens of alcohol-naïve female ISCS-B and iP rats, which revealed differentially expressed genes (DEG) with greater than 2-fold change and that were functionally relevant to behavior. These DEGs included down-regulation of Oxt, Asb4, Gabre, Gabrq, Chat, Slc5a7, Slc18a8, Slc10a4, and Ngfr, and up-regulation of Ttr, Msln, Mpzl2, Wnt6, Slc17a7, Aldh1a2, and Gstm2. Pathway analysis identified significant alterations in gene networks controlling nervous system development and function, as well as cell signaling, GABA and serotonin receptor signaling and G-protein coupled receptor signaling. In addition, β-estradiol was identified as the most significant upstream regulator. The expression levels of estrogen-responsive genes that mapped to the QTL interval and have been previously associated with alcohol consumption were measured using RT-qPCR. We found that expression of the Adcyap1r1 gene, encoding the pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide type 1 (PAC1) receptor, was upregulated in female ISCS-B compared to female iP controls, while no differences were exhibited in males. In addition, sequence variants in the Adcyap1r1 promoter region showed a differential response to estrogen stimulation in vitro. These findings demonstrate that rat chromosome 4 QTL contains genetic variants that respond to estrogen and are associated with female alcohol consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Paul Spence
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Jill L Reiter
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Bin Qiu
- Comparative Medical Center, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Gu
- Comparative Medical Center, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Dawn K Garcia
- Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Lingling Zhang
- Comparative Medical Center, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Tamara Graves
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Kent E Williams
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Paula J Bice
- Department of Psychology, Southeast Missouri State University, Cape Girardeau, MO, United States
| | - Yi Zou
- Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Zhao Lai
- Department of Psychology, Southeast Missouri State University, Cape Girardeau, MO, United States
| | - Weidong Yong
- Comparative Medical Center, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Tiebing Liang
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
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14
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Gupta A, Gargiulo AT, Curtis GR, Badve PS, Pandey S, Barson JR. Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide-27 (PACAP-27) in the Thalamic Paraventricular Nucleus Is Stimulated by Ethanol Drinking. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2018; 42:1650-1660. [PMID: 29969146 DOI: 10.1111/acer.13826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus (PVT) is a limbic brain structure that affects ethanol (EtOH) drinking, but the neurochemicals transcribed in this nucleus that may participate in this behavior have yet to be fully characterized. The neuropeptide, pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP), is known to be transcribed in other limbic areas and to be involved in many of the same behaviors as the PVT itself, possibly including EtOH drinking. It exists in 2 isoforms, PACAP-38 and PACAP-27, with the former expressed at higher levels in most brain regions. The purpose of this study was to characterize PACAP in the PVT and to assess its response to EtOH drinking. METHODS First, EtOH-naïve, Sprague Dawley rats were examined using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and immunohistochemistry, to characterize PACAP mRNA and peptide throughout the rostrocaudal axis of the PVT. Next, EtOH-naïve, vGLUT2-GFP transgenic mice were examined using immunohistochemistry, to identify the neurochemical phenotype of the PACAPergic cells in the PVT. Finally, Long Evans rats were trained to drink 20% EtOH under the intermittent-access paradigm and then examined with PCR and immunohistochemistry, to determine the effects of EtOH on endogenous PACAP in the PVT. RESULTS Gene expression of PACAP was detected across the entire PVT, denser in the posterior than the anterior portion of this nucleus. The protein isoform, PACAP-27, was present in a high percentage of cell bodies in the PVT, again particularly in the posterior portion, while PACAP-38 was instead dense in fibers. All PACAP-27+ cells colabeled with glutamate, which itself was identified in the majority of PVT cells. EtOH drinking led to an increase in PACAP gene expression and in levels of PACAP-27 in individual cells of the PVT. CONCLUSIONS This study characterizes the PVT neuropeptide, PACAP, and its understudied protein isoform, PACAP-27, and demonstrates that it is involved in pharmacologically relevant EtOH drinking. This indicates that PACAP-27 should be further investigated for its possible role in EtOH drinking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuranita Gupta
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Andrew T Gargiulo
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Genevieve R Curtis
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Preeti S Badve
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Surya Pandey
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jessica R Barson
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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