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Ghelichnia B, Balali P, Farahmand G, Shafiee Sabet M, Feizi S, Pourghaz B, Jameie M, Tafakhori A. Effects of Botulinum Toxin Injection on Reducing Myogenic Artifacts during Video-EEG Monitoring: A Longitudinal Study. Neurodiagn J 2022; 62:222-238. [PMID: 36585269 DOI: 10.1080/21646821.2022.2149996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Medically refractory seizures affect one-third of patients with epilepsy (PwE), for whom epilepsy surgery is considered. Video electroencephalography (vEEG) monitoring is a fundamental tool for pre-operative seizure localization. Facial and cranial myogenic artifacts can obscure vEEG findings, thus interfering with seizure localization. Studies have shown the beneficial effects of botulinum toxin type A (BTX-A) injection into cranial muscles for reducing myogenic artifacts. This longitudinal study aimed to assess the effects of BTX-A injection on these artifacts. Twenty-two patients with medically refractory hypermotor seizures with daily seizure frequency and undetermined epilepsy localization were included in this study and underwent Dysport® injection (200 units) into the frontotemporal region. vEEG recordings were performed at baseline (one week before the injection), and at three days and six days post-injection. Before and after the injection, the amplitudes of myogenic artifacts were compared during various states (ictal, blinking, chewing, bruxism, head lateralization, scowling, talking, and yawning). BTX-A injection significantly reduced the amplitudes of EEG myogenic artifacts, except during blinking (day three) and talking (days three and six). On day six, significant reduction in EEG myogenic artifacts were noted during blinking, chewing, and bruxism for the greatest number of patients (95.5%, 90.9%, 81.8%), while significant reductions in EEG myogenic artifacts during talking, head lateralization, and ictal phase were associated with the least number of patients (22.7%, 36.3%, and 40.9%). Therefore, BTX-A injection could be a convenient method for filtering myogenic contamination, improving EEG interpretation, and facilitating seizure localization in patients with medically refractory seizures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babak Ghelichnia
- Iranian Center of Neurological Research, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Pargol Balali
- Iranian Center of Neurological Research, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ghasem Farahmand
- Neurology Department, Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahdi Shafiee Sabet
- Ziaian Hospital, Department of Family Medicine, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Somaye Feizi
- Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bahareh Pourghaz
- Iranian Center of Neurological Research, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Melika Jameie
- Iranian Center of Neurological Research, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Neuroscience Research Center Iran, University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Tafakhori
- Iranian Center of Neurological Research, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Hwang W, Kang SM, Lee SY, Seo HG, Park YG, Kwon BS, Lee KJ, Kim DY, Kim HS, Lee SU. Efficacy and Safety of Botulinum Toxin Type A (NABOTA) for Post-stroke Upper Extremity Spasticity: A Multicenter Phase IV Trial. Ann Rehabil Med 2022; 46:163-171. [PMID: 36070998 PMCID: PMC9452292 DOI: 10.5535/arm.22061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To evaluate the efficacy and safety of Daewoong botulinum toxin type A (NABOTA) after its launch in South Korea. Methods This prospective, multicenter, open-label phase IV clinical trial included 222 patients with stroke. All patients visited the clinic at baseline and at weeks 4, 8, and 12 after injection of upto 360 units of NABOTA into the wrist, elbow, and finger flexor muscles at the first visit. The primary outcome was the change in Modified Ashworth Scale (MAS) score for the wrist flexor muscles between baseline and week 4. The secondary outcomes were the changes in MAS, Disability Assessment Scale (DAS), and Caregiver Burden Scale (CBS) scores between baseline and each visit, and the Global Assessment Scale (GAS) score at week 12. Results There was a statistically significant decrease in the MAS score for the wrist flexors between baseline and week 4 (−0.97±0.66, p<0.001). Compared with baseline, the MAS, DAS and CBS scores improved significantly during the study period. The GAS was rated as very good or good by 86.8% of physicians and by 60.0% of patients (or caregivers). The incidence of adverse events was 14.4%, which is smaller than that in a previous trial. Conclusion NABOTA showed considerable efficacy and safety in the management of upper limb spasticity in stroke patients.
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An JM, Shahriar SMS, Lee DY, Hwang SR, Lee YK. Pore Size-Dependent Stereoscopic Hydrogels Enhance the Therapeutic Efficiency of Botulinum Toxin for the Treatment of Nerve-Related Diseases. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:19139-19153. [PMID: 35452222 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c01738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Botulinum toxin (BoNT) is a major neurotherapeutic protein that has been used at low doses for diverse pharmacological applications. However, the pleiotropic effect of BoNT depends on multiple periodic injections owing to its rapid elimination profile, short-term therapeutic effect, and high mortality rate when administered at high doses. In addition to low patient compliance, these drawbacks represent the significant challenges that limit the further clinical use of BoNT. This study developed a new hydrogel-based single dosage form of BoNT by employing a one-step cross-linking chemistry. Its controlled porous structures and composition facilitated uniform drug distribution inside the hydrogel and controllable release of BoNT mediated by slow diffusion. A single dose remained stable for at least 2.5 months and showed sustained effect for at least 20 weeks, meeting the requirements for a single-dose form of BoNT. Additionally, this dosage form was evaluated as safe from all aspects of toxicology. This delivery system resulted in a 100% survival rate after administering a BoNT dose of 30 units, while a dose of more than 5 units of naked BoNT caused a 100% mortality rate within a few days. Overall, this strategy could provide patients with the first single-dose treatment option of BoNT and improve their quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Man An
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea National University of Transportation, Chungju 27469, Republic of Korea
- KB Biomed Inc., Chungju 27469, Republic of Korea
| | - S M Shatil Shahriar
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea National University of Transportation, Chungju 27469, Republic of Korea
- KB Biomed Inc., Chungju 27469, Republic of Korea
- Department of Surgery-Transplant and Mary & Dick Holland Regenerative Medicine Program, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198-5940, United States
| | - Dong Yun Lee
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, and BK FOUR Biopharmaceutical Innovation Leader for Education and Research Group, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology (INST), Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Rim Hwang
- College of Pharmacy, Chosun University, 309 Pilmun-daero, Dong-gu, Gwangju 61452, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Kyu Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea National University of Transportation, Chungju 27469, Republic of Korea
- KB Biomed Inc., Chungju 27469, Republic of Korea
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Reyes FI, Shoval HA, Tenaglia A, Kim H. Ultrasound-Guided OnabotulinumtoxinA Injections to Treat Oromandibular Dystonia in Cerebral Palsy. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14030158. [PMID: 35324655 PMCID: PMC8952419 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14030158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral palsy (CP) is a group of non-progressive disorders of motor function in children resulting from an injury to an immature brain. In addition to abnormal limb and trunk movement, individuals with CP can experience involuntary muscle contractions of the lower facial muscle groups, causing oromandibular dystonia (OMD). Contraction of the lateral pterygoids and submandibular muscles depresses the mandible. OMD involving the lateral pterygoids can therefore lead to involuntary jaw opening posture, affecting the ability to feed and speak effectively. We present a case series of five patients with CP and OMD that received novel ultrasound-guided onabotulinumtoxinA to the lateral pterygoid muscles. Our goal was to determine if chemodenervation would improve the mouth-closing ability, thus in turn improving the ability to swallow, chew, manage secretions, and communicate. We describe this unique injection method and report a subjective improvement in eating abilities and communication, in addition to a positive upward trend in most patients’ weights, with no significant adverse side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiola I. Reyes
- Scottish Rite for Children, Dallas, TX 75219, USA
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-214-559-7830
| | - Hannah A. Shoval
- Children’s Specialized Hospital, Clifton, NJ 07013, USA;
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07101, USA
| | - Amy Tenaglia
- Department of Rehabilitation and Regenerative Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA; (A.T.); (H.K.)
| | - Heakyung Kim
- Department of Rehabilitation and Regenerative Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA; (A.T.); (H.K.)
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Yesudhas A, Radhakrishnan RK, Sukesh A, Ravichandran S, Manickam N, Kandasamy M. BOTOX® counteracts the innate anxiety-related behaviours in correlation with increased activities of key antioxidant enzymes in the hippocampus of ageing experimental mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 569:54-60. [PMID: 34229123 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.06.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cholinergic crisis and oxidative stress in the hippocampus of the brain have been known to induce anxiety disorders upon ageing. BOTOX® is a widely used therapeutic form of botulinum neurotoxin that acts by inhibiting the release of acetylcholine (ACh) from the nerve terminals at the neuromuscular junction. BOTOX® can migrate from the muscle to the brain through retrograde axonal transport and modulate neuroplasticity. While a mild dose of BOTOX® has been used to manage various neurological deficits and psychiatric complications including depression, the efficacy and experimental evidence for its anxiolytic effects and antioxidant properties remain limited. In this study, we have investigated the effect of BOTOX® on the innate anxiety-like behaviours in ageing mice upon exposure to different behavioural paradigms like open field test, elevated plus maze and light-dark box test, and estimated the enzymatic activities of key antioxidants in the hippocampus. Results revealed that animals injected with a mild intramuscular dosage of BOTOX® showed reduced level of innate anxiety-related symptoms and increased activities of hippocampal antioxidant enzymes compared to the control group. This study strongly supports that BOTOX® could be implemented to prevent or treat anxiety and hippocampal oxidative stress resulting from ageing, emotional and mood disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajisha Yesudhas
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Neuroregeneration, Department of Animal Science, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli- 620024, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Risna Kanjirassery Radhakrishnan
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Neuroregeneration, Department of Animal Science, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli- 620024, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Aishwarya Sukesh
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Neuroregeneration, Department of Animal Science, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli- 620024, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sowbarnika Ravichandran
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Neuroregeneration, Department of Animal Science, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli- 620024, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Nivethitha Manickam
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Neuroregeneration, Department of Animal Science, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli- 620024, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Mahesh Kandasamy
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Neuroregeneration, Department of Animal Science, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli- 620024, Tamil Nadu, India; Faculty Recharge Program, University Grants Commission (UGC-FRP), New Delhi-110002, India.
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6
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Katchburian LR, Oulton K, Main E, Morris C, Carr LJ. Protocol for The Toxin Study: Understanding clinical and patient reported response of children and young people with cerebral palsy to intramuscular lower limb Botulinum neurotoxin-A injections, exploring all domains of the ICF. A pragmatic longitudinal observational study using a prospective one-group repeated measures design. BMJ Open 2021; 11:e049542. [PMID: 33883158 PMCID: PMC8061828 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-049542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Botulinum neurotoxin-A (BoNT-A) is an accepted treatment modality for the management of hypertonia in children and young people with cerebral palsy (CYPwCP). Nevertheless, there are concerns about the long-term effects of BoNT-A, with a lack of consensus regarding the most meaningful outcome measures to guide its use. Most evidence to date is based on short-term outcomes, related to changes at impairment level (restrictions of body functions and structures), rather than changes in adaptive skills (enabling both activity and participation). The proposed study aims to evaluate clinical and patient reported outcomes in ambulant CYPwCP receiving lower limb BoNT-A injections over a 12-month period within all domains of the WHO's International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health and health-related quality of life (HRQoL). METHODS AND ANALYSIS This pragmatic prospective longitudinal observational study will use a one-group repeated measures design. Sixty CYPwCP, classified as Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) levels I-III, aged between 4 and 18 years, will be recruited from an established movement disorder service in London, UK. Standardised clinical and patient reported outcome measures within all ICF domains; body structures and function, activity (including quality of movement), goal attainment, participation and HRQoL, will be collected preinjection and at 6 weeks, 6 months and up to 12 months postinjection. A representative subgroup of children and carers will participate in a qualitative component of the study, exploring how their experience of BoNT-A treatment relates to clinical outcome measures. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION Central London Research Ethics Committee has granted ethics approval (#IRAS 211617 #REC 17/LO/0579). Findings will be disseminated in peer-reviewed publications, conferences and via networks to participants and relevant stakeholders using a variety of accessible formats including social media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lesley R Katchburian
- Neuroscience Unit,The Wolfson Neurodisability Movement Disorder Service, Great Ormond Street Hospital For Children, London, UK
- Physiotherapy, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Kate Oulton
- Centre for Outcomes and Experience Research in Children's Health, Illness and Disability (ORCHID), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK
| | - Eleanor Main
- Physiotherapy, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Christopher Morris
- Peninsula Childhood Disability Research Unit (PenCRU), University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Lucinda J Carr
- Neuroscience Unit,The Wolfson Neurodisability Movement Disorder Service, Great Ormond Street Hospital For Children, London, UK
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Botulism-like Syndrome Following Botulinum-A Injection for Hyperhidrosis and Fluoroquinolone Use. Can J Neurol Sci 2021; 49:154-156. [PMID: 33685543 DOI: 10.1017/cjn.2021.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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8
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Intramuscular Injection of BOTOX® Boosts Learning and Memory in Adult Mice in Association with Enriched Circulation of Platelets and Enhanced Density of Pyramidal Neurons in the Hippocampus. Neurochem Res 2020; 45:2856-2867. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-020-03133-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/12/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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9
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Repeated intrastriatal application of botulinum neurotoxin-A did not influence choline acetyltransferase-immunoreactive interneurons in hemiparkinsonian rat brain - A histological, stereological and correlational analysis. Brain Res 2020; 1742:146877. [PMID: 32387181 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2020.146877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
In Parkinson's disease, dopamine depletion leads to hyperactivity of cholinergic interneurons in the caudate-putamen (CPu). Botulinum neurotoxin-A (BoNT-A) inhibits the release of acetylcholine in the peripheral nervous system and is also thought to act as a local anticholinergic drug when injected intrastriatally. In hemiparkinsonian (hemi-PD) rats, a unilateral intrastriatal injection of 1 ng BoNT-A significantly diminished apomorphine-induced rotation behavior for at least 3 months, the effect fading thereafter. A second intrastriatal BoNT-A application, 6 months after the first one, led to a stronger and longer-lasting, beneficial behavioral reaction. As a single BoNT-A injection was not cytotoxic in the rat striatum and resembled BoNT-A treatment in clinical practice, here, we investigated the structural outcome of repeated intrastriatal BoNT-A injections with respect to striatal volume, the number of choline acetyltransferase-immunoreactive (ChAT-ir) interneurons and of the length of their dendritic arbors, and the numeric density of ChAT-ir BoNT-A-induced varicosities (BiVs). Repeated unilateral intrastriatal BoNT-A application decreased the volume of the injected CPu, but did not significantly change the number of striatal ChAT-ir interneurons. Also, the total dendrite length of ChAT-ir interneurons after repeated BoNT-A application resembled the values in double vehicle-injected hemi-PD rats. In repeatedly BoNT-A-injected hemi-PD rats, the numeric density of ChAT-ir BiVs in the CPu was increased compared with rats only intrastriatally injected once with BoNT-A. Even repeated BoNT-A injections in rat striata did not cause substantial morphological changes in ChAT-ir neuron, except for the increased numeric density of ChAT-ir BiVs.
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Efficacy and Safety of Botulinum Toxin A in Axillary Bromhidrosis and Associated Histological Changes in Sweat Glands. Dermatol Surg 2019; 45:1605-1609. [DOI: 10.1097/dss.0000000000001906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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11
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Gao J, Rubin JM, Chen J, O'Dell M. Ultrasound Elastography to Assess Botulinum Toxin A Treatment for Post-stroke Spasticity: A Feasibility Study. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2019; 45:1094-1102. [PMID: 30898386 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2018.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to evaluate the feasibility of using ultrasound elastography to assess the effect of botulinum toxin A (BoNT-A) treatment on post-stroke spasticity of the upper limb. In this prospective study, we performed ultrasound elastography (strain imaging and acoustic radiation force impulse-based shear wave elastography) of the spastic biceps brachii muscle in seven patients (five men and two women, mean age: 45y) who underwent BoNT-A injection treatment for post-stroke spasticity of the upper limb. We measured ultrasound elasticity parameters including axial strain ratio (SR) (SR = muscle strain/reference strain), longitudinal SR and shear wave velocity of the biceps muscle immediately before and 17-30 d (mean: 22 d) after BoNT-A injection. Statistical analyses included a two-tailed paired t-test to examine the difference in ultrasound elasticity parameters of bilateral biceps muscles before and after BoNT-A treatment and a Spearman rank correlation coefficient (rs) to analyze the correlation of ultrasound elasticity parameters to clinical assessment with the Modified Ashworth Scale (MAS) and Tardieu Scale (TS). The difference in ultrasound elasticity parameters before and after BoNT-A treatment was significant (p < 0.05) in the treated spastic muscle. The correlation of ultrasound elasticity parameters with MAS and the angle of catch and range of motion in TS were also significant (rs = 0.55-0.95, p < 0.05). Our results suggest that ultrasound elastography is feasible in assessment of the effectiveness of BoNT-A treatment for post-stroke spasticity of the upper limb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Gao
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, New York, USA; Rocky Vista University, Ivins, Utah, USA.
| | | | - Johnson Chen
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Michael O'Dell
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, New York, USA
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Alexander C, Elliott C, Valentine J, Stannage K, Bear N, Donnelly CJ, Shipman P, Reid S. Muscle volume alterations after first botulinum neurotoxin A treatment in children with cerebral palsy: a 6-month prospective cohort study. Dev Med Child Neurol 2018; 60:1165-1171. [PMID: 30151852 DOI: 10.1111/dmcn.13988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
AIM This study aimed to track alterations in muscle volume for 6 months in children with cerebral palsy (CP) after the first exposure to botulinum neurotoxin A (BoNT-A), a commonly used focal spasticity treatment. METHOD Eleven ambulant children (eight males, three females) with spastic CP, mean age 8 years 10 months (SD 3y 1mo) participated. Participants received injections to the affected gastrocnemius. The muscle volume of the gastrocnemius, soleus, tibialis anterior, and hamstrings was measured using magnetic resonance imaging. Muscle volume was normalized to bone length, and changes analysed relative to baseline. Assessments were conducted 1 week before, and 4 weeks, 13 weeks, and 25 weeks after BoNT-A treatment. RESULTS All children demonstrated positive clinical and functional gains. Muscle volume of the injected gastrocnemius was found to be significantly reduced at 4 weeks (-5.9%), 13 weeks (-9.4%), and 25 weeks (-6.8%). Significant increases in normalized soleus muscle volume were identified at each follow-up, while hamstrings showed significant increase at 4 weeks only. INTERPRETATION Absolute and normalized muscle volume of the injected muscle reduces after first BoNT-A exposure, and does not return to baseline volume by 25 weeks. Hypertrophy is seen in the soleus up to 25 weeks; the volume of the plantar flexor compartment is stable. WHAT THIS PAPER ADDS Muscle atrophy after first botulinum neurotoxin A (BoNT-A) exposure in children with cerebral palsy is noted. Mild BoNT-A-induced muscle atrophy is still apparent 6 months after BoNT-A exposure. Hypertrophy is evident in soleus after gastrocnemius BoNT-A exposure. Total plantarflexor volume is unchanged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Alexander
- School of Human Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Catherine Elliott
- Department of Paediatric Rehabilitation, Perth Children's Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,School of Occupational Therapy and Social Work, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Jane Valentine
- Department of Paediatric Rehabilitation, Perth Children's Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,School of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Katherine Stannage
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perth Children's Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Natasha Bear
- Clinical Research and Education, Perth Children's Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Cyril J Donnelly
- School of Human Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Peter Shipman
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Perth Children's Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Siobhan Reid
- School of Human Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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Torii Y, Sasaki M, Shin MC, Akaike N, Kaji R. Comparison of efficacy and toxicity between botulinum toxin subtypes A1 and A2 in cynomolgus macaques. Toxicon 2018; 153:114-119. [PMID: 30193802 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2018.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Botulinum toxin type A (subtype A1) is used as therapeutic agent for some neurological disorders causing spasticity. The toxin products have an upper dosage limit, and their adverse events, such as side effects of diffusion following high-dose administration, have become serious issues. Therefore, a preparation with greater therapeutic efficacy at lower dosages and less diffusion in the body is desired. We have attempted to produce neurotoxin derived from subtype A2 (A2NTX), which has a different amino acid sequence from that of neurotoxin derived from subtype A1. In this study, to investigate whether A2NTX is applicable for treatment, we compared the muscle relaxation effects and the toxicity between A1LL and A2NTX in adult cynomolgus macaques. In the isometric muscle contraction test elicited by 30 Hz tetanus stimulation, the contractions observed in the 0.4 U/site A1LL-treated group were similar in value to those in the 0.13 U/site A2NTX-treated group. In the toxicity test, the 12 and 24 U/kg A1LL- and A2NTX-treated groups all exhibited similar signs of toxicity regarding symptoms, rate of weight loss, and decrease in the length of the right lower leg perimeter. Thus, A2NTX demonstrated approximately 3.0-times higher muscle relaxation activity than A1LL, and their toxicity was equivalent. This study suggested that A2NTX products are more suitable for the treatment of neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasushi Torii
- Department of Animal Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Kanagawa, 243-0034, Japan.
| | | | - Min-Chul Shin
- Research Division for Life Science, Kumamoto Health Science University, Kumamoto, 861-5598, Japan
| | - Norio Akaike
- Research Division for Life Science, Kumamoto Health Science University, Kumamoto, 861-5598, Japan; Research Division for Clinical Pharmacology, Kumamoto Kinoh Hospital, Kumamoto, 860-8518, Japan
| | - Ryuji Kaji
- Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokushima, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
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Tantillo E, Colistra A, Vannini E, Cerri C, Pancrazi L, Baroncelli L, Costa M, Caleo M. Bacterial Toxins and Targeted Brain Therapy: New Insights from Cytotoxic Necrotizing Factor 1 (CNF1). Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19061632. [PMID: 29857515 PMCID: PMC6032336 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19061632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic bacteria produce toxins to promote host invasion and, therefore, their survival. The extreme potency and specificity of these toxins confer to this category of proteins an exceptionally strong potential for therapeutic exploitation. In this review, we deal with cytotoxic necrotizing factor (CNF1), a cytotoxin produced by Escherichia coli affecting fundamental cellular processes, including cytoskeletal dynamics, cell cycle progression, transcriptional regulation, cell survival and migration. First, we provide an overview of the mechanisms of action of CNF1 in target cells. Next, we focus on the potential use of CNF1 as a pharmacological treatment in central nervous system’s diseases. CNF1 appears to impact neuronal morphology, physiology, and plasticity and displays an antineoplastic activity on brain tumors. The ability to preserve neural functionality and, at the same time, to trigger senescence and death of proliferating glioma cells, makes CNF1 an encouraging new strategy for the treatment of brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Tantillo
- CNR Neuroscience Institute, via G. Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
- Fondazione Pisana per la Scienza Onlus (FPS), via Ferruccio Giovannini 13, San Giuliano Terme, 56017 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Antonella Colistra
- CNR Neuroscience Institute, via G. Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
- Departement of Biology, University of Pisa, via Luca Ghini 13, 56126 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Eleonora Vannini
- CNR Neuroscience Institute, via G. Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Chiara Cerri
- CNR Neuroscience Institute, via G. Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
- Fondazione Umberto Veronesi, Piazza Velasca 5, 20122 Milano, Italy.
| | - Laura Pancrazi
- CNR Neuroscience Institute, via G. Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Laura Baroncelli
- CNR Neuroscience Institute, via G. Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Mario Costa
- CNR Neuroscience Institute, via G. Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Matteo Caleo
- CNR Neuroscience Institute, via G. Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
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Boerner RM, Young DL, Gnagi SH, White DR, Halstead LA. Pyridostigmine for the Reversal of Severe Adverse Reactions to Botulinum Toxin in Children. J Pediatr 2018; 194:241-243. [PMID: 29275924 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2017.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Revised: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic botulinum toxin injections are commonly performed in pediatric otolaryngology. Aerodigestive complications from botulinum toxin injections, although rare, may be serious. Oral pyridostigmine is effective in the symptomatic treatment of these complications. We report 2 cases of aerodigestive complications arising from injection of botulinum toxin that were successfully treated with pyridostigmine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan M Boerner
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC.
| | - David L Young
- Medical University of South Carolina Medical School, Charleston, SC
| | - Sharon H Gnagi
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - David R White
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Lucinda A Halstead
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC; Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Evelyn Trammell Institute for Voice and Swallowing, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
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16
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Hawlitschka A, Holzmann C, Witt S, Spiewok J, Neumann AM, Schmitt O, Wree A, Antipova V. Intrastriatally injected botulinum neurotoxin-A differently effects cholinergic and dopaminergic fibers in C57BL/6 mice. Brain Res 2017; 1676:46-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2017.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Revised: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Abstract
BotulinumtoxinA (BoNT-A) is now widely established for the main approved indication of reducing glabellar lines, and is also widely used off-label to improve the appearance of wrinkles and lines in other parts of the face. The number of aesthetic procedures continues to increase as the patient population becomes more diverse, in particular with increasing numbers of people of color and men. Further developments in treatment may continue to expand the audience for BoNT-A by making procedures more comfortable and by delivering a more natural, less static appearance. These may be achieved through use of combinations of BoNT-A with other aesthetic procedures, tailoring the dose of toxin to the patient's muscle mass or by using novel injection and application techniques. Beyond amelioration of facial lines, encouraging results have been seen with the use of BoNT-A to improve the appearance of hypertrophic and keloid scars and even to prevent them. Studies have been conducted with scars in various parts of the body and further research is ongoing. Dermatological and other medical uses for BoNT-A are also active areas of research. Injections of BoNT-A have been shown to reduce signs and symptoms of acne, rosacea, and psoriasis, to reduce neuromuscular pain, and to bring about significant improvements in a number of rare diseases that are caused or exacerbated by hyperhidrosis. This paper reviews these new uses for BoNT-A, looking at the rationale for their use and discussing the results of published case studies and clinical trials. These areas have shown great promise to date, but more and larger clinical studies will be required before these treatments become a clinical reality. To this end details are also provided of clinical trials currently listed in the main clinical trials database to highlight research areas of particular interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Schlessinger
- Dermatologist and cosmetic surgeon in private practice in Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Erin Gilbert
- Dermatologist in private practice in Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Joel L Cohen
- Dermatologist in private practice in Greenwood Village, CO, USA
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18
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey S Dover
- Associate Clinical Professor of Dermatology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Adjunct Associate Professor of Dermatology, Brown Medical School, Providence, RI, USA
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19
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Abstract
During the late 1960s and early 1970s, Alan Scott showed that intramuscular injections of botulinum toxin (BoNT) corrected nonaccommodative strabismus without resorting to surgery. The UK doctors who trained with Scott soon realized the significant potential offered by BoNT type A as a therapeutic option for several difficult-to-treat diseases. This led to a collaboration between these pioneering clinicians and the Centre for Applied Microbiology and Research at Porton Down, United Kingdom, and, in turn, to the development and commercialization of abobotulinumtoxinA as Dysport (Dystonia/Porton Down; Ipsen Biopharm Ltd., Wrexham, UK). Dysport was approved in Europe for the treatment of specific dystonias in December 1990 and now has marketing authorizations in 75 countries. Since then, the use of BoNT in therapeutic and aesthetic indications has grown year-on-year, and continues to expand well beyond Scott's initial aim. For example, ongoing trials are assessing potential new indications for BoNT-A, including acne and psoriasis. Furthermore, a growing number of other BoNT products, often termed "biosimilars," together with innovative formulations of well-established BoNT types, are likely to reach the market over the next few years. This review focuses on the history of Dysport to mark the 25th anniversary of its first launch in the United Kingdom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary D Monheit
- Dermatologist, Departments of Dermatology and Ophthalmology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Andy Pickett
- Director and Founder of Toxin Science Limited, Wrexham, UK
- Adjunct Professor at the Botulinum Research Center, Institute of Advanced Sciences, Dartmouth, MA, USA
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20
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Treatment Effects for Dysphagia in Adults with Multiple Sclerosis: A Systematic Review. Dysphagia 2016; 31:610-8. [PMID: 27488370 DOI: 10.1007/s00455-016-9738-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Dysphagia or swallowing difficulties have been reported to be a concern in adults with multiple sclerosis (MS). This problem can result in several complications including aspiration pneumonia, reduced quality of life and an increase in mortality rate. No previous systematic reviews on treatment effects for dysphagia in MS have been published. The main objective of this study is to summarise and qualitatively analyse published studies on treatment effects for dysphagia in MS. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines were applied to conduct a systematic search of seven databases, using relevant key words, and subsequent analysis of the identified studies. The studies were required to meet all three inclusion criteria of including a statement on intention to treat, or measure the effects of treatment for dysphagia in adults with MS and data on treatment outcomes for at least one adult diagnosed with MS. Retained studies were evaluated by two independent reviewers using a critical appraisal tool. This study has not been registered. A total of 563 studies were identified from the database searches. After screening and assessment of full articles for eligibility, five studies were included in the review. Three examined electrical stimulation and two examined the use of botulinum toxin. One study testing electrical stimulation was a randomised controlled trial, two were well-designed case series and two were case series lacking experimental control. All studies reported some positive effects on dysphagia; however, treatments that involved the use of electrical stimulation showed larger effect sizes. There is a paucity of evidence to guide treatment of dysphagia in MS, with only electrical stimulation and botulinum toxin treatment represented in the literature search conducted here. While both treatments show initial promise for reducing the swallowing impairment, they require further research using well-controlled experimental designs to determine their clinical applicability and long-term treatment effects for dysphagia across different types and severity of MS.
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Mazlan M, Rajasegaran S, Engkasan JP, Nawawi O, Goh KJ, Freddy SJ. A Double-Blind Randomized Controlled Trial Investigating the Most Efficacious Dose of Botulinum Toxin-A for Sialorrhea Treatment in Asian Adults with Neurological Diseases. Toxins (Basel) 2015; 7:3758-70. [PMID: 26402703 PMCID: PMC4591664 DOI: 10.3390/toxins7093758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Revised: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aims to determine the most efficacious dose of Botulinum neurotoxin type A (BoNT-A) in reducing sialorrhea in Asian adults with neurological diseases. A prospective, double-blind randomized controlled trial was conducted over 24 weeks. Thirty patients with significant sialorrhea were randomly assigned to receive a BoNT-A (Dysport®) injection into the submandibular and the parotid glands bilaterally via an ultrasound guidance. The total dose given per patient was either BoNT-A injection of (i) 50 U; (ii) 100 U; or (iii) 200 U. The primary outcome was the amount of saliva reduction, measured by the differential weight (wet versus dry) of intraoral dental gauze at baseline and at 2, 6, 12, and 24 weeks after injection. The secondary outcome was the subjective report of drooling using the Drooling Frequency and Severity Scale (DFS). Saliva reduction was observed in response to all BoNT-A doses in 17 patients who completed the assessments. Although no statistically significant difference among the doses was found, the measured reduction was greater in groups that received higher doses (100 U and 200 U). The group receiving 200 U of Dysport® showed the greatest reduction of saliva until 24 weeks and reported the most significant improvement in the DFS score.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mazlina Mazlan
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 12th Floor, Menara Selatan, University Malaya Medical Centre, Jalan Universiti, 59100 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Shivani Rajasegaran
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 12th Floor, Menara Selatan, University Malaya Medical Centre, Jalan Universiti, 59100 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Julia Patrick Engkasan
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 12th Floor, Menara Selatan, University Malaya Medical Centre, Jalan Universiti, 59100 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Ouzreiah Nawawi
- Department of Biomedical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 12th Floor, Menara Selatan, University Malaya Medical Centre, Jalan Universiti, 59100 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Khean-Jin Goh
- Neurology Division, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Jalan Universiti, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Saini Jeffery Freddy
- KPJ KL Rehabilitation Centre, Tawakkal Health Centre, 202A, Jalan Pahang, 53000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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Moawad EMI, Abdallah EAA. Botulinum Toxin in Pediatric Neurology: Switching Lanes From Death to Life. Glob Pediatr Health 2015; 2:2333794X15590149. [PMID: 27335961 PMCID: PMC4784590 DOI: 10.1177/2333794x15590149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Botulinum neurotoxins are natural molecules produced by anaerobic spore-forming bacteria called Clostradium boltulinum. The toxin has a peculiar mechanism of action by preventing the release of acetylcholine from the presynaptic membrane. Consequently, it has been used in the treatment of various neurological conditions related to muscle hyperactivity and/or spasticity. Also, it has an impact on the autonomic nervous system by acting on smooth muscle, leading to its use in the management of pain syndromes. The use of botulinum toxin in children separate from adults has received very little attention in the literature. This review presents the current data on the use of botulinum neurotoxin to treat various neurological disorders in children.
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23
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Neuronox versus BOTOX in the Treatment of Post-Stroke Upper Limb Spasticity: A Multicenter Randomized Controlled Trial. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0128633. [PMID: 26030192 PMCID: PMC4452301 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0128633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Botulinum toxin type A is widely used for treating spasticity. Neuronox (Neu-BoNT/A), a newly manufactured botulinum toxin a, has not yet been investigated for its efficacy and safety in the treatment of post-stroke upper limb spasticity. OBJECTIVE We evaluated the efficacy and safety of Neuronox (Neu-BoNT/A) compared with BOTOX (onabotulinum toxin A) for treating post-stroke upper limb spasticity. METHODS In total, 196 stroke patients with moderate to severe upper limb spasticity were randomly assigned to either Neuronox or BOTOX intervention. The wrist flexors were mandatory and elbow, finger, and thumb flexors were optional muscles to be injected. Assessments were performed at baseline and 4, 8, and 12 weeks after the intervention. The primary outcome measure was the change from baseline of the Modified Ashworth Scale (MAS) at the wrist flexors at week 4. Secondary outcome measures included the change of MAS at each visit, response rate, Disability Assessment Scale (DAS), Carer Burden Scale, and Global Assessment of treatment benefit. RESULTS Primary outcome measures were -1.39±0.79 and -1.56±0.81 in the Neuronox and BOTOX groups, respectively. The difference was within the noninferiority margin of 0.45 (95% upper limit=0.40). There were no significant differences between the groups in the secondary outcome and safety measures, except the change of the MAS at the elbow flexors at week 12 (-0.88±0.75 in the Neuronox group, -0.65±0.74 in the BOTOX group; P=0.0429). Both groups showed significant improvements in the MAS, DAS, and Carer Burden Scale at weeks 4, 8, and 12. CONCLUSION Neuronox showed equivalent efficacy and safety compared with BOTOX for treating post-stroke upper limb spasticity. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01313767.
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Moscovich M, Chen ZP, Rodriguez R. Successful treatment of open jaw and jaw deviation dystonia with botulinum toxin using a simple intraoral approach. J Clin Neurosci 2014; 22:594-6. [PMID: 25541097 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2014.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Oromandibular dystonia (OMD) is a focal dystonia that involves the mouth, jaw, and/or tongue. It can be classified as idiopathic, tardive dystonia or secondary to other neurological disorders and subdivided into jaw opening, jaw closing, jaw deviation and lip pursing. The muscles involved in jaw opening dystonia are usually the digastrics and lateral pterygoids. It is known that the lateral pterygoids may be approached both internally and externally. The external approach is the most common; however neurologists experienced in treating patients with botulinum toxin can safely and with no extra cost perform the intraoral procedure. We report our experience in the treatment of jaw opening and jaw deviation dystonia using the intraoral injection approach. Eight patients were selected from the University of Florida with a clinical diagnosis of open jaw/jaw deviation dystonia. All of them were injected with onabotulinum toxin A using the internal approach and the clinical global impression scale was applied. The mean age of the patients was 67 (standard deviation [SD] 10.2) years, with a disease duration of 10.2 (SD 7.7) years and the mean distance they traveled to our institution was 448 km (278 miles). After treatment, six patients scored as very much improved in the clinical global impression scale and two patients scored as much improved. Only one patient reported an adverse event of nasal speech following one of the injections that improved after 4 weeks. Botulinum toxin injections for open jaw/jaw deviation dystonia can be safely performed with the intraoral approach without the need of special devices other than electromyography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Moscovich
- Department of Neurology, University of Florida, Center for Movement Disorders & Neurorestoration, McKnight Brain Institute, 3450 Hull Road, 4th floor, Gainesville, FL 32607, USA
| | - Zhongxing Peng Chen
- Department of Neurology, University of Florida, Center for Movement Disorders & Neurorestoration, McKnight Brain Institute, 3450 Hull Road, 4th floor, Gainesville, FL 32607, USA
| | - Ramon Rodriguez
- Department of Neurology, University of Florida, Center for Movement Disorders & Neurorestoration, McKnight Brain Institute, 3450 Hull Road, 4th floor, Gainesville, FL 32607, USA.
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25
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Young DL, Halstead LA. Pyridostigmine for Reversal of Severe Sequelae From Botulinum Toxin Injection. J Voice 2014; 28:830-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvoice.2014.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Hardeman LC, van der Meij BR, Lamers AAH, van der Kolk JH, Back W, Wijnberg ID. Determination of equine deep digital flexor muscle volume based on distances between anatomical landmarks. Res Vet Sci 2014; 97:397-9. [PMID: 25264361 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2014.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2012] [Revised: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In equine medicine the use of Botox® is experimental. Dosages are determined from human treatment-protocols and limited numbers of equine studies. Determination of target-muscle volume can be helpful to extrapolate human dosages. The aim of the study was to calculate a formula enabling the estimation of the deep digital flexor muscle (DDFM) volume based on distances between anatomical landmarks. Nineteen cadaveric limbs were collected and distance A (top of olecranon to Os carpi accessorium) and B (circumference of limb) were measured. Converting mathematical formulas, C was calculated: π × (((0.5B)/π)(2)) × A. DDFM volume was determined by water displacement. Linear Regression Analysis was used to analyse data. The line best fitting the observed points was: Ln(volume[ml]) = -1.89 + 0.98 × Ln(value C[cm(3)]). Correlation was highest when natural logarithm was applied to both variables and was 0.97. The calculated formula enables estimating DDFM volume of a living horse. This estimated volume can be useful to apply human Botox® treatment-protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- L C Hardeman
- Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - B R van der Meij
- Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - A A H Lamers
- Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - J H van der Kolk
- Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - W Back
- Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Surgery and Anaesthesiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - I D Wijnberg
- Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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27
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The effect of Clostridium botulinum toxin type A injections on motor unit activity of the deep digital flexor muscle in healthy sound Royal Dutch sport horses. Vet J 2013; 198 Suppl 1:e147-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2013.09.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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28
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Hardeman LC, van der Meij BR, Oosterlinck M, Veraa S, van der Kolk JH, Wijnberg ID, Back W. Effect of Clostridium botulinum toxin type A injections into the deep digital flexor muscle on the range of motion of the metacarpus and carpus, and the force distribution underneath the hooves, of sound horses at the walk. Vet J 2013; 198 Suppl 1:e152-6. [PMID: 24360731 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2013.09.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
In the treatment of laminitis, reducing deep digital flexor muscle (DDFM) activity might diminish its pull on the distal phalanx, thereby preventing displacement and providing pain relief. Injection of Clostridium botulinum toxin type A into the DDFM of horses is potentially therapeutic. However, the effects of C. botulinum toxin type A on the gait characteristics of sound horses at the walk are not known. The aim of this study was to test if a reduced DDFM activity would lead to (1) alterations of the sagittal range of motion of the metacarpus (SROM) and range of motion of the carpal joint (CROM); (2) changes in the force distribution underneath the hoof (toe vs. heel region: balance index); and (3) changes in the force distribution between the treated and untreated limb (symmetry index). The DDFMs of the left forelimbs of seven sound Royal Dutch Sport Horses were injected with 200 IU C. botulinum toxin type A using electromyography and ultrasound guidance. Measurements using an inertial sensor system and dynamically calibrated pressure plate were performed before and after injections. The SROM and CROM of the treated limb were significantly increased after C. botulinum toxin type A injections. No significant changes were detected in the balance index or in the symmetry index, indicating that no lameness was induced. C. botulinum toxin type A injections into the DDFM of sound horses do not appear to result in substantial gait alterations at the walk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lotte C Hardeman
- Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 114, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Bram R van der Meij
- Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 114, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten Oosterlinck
- Department of Surgery and Anaesthesiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Stefanie Veraa
- Division of Diagnostic Imaging, Department of Companion Animal Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 108, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes H van der Kolk
- Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 114, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Inge D Wijnberg
- Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 114, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Willem Back
- Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 114, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Surgery and Anaesthesiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
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Seo HG, Bang MS, Chung SG, Jung SH, Lee SU. Effect of Electrical Stimulation on Botulinum Toxin A Therapy in Patients With Chronic Myofascial Pain Syndrome: A 16-Week Randomized Double-Blinded Study. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2013; 94:412-8. [PMID: 23123438 DOI: 10.1016/j.apmr.2012.09.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2012] [Accepted: 09/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Comparative evaluation of the potency and antigenicity of two distinct BoNT/A-derived formulations. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2012; 120:291-8. [PMID: 22842675 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-012-0854-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2012] [Accepted: 06/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
IncobotulinumtoxinA (Xeomin®) and onabotulinumtoxinA (BOTOX®) are unique botulinum neurotoxin type A (BoNT/A)-derived drugs. IncobotulinumtoxinA utilizes the naked 150 kDa holotoxin portion of BoNT/A, whereas onabotulinumtoxinA uses the complete native 900 kDa complex as drug substance. On the basis of purportedly similar pharmacological characteristics, these formulations were evaluated for potency by LD₅₀ and mouse Digit Abduction Score (DAS) bioassays. DAS was also used to assess antigenicity. Full-range DAS dose-response profiles were achieved with four lots of each product, with similar observations between lots for a given product. Between products, however, the mean DAS potency of incobotulinumtoxinA (ED₅₀ range 7.0-10.2 U/kg) was significantly lower than that of onabotulinumtoxinA (ED₅₀ range 4.4-6.4 U/kg), consistent with lower measured potencies in the LD₅₀ assay for incobotulinumtoxinA (potency range 62-82 U). In assessments of DAS duration of effect at similar unit doses, the observed lower potency of incobotulinumtoxinA translated into decreased peak efficacy and dose effect over time (i.e. shorter duration). In contrast, at equi-efficacious doses yielding near-maximal DAS responses, both toxin formulations were uniformly inhibited in a statistically significant manner when preincubated with rabbit-derived, onabotulinumtoxinA-neutralizing antibodies, supporting the position that inhibition of 150 kDa holotoxin serves as the common basis for neutralization and, therefore, incobotulinumtoxinA would not be expected to be effective in onabotulinumtoxinA-immunoresistant subjects (and vice versa). Further, with lower lot-to-lot relative potency, incobotulinumtoxinA is not dose-equivalent or interchangeable with onabotulinumtoxinA, suggesting that various aspects of drug product formulation may influence observed pharmacology.
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Lin KF, Sun HH, Macewan MR, Mackinnon SE, Johnson PJ. GDNF overexpression fails to provoke muscle recovery from botulinum toxin poisoning: a preliminary study. Microsurgery 2012; 32:370-6. [PMID: 22473739 DOI: 10.1002/micr.21967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2011] [Revised: 01/05/2012] [Accepted: 01/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) has potent axonal growth and survival effects on motoneurons. This study used transgenic Myo-GDNF mice to assess the effects of targeted GDNF overexpression on functional recovery after botulinum toxin type A (BTxA) chemodenervation. BTxA (0.1 U) was injected into the tibialis anterior (TA) muscle of wild-type CF1 and transgenic Myo-GDNF mice. On days 1, 7, 14, and 21 after injection, evoked muscle force production and muscle mass were measured (n = 6, for each group at each time point). Greater maximal tetanic force and calculated specific force were evoked in Myo-GDNF animals when compared with control CF1 animals at days 1, 7, and 21. However, the differences were not statistically significant. Similarly, modest reductions in muscle atrophy in the Myo-GDNF group at all time points were not statistically significant. Targeted overexpression of GDNF in the muscles of Myo-GDNF mice did not improve motor recovery in the first 21 days after BTxA chemodenervation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenny F Lin
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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Abstract
Dysport®, a formulation of botulinum toxin A, blocks acetylcholine release at neuromuscular junctions causing denervation and temporary muscle paralysis. It is used to treat several medical conditions, including dystonias and focal spasticity. Subcutaneous Dysport® was effective in improving functional disability in adults with blepharospasm in a placebo-controlled trial with 16 weeks' follow-up, and in adults with hemifacial spasm in case series. Similarly, intramuscular Dysport® was effective in improving symptoms of cervical dystonia in adults, focal spasticity in adults with post-stroke upper limb spasticity and dynamic equinus spasticity in paediatric patients with cerebral palsy in placebo-controlled trials with up to 20 weeks' follow-up. However, in two 12-week, placebo-controlled trials in adults with focal lower limb spasticity (spastic equinovarus deformity after stroke and hip adductor spasticity associated with multiple sclerosis) intramuscular Dysport® had limited efficacy. Available longer-term data indicated that Dysport® treatment was effective over several treatment cycles in patients with cervical dystonia or upper limb spasticity. Dysport® was generally well tolerated in patients with dystonias or focal spasticity. Most adverse events were mild to moderate and transient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan J Keam
- Adis, a Wolters Kluwer Business, Auckland, New Zealand
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Yiangou Y, Anand U, Otto WR, Sinisi M, Fox M, Birch R, Foster KA, Mukerji G, Akbar A, Agarwal SK, Anand P. Increased levels of SV2A botulinum neurotoxin receptor in clinical sensory disorders and functional effects of botulinum toxins A and E in cultured human sensory neurons. J Pain Res 2011; 4:347-55. [PMID: 22090803 PMCID: PMC3215514 DOI: 10.2147/jpr.s25189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There is increasing evidence that botulinum neurotoxin A may affect sensory nociceptor fibers, but the expression of its receptors in clinical pain states, and its effects in human sensory neurons, are largely unknown. Methods We studied synaptic vesicle protein subtype SV2A, a receptor for botulinum neurotoxin A, by immunostaining in a range of clinical tissues, including human dorsal root ganglion sensory neurons, peripheral nerves, the urinary bladder, and the colon. We also determined the effects of botulinum neurotoxins A and E on localization of the capsaicin receptor, TRPV1, and functional sensitivity to capsaicin stimuli in cultured human dorsal root ganglion neurons. Results Image analysis showed that SV2A immunoreactive nerve fibers were increased in injured nerves proximal to the injury (P = 0.002), and in painful neuromas (P = 0.0027); the ratio of percentage area SV2A to neurofilaments (a structural marker) was increased proximal to injury (P = 0.0022) and in neuromas (P = 0.0001), indicating increased SV2A levels in injured nerve fibers. In the urinary bladder, SV2A nerve fibers were found in detrusor muscle and associated with blood vessels, with a significant increase in idiopathic detrusor over-activity (P = 0.002) and painful bladder syndrome (P = 0.0087). Colon biopsies showed numerous SV2A-positive nerve fibers, which were increased in quiescent inflammatory bowel disease with abdominal pain (P = 0.023), but not in inflammatory bowel disease without abdominal pain (P = 0.77) or in irritable bowel syndrome (P = 0.13). In vitro studies of botulinum neurotoxin A-treated and botulinum neurotoxin E-treated cultured human sensory neurons showed accumulation of cytoplasmic vesicles, neurite loss, and reduced immunofluorescence for the heat and capsaicin receptor, TRPV1. Functional effects included dose-related inhibition of capsaicin responses on calcium imaging after acute treatment with botulinum neurotoxins A and E. Conclusion Differential levels of SV2A protein expression in clinical disorders may identify potential new targets for botulinum neurotoxin therapy. In vitro studies indicate that treatment with botulinum neurotoxins A and E may affect receptor expression and nociceptor function in sensory neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiangos Yiangou
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London
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Mukherjee A, Chakravarty A. Spasticity mechanisms - for the clinician. Front Neurol 2010; 1:149. [PMID: 21206767 PMCID: PMC3009478 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2010.00149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2010] [Accepted: 11/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Spasticity, a classical clinical manifestation of an upper motor neuron lesion, has been traditionally and physiologically defined as a velocity dependent increase in muscle tone caused by the increased excitability of the muscle stretch reflex. Clinically spasticity manifests as an increased resistance offered by muscles to passive stretching (lengthening) and is often associated with other commonly observed phenomenon like clasp-knife phenomenon, increased tendon reflexes, clonus, and flexor and extensor spasms. The key to the increased excitability of the muscle stretch reflex (muscle tone) is the abnormal activity of muscle spindles which have an intricate relation with the innervations of the extrafusal muscle fibers at the spinal level (feed-back and feed-forward circuits) which are under influence of the supraspinal pathways (inhibitory and facilitatory). The reflex hyperexcitability develops over variable period of time following the primary lesion (brain or spinal cord) and involves adaptation in spinal neuronal circuitries caudal to the lesion. It is highly likely that in humans, reduction of spinal inhibitory mechanisms (in particular that of disynaptic reciprocal inhibition) is involved. While simply speaking the increased muscle stretch reflex may be assumed to be due to an altered balance between the innervations of intra and extrafusal fibers in a muscle caused by loss of inhibitory supraspinal control, the delayed onset after lesion and the frequent reduction in reflex excitability over time, suggest plastic changes in the central nervous system following brain or spinal lesion. It seems highly likely that multiple mechanisms are operative in causation of human spasticity, many of which still remain to be fully elucidated. This will be apparent from the variable mechanisms of actions of anti-spasticity agents used in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angshuman Mukherjee
- Department of Neurology, Vivekananda Institute of Medical Sciences Kolkata, India
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Pinder RM. Botulinum toxin - From WMD to therapeutic agent and cosmetic aid. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2007; 3:703-4. [PMID: 19300603 PMCID: PMC2656310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
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