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Pan J, Zhou L, Zhang C, Xu Q, Sun Y. Targeting protein phosphatases for the treatment of inflammation-related diseases: From signaling to therapy. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2022; 7:177. [PMID: 35665742 PMCID: PMC9166240 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-022-01038-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is the common pathological basis of autoimmune diseases, metabolic diseases, malignant tumors, and other major chronic diseases. Inflammation plays an important role in tissue homeostasis. On one hand, inflammation can sense changes in the tissue environment, induce imbalance of tissue homeostasis, and cause tissue damage. On the other hand, inflammation can also initiate tissue damage repair and maintain normal tissue function by resolving injury and restoring homeostasis. These opposing functions emphasize the significance of accurate regulation of inflammatory homeostasis to ameliorate inflammation-related diseases. Potential mechanisms involve protein phosphorylation modifications by kinases and phosphatases, which have a crucial role in inflammatory homeostasis. The mechanisms by which many kinases resolve inflammation have been well reviewed, whereas a systematic summary of the functions of protein phosphatases in regulating inflammatory homeostasis is lacking. The molecular knowledge of protein phosphatases, and especially the unique biochemical traits of each family member, will be of critical importance for developing drugs that target phosphatases. Here, we provide a comprehensive summary of the structure, the "double-edged sword" function, and the extensive signaling pathways of all protein phosphatases in inflammation-related diseases, as well as their potential inhibitors or activators that can be used in therapeutic interventions in preclinical or clinical trials. We provide an integrated perspective on the current understanding of all the protein phosphatases associated with inflammation-related diseases, with the aim of facilitating the development of drugs that target protein phosphatases for the treatment of inflammation-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), Department of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Life Science, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Lisha Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), Department of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Life Science, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Chenyang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), Department of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Life Science, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Qiang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), Department of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Life Science, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing, 210023, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), Department of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Life Science, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing, 210023, China.
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China.
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Bandopadhyay R, Mishra N, Rana R, Kaur G, Ghoneim MM, Alshehri S, Mustafa G, Ahmad J, Alhakamy NA, Mishra A. Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Strategies for Levodopa-Induced Dyskinesia in Parkinson's Disease: A Perspective Through Preclinical and Clinical Evidence. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:805388. [PMID: 35462934 PMCID: PMC9021725 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.805388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second leading neurodegenerative disease that is characterized by severe locomotor abnormalities. Levodopa (L-DOPA) treatment has been considered a mainstay for the management of PD; however, its prolonged treatment is often associated with abnormal involuntary movements and results in L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia (LID). Although LID is encountered after chronic administration of L-DOPA, the appearance of dyskinesia after weeks or months of the L-DOPA treatment has complicated our understanding of its pathogenesis. Pathophysiology of LID is mainly associated with alteration of direct and indirect pathways of the cortico-basal ganglia-thalamic loop, which regulates normal fine motor movements. Hypersensitivity of dopamine receptors has been involved in the development of LID; moreover, these symptoms are worsened by concurrent non-dopaminergic innervations including glutamatergic, serotonergic, and peptidergic neurotransmission. The present study is focused on discussing the recent updates in molecular mechanisms and therapeutic approaches for the effective management of LID in PD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritam Bandopadhyay
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, India
| | - Nainshi Mishra
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, India
| | - Ruhi Rana
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, India
| | - Gagandeep Kaur
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, India
| | - Mohammed M. Ghoneim
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, AlMaarefa University, Ad Diriyah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sultan Alshehri
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Gulam Mustafa
- College of Pharmacy (Boys), Al-Dawadmi Campus, Shaqra University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Javed Ahmad
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Najran University, Najran, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nabil. A. Alhakamy
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Awanish Mishra
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)—Guwahati, Guwahati, India
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Hutny M, Hofman J, Klimkowicz-Mrowiec A, Gorzkowska A. Current Knowledge on the Background, Pathophysiology and Treatment of Levodopa-Induced Dyskinesia-Literature Review. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10194377. [PMID: 34640395 PMCID: PMC8509231 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10194377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Levodopa remains the primary drug for controlling motor symptoms in Parkinson’s disease through the whole course, but over time, complications develop in the form of dyskinesias, which gradually become more frequent and severe. These abnormal, involuntary, hyperkinetic movements are mainly characteristic of the ON phase and are triggered by excess exogenous levodopa. They may also occur during the OFF phase, or in both phases. Over the past 10 years, the issue of levodopa-induced dyskinesia has been the subject of research into both the substrate of this pathology and potential remedial strategies. The purpose of the present study was to review the results of recent research on the background and treatment of dyskinesia. To this end, databases were reviewed using a search strategy that included both relevant keywords related to the topic and appropriate filters to limit results to English language literature published since 2010. Based on the selected papers, the current state of knowledge on the morphological, functional, genetic and clinical features of levodopa-induced dyskinesia, as well as pharmacological, genetic treatment and other therapies such as deep brain stimulation, are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Hutny
- Students’ Scientific Society, Department of Neurorehabilitation, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, 40-752 Katowice, Poland;
- Correspondence:
| | - Jagoda Hofman
- Students’ Scientific Society, Department of Neurorehabilitation, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, 40-752 Katowice, Poland;
| | - Aleksandra Klimkowicz-Mrowiec
- Department of Internal Medicine and Gerontology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical College, Jagiellonian University, 30-688 Kraków, Poland;
| | - Agnieszka Gorzkowska
- Department of Neurorehabilitation, Faculty of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical University of Silesia, 40-752 Katowice, Poland;
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Yang S, Wan Y, Wu N, Song L, Liu Z, Zhao J, Liu Y, Liu Z, Gan J. L-3,4-Dihydroxyphenylalanine Recovers Circadian Rhythm Disturbances in the Rat Models of Parkinson's Disease by Regulating the D1R-ERK1/2-mTOR Pathway. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:719885. [PMID: 34489685 PMCID: PMC8417416 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.719885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) frequently experience disruptions in the 24-h daily profile of both behavioral and biological markers. However, whether L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-dopa) influences these markers associated with circadian rhythm or not is still an open question. This study aims to explore the L-dopa effects on the rhythmic expression of core clock proteins [brain and muscle Arnt-like protein-1 (BMAL1) and circadian locomotor cycle kaput (CLOCK)], in the striatum of the rat model of PD and its underlying molecular mechanisms. Methods: Unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-lesioned rat models were used in this study. L-dopa administrations were adopted to investigate the changes of circadian rhythm in PD. The behavioral tests and the measurements of the blood pressure (BP) and temperature were evaluated. The striatum was collected at intervals of 4 h. Western blot was used to examine the expressions of clock protein and the molecular protein of the D1R-ERK1/2-mTOR pathway. The rhythmic expressions of symptom parameters and circadian proteins were analyzed using the Cosinor model and/or the coefficient of variability (CV) that was used to describe the variability of the 24-h rhythm. Results: The circadian rhythms of BP and temperature were disrupted in 6-OHDA-lesioned PD rats compared with the sham group, while this process was reversed mildly by L-dopa treatment. The expressions of BMAL1 and CLOCK protein were rhythmic fluctuated without significant phase alterations when 6-OHDA or L-dopa was applied. Furthermore, the expressions of striatal BMAL1 protein in the 6-OHDA-lesioned group were significantly lower than those in the sham group at 04:00, 08:00, and 12:00, and the CLOCK protein was decreased at 04:00, 08:00, 12:00, 16:00, and 20:00 (all p < 0.05). The CV of the expressions of both BMAL1 and CLOCK was decreased in the 6-OHDA group; this process was reversed by L-dopa. Moreover, the CV of BMAL1 and CLOCK was elevated in the L-dopa rats. The phosphorylation levels of ERK1/2, S6K1, and 4E-BP1 in 6-OHDA-lesioned striatum were increased by L-dopa or D1 receptor agonist SKF38393 (p < 0.05, respectively), not by the combination of L-dopa and D1 receptor antagonist SCH23390, which was similar to the expressions of BMAL1 and CLOCK. Conclusion: L-dopa recovers the circadian rhythm disturbances in PD rats by regulating the D1R-ERK1/2-mTOR pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyuan Yang
- Department of Neurology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated Shanghai JiaoTong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Wan
- Department of Neurology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated Shanghai JiaoTong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Na Wu
- Department of Neurology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated Shanghai JiaoTong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lu Song
- Department of Neurology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated Shanghai JiaoTong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhihua Liu
- Department of Neurology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated Shanghai JiaoTong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiahao Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated Shanghai JiaoTong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Neurology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated Shanghai JiaoTong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhenguo Liu
- Department of Neurology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated Shanghai JiaoTong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Gan
- Department of Neurology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated Shanghai JiaoTong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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