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Xia C, Zhou M, Dong X, Zhao Y, Jiang M, Zhu G, Zhang Z. Ginkgo biloba extract inhibits hippocampal neuronal injury caused by mitochondrial oxidative stress in a rat model of Alzheimer's disease. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0307735. [PMID: 39106233 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0307735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 08/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Ginkgo biloba extracts (GBE) have been shown to effectively improve cognitive function in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). One potential therapeutic strategy for AD is to prevent loss of adult hippocampal neurons. While recent studies have reported that GBE protects against oxidative stress in neurons, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, an AD-like rat model was established via bidirectional injection of amyloid beta 25-35 (Aβ25-35; 20 μg) in the hippocampal CA1 region. Learning and memory abilities of experimental rats were AD assessed in response to oral administration of 7.5 g/L or 15 g/L Ginkgo biloba extract 50 (GBE50) solution and the peroxidation phenomenon of hippocampal mitochondria determined via analysis of mitochondrial H2O2 and several related enzymes. Levels of the oxidative stress-related signaling factor cytochrome C (Cyto C), apoptosis-related proteins (Bax, Bcl-2 and caspase-3) and caspase-activated DNase (CAD) were further detected via western blot. 8-Hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), the major product of DNA oxidative stress, was evaluated to analyze DNA status. Our results showed elevated H2O2 levels and monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity, and conversely, a decrease in the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) in the hippocampus of AD rats. Administration of GBE50 regulated the activities of these three enzymes and induced a decrease in H2O2. GBE50 exerted regulatory effects on abnormally expressed apoptotic proteins in the AD rat hippocampus, enhancing the expression of Bcl-2, inhibiting release of Cyto C from mitochondria, and suppressing the level of caspase-3 (excluding cleaved caspase-3). Furthermore, GBE50 inhibited DNA damage by lowering the generation of 8-OHdG rather than influencing expression of CAD. The collective findings support a protective role of GBE50 in hippocampal neurons of AD-like animals against mitochondrial oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyi Xia
- School of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingmei Zhou
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xianwen Dong
- Department of Children Rehabilitation Medicine, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- School of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Meifang Jiang
- SPH XingLing Sci. & Tech. Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Guoqin Zhu
- SPH XingLing Sci. & Tech. Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Zhixiong Zhang
- School of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Yun S, Oh J, Chu H, Park D, Leem J. Systematic Review of Preclinical Studies on the Efficacy and Mechanisms of Herbal Medicines in Post-Myocardial Infarction Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2024; 60:1101. [PMID: 39064530 PMCID: PMC11278938 DOI: 10.3390/medicina60071101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2024] [Revised: 07/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) remains a significant burden. Traditional herbal medicines have shown cardioprotective effects in treating HFrEF. However, the implications of herbal formulation considering the dynamic immunohistological changes in the myocardium following acute ischemic injury have been insufficiently discussed. This review investigated the efficacy and mechanisms reported in studies using rat or mouse models of HFrEF induced by left descending coronary artery ligation. Materials and Methods: A systematic search was conducted using PubMed, Embase, AMED, CINAHL, and CENTRAL databases. Information was extracted regarding study characteristics, disease model induction protocols, intervention characteristics, treatment protocols, outcomes, and suggested mechanisms. Hierarchical cluster analysis of test drugs was performed based on constituent herb similarities. The risk of bias (RoB) was assessed using the Systematic Review Center for Laboratory animal Experimentation RoB tool. Results: Overall, 26 studies met the eligibility criteria. HF model induction periods after LADCA ligation ranged from 1 day to 12 weeks. Most studies administered the test drug for four weeks. Commonly used herbs included Panax ginseng, Astragalus membranaceus, Salvia miltiorrhiza, Carthamus tinctorius, and Lepidium apetalum, which demonstrated anti-fibrotic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic effects through various signaling pathways. The overall RoB was relatively high. No significant association was found between model induction periods and herbal formulations or examined mechanisms. Conclusions: Future research should consider the time-dependent immunohistological features of the myocardium during HF treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soyeong Yun
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology of Korean Medicine, Wonkwang University Jeonju Korean Medicine Hospital, 99 Garyeonsan-ro, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju 54887, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea;
| | - Jieun Oh
- Department of Neuropsychiatry of Korean Medicine, Wonkwang University Jeonju Korean Medicine Hospital, 99 Garyeonsan-ro, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju 54887, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea;
| | - Hongmin Chu
- Department of Internal Medicine and Neuroscience, College of Korean Medicine, Wonkwang University, 460 Iksan-daero, Sin-dong, Iksan 54538, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea;
| | - Dasol Park
- Department of Diagnostics, College of Korean Medicine, Wonkwang University, 460 Iksan-daero, Sin-dong, Iksan 54538, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jungtae Leem
- Department of Diagnostics, College of Korean Medicine, Wonkwang University, 460 Iksan-daero, Sin-dong, Iksan 54538, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea
- Research Center of Traditional Korean Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Wonkwang University, 460 Iksan-daero, Sin-dong, Iksan 54538, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea
- Korean Medicine Clinical Research Institute, Wonkwang University Korean Medicine Hospital, 895 Muwang-ro, Iksan 54538, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea
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Liu Q, Wang J, Gu Z, Ouyang T, Gao H, Kan H, Yang Y. Comprehensive Exploration of the Neuroprotective Mechanisms of Ginkgo biloba Leaves in Treating Neurological Disorders. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2024; 52:1053-1086. [PMID: 38904550 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x24500435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
Neurological disorders (NDs) are diseases that seriously affect the health of individuals worldwide, potentially leading to a significant reduction in the quality of life for patients and their families. Herbal medicines have been widely used in the treatment of NDs due to their multi-target and multi-pathway features. Ginkgo biloba leaves (GBLs), one of the most popular herbal medicines in the world, have been demonstrated to present therapeutic effects on NDs. However, the pharmacological mechanisms of GBLs in the treatment of neurological disorders have not been systematically summarized. This study aimed to summarize the molecular mechanism of GBLs in treating NDs from the cell models, animal models, and clinical trials of studies. Four databases, i.e., PubMed, Google Scholar, CNKI, and Web of Science were searched using the following keywords: "Ginkgo biloba", "Ginkgo biloba extract", "Ginkgo biloba leaves", "Ginkgo biloba leaves extract", "Neurological disorders", "Neurological diseases", and "Neurodegenerative diseases". All items meeting the inclusion criteria on the treatment of NDs with GBLs were extracted and summarized. Additionally, PRISMA 2020 was performed to independently evaluate the screening methods. Out of 1385 records in the database, 52 were screened in relation to the function of GBLs in the treatment of NDs; of these 52 records, 39 were preclinical trials and 13 were clinical studies. Analysis of pharmacological studies revealed that GBLs can improve memory, cognition, behavior, and psychopathology of NDs and that the most frequently associated GBLs are depression, followed by Alzheimer's disease, stroke, Huntington's disease, and Parkinson's disease. Additionally, the clinical studies of depression, AD, and stroke are the most common, and most of the remaining ND data are available from in vitro or in vivo animal studies. Moreover, the possible mechanisms of GBLs in treating NDs are mainly through free radical scavenging, anti-oxidant activity, anti-inflammatory response, mitochondrial protection, neurotransmitter regulation, and antagonism of PAF. This is the first paper to systematically and comprehensively investigate the pharmacological effects and neuroprotective mechanisms of GBLs in the treatment of NDs thus far. All findings contribute to a better understanding of the efficacy and complexity of GBLs in treating NDs, which is of great significance for the further clinical application of this herbal medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiwei Liu
- School of Medical Informatics Engineering, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine Hefei, Anhui 230012, P. R. China
| | - Jinghui Wang
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine Hefei, Anhui 230012, P. R. China
| | - Zongyun Gu
- School of Medical Informatics Engineering, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine Hefei, Anhui 230012, P. R. China
| | - Ting Ouyang
- School of Medical Informatics Engineering, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine Hefei, Anhui 230012, P. R. China
| | - Honglei Gao
- School of Medical Informatics Engineering, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine Hefei, Anhui 230012, P. R. China
| | - Hongxing Kan
- School of Medical Informatics Engineering, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine Hefei, Anhui 230012, P. R. China
- Anhui Computer Application Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Hefei, P. R. China
| | - Yinfeng Yang
- School of Medical Informatics Engineering, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine Hefei, Anhui 230012, P. R. China
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Oliveira MCN, Cavalcante IL, de Araújo AN, Ferreira dos Santos AM, de Menezes RPB, Herrera-Acevedo C, Ferreira de Sousa N, de Souza Aquino J, Barbosa-Filho JM, de Castro RD, Almeida RN, Scotti L, Scotti MT, Da Silva Stiebbe Salvadori MG. Methyleugenol Has an Antidepressant Effect in a Neuroendocrine Model: In Silico and In Vivo Evidence. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:1408. [PMID: 37895879 PMCID: PMC10610402 DOI: 10.3390/ph16101408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Major depressive disorder is a severe mood disorder characterized by different emotions and feelings. This study investigated the antidepressant activity of the phenylpropanoid methyleugenol (ME) in adult female mice exposed to a stress model induced by dexamethasone. The animals were randomly divided into groups containing eight animals and were pre-administered with dexamethasone (64 μg/kg subcutaneously). After 165 and 180 min, they were treated with ME (25, 50 and 100 mg/kg intraperitoneally) or imipramine (10 mg/kg intraperitoneally) after 45 min and 30 min, respectively; they were then submitted to tests which were filmed. The videos were analyzed blindly. In the tail suspension test, ME (50 mg/kg) increased latency and reduced immobility time. In the splash test, ME (50 mg/kg) decreased grooming latency and increased grooming time. In the open field, there was no statistical difference for the ME groups regarding the number of crosses, and ME (50 mg/kg) increased the number of rearing and time spent in the center. Regarding in silico studies, ME interacted with dopaminergic D1 and α1 adrenergic pathway receptors and with tryptophan hydroxylase inhibitor. In the in vivo evaluation of the pathways of action, the antidepressant potential of ME (50 mg/kg) was reversed by SCH23390 (4 mg/kg intraperitoneally) dopaminergic D1 receptor, Prazosin (1 mg/kg intraperitoneally) α1 adrenergic receptor, and PCPA (4 mg/kg intraperitoneally) tryptophan hydroxylase inhibitor. Our findings indicate that ME did not alter with the locomotor activity of the animals and shows antidepressant activity in female mice with the participation of the D1, α1 and serotonergic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayara Cecile Nascimento Oliveira
- Laboratory of Psychopharmacology, Institute for Research in Drugs and Medicines, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa 58051-900, PB, Brazil (A.M.F.d.S.); (R.D.d.C.)
| | - Ikla Lima Cavalcante
- Laboratory of Psychopharmacology, Institute for Research in Drugs and Medicines, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa 58051-900, PB, Brazil (A.M.F.d.S.); (R.D.d.C.)
| | - Alana Natalícia de Araújo
- Laboratory of Psychopharmacology, Institute for Research in Drugs and Medicines, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa 58051-900, PB, Brazil (A.M.F.d.S.); (R.D.d.C.)
| | - Aline Matilde Ferreira dos Santos
- Laboratory of Psychopharmacology, Institute for Research in Drugs and Medicines, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa 58051-900, PB, Brazil (A.M.F.d.S.); (R.D.d.C.)
| | - Renata Priscila Barros de Menezes
- Laboratory of Cheminformatics, Institute for Research in Drugs and Medicines, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa 58051-900, PB, Brazil
| | - Chonny Herrera-Acevedo
- Laboratory of Cheminformatics, Institute for Research in Drugs and Medicines, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa 58051-900, PB, Brazil
| | - Natália Ferreira de Sousa
- Laboratory of Cheminformatics, Institute for Research in Drugs and Medicines, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa 58051-900, PB, Brazil
| | - Jailane de Souza Aquino
- Laboratory of Experimental Nutrition, Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa 58051-900, PB, Brazil
| | - José Maria Barbosa-Filho
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute for Research in Drugs and Medicines, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa 58051-900, PB, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Dias de Castro
- Laboratory of Psychopharmacology, Institute for Research in Drugs and Medicines, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa 58051-900, PB, Brazil (A.M.F.d.S.); (R.D.d.C.)
| | - Reinaldo Nóbrega Almeida
- Laboratory of Psychopharmacology, Institute for Research in Drugs and Medicines, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa 58051-900, PB, Brazil (A.M.F.d.S.); (R.D.d.C.)
| | - Luciana Scotti
- Laboratory of Cheminformatics, Institute for Research in Drugs and Medicines, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa 58051-900, PB, Brazil
| | - Marcus Tullius Scotti
- Laboratory of Cheminformatics, Institute for Research in Drugs and Medicines, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa 58051-900, PB, Brazil
| | - Mirian Graciela Da Silva Stiebbe Salvadori
- Laboratory of Psychopharmacology, Institute for Research in Drugs and Medicines, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa 58051-900, PB, Brazil (A.M.F.d.S.); (R.D.d.C.)
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Zhang Z, Chen F, Wan J, Liu X. Potential traditional Chinese medicines with anti-inflammation in the prevention of heart failure following myocardial infarction. Chin Med 2023; 18:28. [PMID: 36932409 PMCID: PMC10022008 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-023-00732-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation plays an important role in the development of heart failure (HF) after myocardial infarction (MI). Suppression of post-infarction inflammatory cascade has become a new strategy to delay or block the progression of HF. At present, there are no approved anti-inflammatory drugs used to prevent HF following MI. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has been used clinically for cardiovascular disease for a long time. Here, we summarized the recent progress about some TCM which could both improve cardiac function and inhibit inflammation in patients or experimental models with MI or HF, in order to provide evidence for their potential application in reducing the onset of HF following MI. Among them, single Chinese medicinal herbs (eg. Astragalus and Salvia miltiorrhiza) and Chinese herbal formulas (eg. Gualou Xiebai Decoction and Sini Tang) are discussed separately. The main targets for their anti-inflammation effect are mainly involved the TLR4/NF-κB signaling, as well as pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6 or TNF-α. It is worthy of further evaluating their potential, experimentally or clinically, in the prevention or delay of HF following MI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Zhang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, No. 325 Guohe Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai, 200082, China
| | - Fei Chen
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, No. 325 Guohe Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai, 200082, China
| | - Jingjing Wan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, No. 325 Guohe Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai, 200082, China.
| | - Xia Liu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, No. 325 Guohe Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai, 200082, China.
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Wang J, Cai E, An X, Wang J. Ginaton reduces M1-polarized macrophages in hypertensive cardiac remodeling via NF-κB signaling. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1104871. [PMID: 36992835 PMCID: PMC10040779 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1104871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Macrophages play a critical role in cardiac remodeling, and dysregulated macrophage polarization between the proinflammatory M1 and anti-inflammatory M2 phenotypes promotes excessive inflammation and cardiac damage. Ginaton is a natural extract extracted from Ginkgo biloba. Because of its anti-inflammatory properties, it has long been used to treat a variety of diseases. However, the role of Ginaton in modulating the diverse macrophage functional phenotypes brought on by Ang II-induced hypertension and cardiac remodeling is unknown.Methods: In the present study, we fed C57BL/6J mice in the age of eight weeks with Ginaton (300 mg/kg/day) or PBS control, and then injected Ang II (1000 ng/kg/min) or saline for 14 days to investigate the specific efficacy of Ginaton. Systolic blood pressure was recorded, cardiac function was detected by echocardiography, and pathological changes in cardiac tissue were assessed by histological staining. Different functional phenotypes of the macrophages were assessed by immunostaining. The mRNA expression of genes was assessed by qPCR analysis. Protein levels were detected by immunoblotting.Results: Our results showed that Ang II infusion significantly enhanced the activation and infiltration of macrophages with hypertension, cardiac insufficiency, myocardial hypertrophy, fibrosis and M1 phenotype macrophages compared with the saline group. Instead, Ginaton attenuated these effects. In addition, in vitro experiments showed that Ginaton inhibited Ang II-induced activation, adhesion and migration of M1 phenotype macrophages.Conclusion: Our study showed that Ginaton treatment inhibits Ang II-induced M1 phenotype macrophage activation, macrophage adhesion, and mitigation, as well as the inflammatory response leading to impaired and dysfunctional hypertension and cardiac remodeling. Gianton may be a powerful treatment for heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian, China
| | - Enze Cai
- Department of Cardiology, the Fifth People’s Hospital of Dalian, Dalian, China
| | - Xiangbo An
- Department of Interventional Therapy, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
- *Correspondence: Xiangbo An, ; Junjie Wang,
| | - Junjie Wang
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
- *Correspondence: Xiangbo An, ; Junjie Wang,
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Lu Z, Teng Y, Wang L, Jiang Y, Li T, Chen S, Wang B, Li Y, Yang J, Wu X, Cheng W, Cui X, Zhao M. Abnormalities of hippocampus and frontal lobes in heart failure patients and animal models with cognitive impairment or depression: A systematic review. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0278398. [PMID: 36490252 PMCID: PMC9733898 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0278398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS This systematic review aimed to study the hippocampal and frontal changes of heart failure (HF) patients and HF animal models with cognitive impairment or depression. METHODS A systematic review of the literature was conducted independently by reviewers using PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, and the Cochrane Library databases. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS 30 studies were included, involving 17 pieces of clinical research on HF patients and 13 studies of HF animal models. In HF patients, the hippocampal injuries were shown in the reduction of volume, CBF, glucose metabolism, and gray matter, which were mainly observed in the right hippocampus. The frontal damages were only in reduced gray matter and have no difference between the right and left sides. The included HF animal model studies were generalized and demonstrated the changes in inflammation and apoptosis, synaptic reduction, and neurotransmitter disorders in the hippocampus and frontal lobes. The results of HF animal model studies complemented the clinical observations by providing potential mechanistic explanations of the changes in the hippocampus and frontal lobes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziwen Lu
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education and Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Teng
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education and Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education and Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yangyang Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education and Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Tong Li
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education and Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Shiqi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education and Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Baofu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education and Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Li
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education and Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jingjing Yang
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education and Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Wu
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education and Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Weiting Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education and Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangning Cui
- Department of Cardiovascular, Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (MZ); (XC)
| | - Mingjing Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education and Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (MZ); (XC)
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Ginkgo Biloba Extract Reduces Cardiac and Brain Inflammation in Rats Fed a HFD and Exposed to Chronic Mental Stress through NF-κB Inhibition. Mediators Inflamm 2022; 2022:2408598. [PMID: 35677735 PMCID: PMC9168192 DOI: 10.1155/2022/2408598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cardiac and brain inflammation can lead to a host of deleterious health effects. Our formal experimental research showed that Ginkgo Biloba Extract (GBE) contributed to the reduction of inflammation in mice with myocardial infarction along with depression. This study is aimed at expanding on these findings via analysis of the cardiac and brain inflammation, which was prevented by GBE in rats suffering with a high-fat diet (HFD) combined with unpredictable chronic mild stress (UCMS). Methods Fifty male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 5 groups treated with normal diet, UCMS, HFD, HFD+UCMS, or HFD+UCMS+GBE respectively. Rats treated with HFD were fed a high-fat diet for 10 or 13 weeks. Rats treated with UCMS were exposed to 8 types of chronic physical and psychological stressors for 10 or 13 weeks. The HFD+UCMS+GBE group was given GBE via intragastric gavage for 8 consecutive weeks. Sucrose preference was established for the assessment of depressive behaviors. The heart function was evaluated by echocardiography. The rats were terminated at the end of the 10th or 13th week. The blood was used for detecting low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) and total cholesterol (TCHO) by the kit instructions; Helper T Lymphocytes (TH cells, CD3+CD4+) by flow cytometry; and Interleukin- (IL-) 1β, IL-37, IL-38, NT-proBNP, hs-cTNI, and Ischemia-modified albumin (IMA) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The cardiac tissues were used for detecting IL-1β, nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), inhibitor molecule protein (IκB), and IL-1 receptor (IL-1R) by ELISA and P65, P-P65, IκB, and phosphorylated inhibitor molecule protein α (P-IκBα) for western blotting. Cortex tissues were used for detecting 8-iso-prostaglandinF2α (8-iso-PGF2α) by ELISA. Oil Red staining was carried out to evaluate the lipid deposits in the rats' aortic arteries. Sirius Red staining was performed to display collagen fibers in the arteries. Hematoxylin and Eosin (HE) staining was applied to reveal pathological changes to arteries and cardiac tissue. Immunohistochemical staining was employed to assess the distribution of inflammatory cytokine IL-1β in arteries and cardiac tissues. Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) was performed to observe the ultrastructure of hippocampal cornu ammonis (CA)1 (CA1) neurons. Results In the rats with HFD+UCMS+GBE, over 13 weeks, GBE exerted a protective role of both the heart and brain, by attenuating cardiac inflammation and brain oxidative stress. Levels of Helper T lymphocytes and serum anti-inflammatory cytokines involving IL-37 and IL-38 were all elevated, and the depressive behaviors of HFD+UCMS rats were attenuated by GBE. This protective role was accomplished via inhibition of the canonical NF-κB signaling pathway, through downregulation of the expressions of P-P65 and P-IκB-α in the heart, hippocampus, cortex, and hypothalamus. Conclusions This study suggests that GBE poses a protective role from the various pathologies associated with high-fat diets, unpredictable chronic mild stress, and depression, possibly via improving peripheral immunity and reducing cardiac and brain inflammation.
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Noor-E-Tabassum, Das R, Lami MS, Chakraborty AJ, Mitra S, Tallei TE, Idroes R, Mohamed AAR, Hossain MJ, Dhama K, Mostafa-Hedeab G, Emran TB. Ginkgo biloba: A Treasure of Functional Phytochemicals with Multimedicinal Applications. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2022; 2022:8288818. [PMID: 35265150 PMCID: PMC8901348 DOI: 10.1155/2022/8288818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Ginkgo biloba is an ancient plant species that is thought to provide a variety of health benefits to living organisms and contains plenty of bioactive components, making it a chemically diversified plant. G. biloba has been shown to have a variety of medicinal and pharmacological properties, including anticancer, antidementia, antidiabetic, antiobesity, antilipidemic, antimicrobial, antioxidant, antilipid peroxidation, antiplatelet, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, antidepressant, antiaging, immunomodulatory, antihypertensive, and neuroprotective effects and is frequently used to treat neurological, cardiovascular, and respiratory diseases, such as tardive dyskinesia. Therefore, this review described the therapeutic applications of G. biloba. In addition to describing the therapeutic potential, this review also evaluates the chemical constituents, toxicity, adverse effect, synergistic effect, and the clinical studies of this plant which have been utilized for therapeutic benefits but have demonstrated other consequences. The capacity of G. biloba components to act as free radical scavengers is critical, and combining its extract with other plant extracts has been shown to synergistically boost antioxidant properties. G. biloba used long-term or at high doses that resulted in some adverse effects. Severe drug interactions have also been reported in both animals and humans when combined with other medications. The available data established from both preclinical and clinical studies confirm the potential of G. biloba plant extract in various diseases. Besides, the safety and efficacy of G. biloba continue to require verification through additional experimentation to guide medicinal use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noor-E-Tabassum
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Rajib Das
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Mashia Subha Lami
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Arka Jyoti Chakraborty
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Saikat Mitra
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Trina Ekawati Tallei
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Sam Ratulangi University, Manado 95115, North Sulawesi, Indonesia
- The University Centre of Excellence for Biotechnology and Conservation of Wallacea, Institute for Research and Community Services, Sam Ratulangi University, Manado 95115, North Sulawesi, Indonesia
| | - Rinaldi Idroes
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Kopelma Darussalam, Banda Aceh 23111, Indonesia
| | | | - Md. Jamal Hossain
- Department of Pharmacy, State University of Bangladesh, 77 Satmasjid Road, Dhanmondi, Dhaka 1205, Bangladesh
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Gomaa Mostafa-Hedeab
- Pharmacology Department, Health Sciences Research Unit, Medical College, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia
| | - Talha Bin Emran
- Department of Pharmacy, BGC Trust University Bangladesh, Chittagong 4381, Bangladesh
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10
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Abdel-Emam RA, Abd-Eldayem AM. Systemic and topical Ginkgo biloba leaf extract (Egb-761) ameliorated rat paw inflammation in comparison to dexamethasone. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 282:114619. [PMID: 34520829 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2021] [Revised: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Ginkgo Biloba leaf extract (Egb-761) is used for treating various inflammatory disease conditions therefore this study was performed. AIM OF THE STUDY The present study aimed at comparing the ameliorative effects of both systemic and topical Egb-761 versus dexamethasone on carrageenan-induced hind paw inflammation in rats. MATERIAL AND METHODS Wistar albino rats were injected with carrageenan solution in the sub-planter region of the right hind paw. Egb-761 and dexamethasone were administered systemically to two groups while Egb-761 ointment 2% and dexamethasone sodium phosphate ointment were applied topically for another two groups. Vernier Caliper was used to assess rat paw thickness. Tissue malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) levels have been estimated. RESULTS Carrageenan induced a significant rat paw edema and inflammation noticed 1 h post-injection as well as an increase of MDA, NO, and TNF-α in the inflamed skin tissues compared to the control group. Systemic and topical administration of Egb-761 and dexamethasone resulted in a significant reduction in carrageenan-induced rat paw edema. They reduced the tissue levels of MDA, NO, and TNF-α. Dexamethasone showed a little bit superior anti-inflammatory and antioxidant efficacy over Egb-761. CONCLUSION Our findings indicate the possibility of the therapeutic value of Egb-761 for alleviation of local inflammation by attenuating the increased MDA, NO and TNF-α levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rania A Abdel-Emam
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt.
| | - Ahmed M Abd-Eldayem
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt; Alghad International Colleges of Applied Medical Sciences, Abha, Saudi Arabia.
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11
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Liu M, Zhang L, Tao S, Lu N, Pan R. Anti-Inflammation Relieving Heart Dysfunction and Depressive Behaviors of Mice Under Myocardial Infarction and Chronic Stress. HEART AND MIND 2022. [DOI: 10.4103/hm.hm_9_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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12
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Barth SW, Lehner MD, Dietz GPH, Schulze H. Pharmacologic treatments in preclinical tinnitus models with special focus on Ginkgo biloba leaf extract EGb 761®. Mol Cell Neurosci 2021; 116:103669. [PMID: 34560255 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2021.103669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Tinnitus is defined as the perception of sound in the absence of external acoustic stimuli. Frequent comorbidities or associated factors are depression, anxiety, concentration problems, insomnia, resignation, helplessness, headache, bruxism, or social isolation, just to name a few. Although many therapeutic approaches have already been tested with varying success, there still is no cure available for tinnitus. The search for an effective treatment has been hampered by the fact that the mechanisms of tinnitus development are still not fully understood, although several models are available and discussed in this review. Our review will give a brief overview about preclinical models, presenting the heterogeneity of tinnitus sub-types depending on the different inner ear and brain structures involved in tinnitus etiology and pathogenesis. Based on these models we introduce the different target structures and transmitter systems implicated in tinnitus development and provide an extensive overview on preclinical drug-based therapeutic approaches that have been explored in various animal models. As the special extract from Ginkgo biloba leaves EGb 761® has been the most widely tested drug in both non-clinical tinnitus models as well as in clinical trials, a special focus will be given to EGb 761®. The efficacy of terpene lactones, flavone glycosides and proanthocyanidines with their distinct contribution to the overall efficacy profile of the multi-constituent drug EGb 761® will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan W Barth
- Department of Global Medical Affairs, Dr. Willmar Schwabe GmbH & Co. KG, Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Martin D Lehner
- Department of Preclinical Research & Development, Dr. Willmar Schwabe GmbH & Co. KG, Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Gunnar P H Dietz
- Department of Global Medical Affairs, Dr. Willmar Schwabe GmbH & Co. KG, Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Holger Schulze
- Experimental Otolaryngology, ENT-Hospital, Head and Neck Surgery, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany.
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13
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Moragrega I, Ríos JL. Medicinal Plants in the Treatment of Depression: Evidence from Preclinical Studies. PLANTA MEDICA 2021; 87:656-685. [PMID: 33434941 DOI: 10.1055/a-1338-1011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Medicinal plants and their extracts are natural remedies with enormous potential for treating various diseases, including depression and anxiety. In the case of depression, hundreds of plants have traditionally been used in folk medicine for generations. Different plant extracts and natural products have been analyzed as potential antidepressant agents with validated models to test for antidepressant-like effects in animals, although other complementary studies have also been employed. Most of these studies focus on the possible mediators implicated in these potential effects, with dopamine, serotonin, and noradrenaline being the principal neurotransmitters implicated, both through interference with receptors and with their metabolism by monoamino oxidases, as well as through neuro-endocrine and neuroprotective effects. There are approximately 650 reports of antidepressant-like medicinal plants in PubMed; 155 of them have been compiled in this review, with a relevant group yielding positive results. Saffron and turmeric are the most relevant species studied in both preclinical and clinical studies; St. John's wort or kava have also been tested extensively. To the best of our knowledge, no review to date has provided a comprehensive understanding of the biomolecular mechanisms of action of these herbs or of whether their potential effects could have real benefits. The purpose of this narrative review is to provide an update regarding medicinal plants from the year 2000 to the present to examine the therapeutic potential of these antidepressant-like plants in order to contribute to the development of new therapeutic methods to alleviate the tremendous burden that depression causes worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inés Moragrega
- Departament de Psicobiologia, Facultat de Psicologia, Universitat de València
| | - José Luis Ríos
- Departament de Farmacologia, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de València
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14
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Jia Z, Yang J, Cao Z, Zhao J, Zhang J, Lu Y, Chu L, Zhang S, Chen Y, Pei L. Baicalin ameliorates chronic unpredictable mild stress-induced depression through the BDNF/ERK/CREB signaling pathway. Behav Brain Res 2021; 414:113463. [PMID: 34280458 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) can activate the extracellular regulated protein kinase (ERK)/cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) cascade revealing an important role in antidepressant effects. Here, we studied the neuroprotective effect of baicalin (BA) in mice with chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS)-induced via a BDNF/ERK/CREB signaling pathway. Depression was induced via six weeks of CUMS in male ICR mice, and drug therapy was given simultaneously for the last three weeks. Cognitive dysfunctions were then evaluated via sucrose preference test (SPT), open field test (OFT), Morris water maze test (MWM), tail suspension test (TST), and novelty suppressed feeding test (NSF). Western blot and real-time PCR were then used to detect the relative expression of ERK, CREB, p-ERK, and p-CREB. Integrated optical density (IOD) tests of p-ERK and p-CREB were then evaluated via immunofluorescence. The behavior results showed that the cognitive dysfunctions increased in the CUMS group versus the control (CON) group (p < 0.01). There were decreases in fluoxetine (FLU) and BA groups (p < 0.05, p < 0.01). The protein ratios of p-ERK/ERK, p-CREB/CREB and ERK mRNA, and CREB mRNA expression decreased in the CUMS group (p < 0.01) and markedly increased in the FLU and BA groups (p < 0.05, p < 0.01). The IOD value of the p-ERK and p-CREB in the CUMS group was decreased versus the CON group (p < 0.01), and these changes were improved via BA and FLU treatment (p < 0.05, p < 0.01). This study indicated that BA can improve cognitive functions and has antidepressant effects in mice, which may be associated with activation of the BDNF/ERK/CREB signaling pathway in the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixia Jia
- Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Jiali Yang
- Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Zhuoqing Cao
- Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Turbidity, Hebei Academy of Chinese Medicine Sciences, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050011, China
| | - Jinhu Zhang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Turbidity, Hebei Academy of Chinese Medicine Sciences, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050011, China
| | - Ye Lu
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Turbidity, Hebei Academy of Chinese Medicine Sciences, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050011, China
| | - Li Chu
- Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Shaodan Zhang
- The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China.
| | - Yuan Chen
- The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China.
| | - Lin Pei
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Turbidity, Hebei Academy of Chinese Medicine Sciences, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050011, China.
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15
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Zhao J, Zhang Y, Liu Y, Tang WQ, Ji CH, Gu JH, Jiang B. Antidepressant-like effects of 1-methylnicotinamide in a chronic unpredictable mild stress model of depression. Neurosci Lett 2021; 742:135535. [PMID: 33248165 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2020.135535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Depression is one of the most common psychiatric disorders, and there is strong demand for developing novel antidepressants with better efficacy and less adverse effects. 1-Methylnicotinamide (MNA) is a main metabolite of nicotinamide and has been demonstrated to possess biological effects in the brain. This study aimed to evaluate the antidepressant-like effects of MNA in mice, and the possible antidepressant mechanism was also determined. The forced swim test (FST), tail suspension test (TST), chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) model of depression, western blotting method and K252a (a pharmacological inhibitor of the BDNF receptor) were used together in the present study. It was found that a single injection of MNA (100 and 200 mg/kg) displayed notable antidepressant-like potential in the FST and TST without affecting the locomotor activity of mice. Repeated administration of MNA (100 and 200 mg/kg) for 2 weeks fully reversed not only the CUMS-induced depressive-like symptoms in mice but also the CUMS-induced decrease in the hippocampal BDNF signaling pathway. Furthermore, the usage of K252a fully blocked the antidepressant-like effects of MNA in the FST, TST and CUMS model of depression. Collectively, MNA possess an antidepressant-like effect in mice which is mediated, at least in part, through promoting the hippocampal BDNF signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, The Sixth People's Hospital of Nantong, Nantong, 226011 Jiangsu, China
| | - Yin Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001 Jiangsu, China
| | - Yue Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001 Jiangsu, China; Provincial Key Laboratory of Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Nantong, 226001 Jiangsu, China
| | - Wen-Qian Tang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001 Jiangsu, China; Provincial Key Laboratory of Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Nantong, 226001 Jiangsu, China
| | - Chun-Hui Ji
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001 Jiangsu, China; Provincial Key Laboratory of Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Nantong, 226001 Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiang-Hong Gu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001 Jiangsu, China; Provincial Key Laboratory of Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Nantong, 226001 Jiangsu, China
| | - Bo Jiang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001 Jiangsu, China; Provincial Key Laboratory of Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Nantong, 226001 Jiangsu, China.
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16
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Chen KJ. Chinese Expert Consensus on Clinical Application of Oral Ginkgo biloba Preparations (2020). Chin J Integr Med 2021; 27:163-169. [PMID: 33420582 DOI: 10.1007/s11655-021-3289-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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17
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Zhang H, Cao N, Yang Z, Fang X, Yang X, Li H, Hong Z, Ji Z. Bilobalide Alleviated Dextran Sulfate Sodium-Induced Experimental Colitis by Inhibiting M1 Macrophage Polarization Through the NF-κB Signaling Pathway. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:718. [PMID: 32670051 PMCID: PMC7326085 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bilobalide, a unique Ginkgo biloba constituent has attracted significant interest as a novel therapeutic option for neuronal protection. However, there is paucity of data on its effect on colitis. This work sought to evaluate the effect of bilobalide on macrophage polarization in vitro and dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) induced colitis in vivo. Through the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) and annexin V/PI assay, it was shown that bilobalide has no significant toxicity on macrophage. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) induced macrophage activation and polarization were significantly suppressed by bilobalide as indicated by reduced expression of cytokine, major histocompatibility complex II (MHC-II), and CD11c. Pertinently, the signaling pathway study showed that the phosphorylation of p65 and its nuclear translocation were decreased while STAT1 was not affected. In DSS-treated mice, administration (i.g) of three doses of bilobalide na\mely 1.25 mg/kg (low dose group), 2.5 mg/kg (medium dose group), and 5 mg/kg (high dose group) was performed daily starting from day 1 to day 10. Medium and high dose bilobalide markedly reduced the inflammation of colitis proved via elevation of bodyweight, decrement in disease activity index (DAI), alleviation of colon damage as well as reduction in activity of colon tissue myeloperoxidase activity. In accordance with the in vitro results, the levels of inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin 6 (IL-6), IL-1β, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) in serum as well as messenger RNA (mRNA) expression in colon were obviously reduced in the bilobalide treated groups. Also, factor nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathway was decreased significantly by bilobalide treatment. Collectively, these results indicated that administration of bilobalide improved experimental colitis via inhibition of M1 macrophage polarization through the NF-κB signaling pathway. Thus, bilobalide could act as a potential drug for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in the not-too-distant future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing Lishui District People's Hospital, Zhongda Hospital Lishui Branch, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Nengqi Cao
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing Lishui District People's Hospital, Zhongda Hospital Lishui Branch, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhilong Yang
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing Lishui District People's Hospital, Zhongda Hospital Lishui Branch, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xingchao Fang
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing Lishui District People's Hospital, Zhongda Hospital Lishui Branch, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xinyu Yang
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing Lishui District People's Hospital, Zhongda Hospital Lishui Branch, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hao Li
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing Lishui District People's Hospital, Zhongda Hospital Lishui Branch, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhi Hong
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing Lishui District People's Hospital, Zhongda Hospital Lishui Branch, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhenling Ji
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing Lishui District People's Hospital, Zhongda Hospital Lishui Branch, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
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