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Sequeira L, Benfeito S, Fernandes C, Lima I, Peixoto J, Alves C, Machado CS, Gaspar A, Borges F, Chavarria D. Drug Development for Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Disease: Where Do We Go Now? Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:708. [PMID: 38931832 PMCID: PMC11206728 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16060708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) are a set of progressive, chronic, and incurable diseases characterized by the gradual loss of neurons, culminating in the decline of cognitive and/or motor functions. Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD) are the most common NDs and represent an enormous burden both in terms of human suffering and economic cost. The available therapies for AD and PD only provide symptomatic and palliative relief for a limited period and are unable to modify the diseases' progression. Over the last decades, research efforts have been focused on developing new pharmacological treatments for these NDs. However, to date, no breakthrough treatment has been discovered. Hence, the development of disease-modifying drugs able to halt or reverse the progression of NDs remains an unmet clinical need. This review summarizes the major hallmarks of AD and PD and the drugs available for pharmacological treatment. It also sheds light on potential directions that can be pursued to develop new, disease-modifying drugs to treat AD and PD, describing as representative examples some advances in the development of drug candidates targeting oxidative stress and adenosine A2A receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Fernanda Borges
- CIQUP-IMS—Centro de Investigação em Química da Universidade do Porto, Institute of Molecular Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, R. Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Daniel Chavarria
- CIQUP-IMS—Centro de Investigação em Química da Universidade do Porto, Institute of Molecular Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, R. Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
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Chavarria D, Benfeito S, Soares P, Lima C, Garrido J, Serrão P, Soares-da-Silva P, Remião F, Oliveira PJ, Borges F. Boosting caffeic acid performance as antioxidant and monoamine oxidase B/catechol-O-methyltransferase inhibitor. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 243:114740. [PMID: 36116233 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Increased oxidative stress (OS) and depletion of nigrostriatal dopamine (DA) are closely linked to the neurodegeneration observed in Parkinson's Disease (PD). Caffeic acid (CA)-based antioxidants were developed, and their inhibitory activities towards monoamine oxidases (MAOs) and catechol O-methyltransferases (COMT) were screened. The results showed that the incorporation of an extra double bond maintained or even boosted the antioxidant properties of CA. α-CN derivatives displayed redox potentials (Ep) similar to CA (1) and inhibited hMAO-B with low μM IC50 values. Moreover, catechol amides acted as MB-COMT inhibitors, showing IC50 values within the low μM range. In general, CA derivatives presented safe cytotoxicity profiles at concentrations up to 10 μM. The formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) induced by CA derivatives may be underlying the cytotoxic effects observed at higher concentrations. Catechol amides 3-6, 8-11 at 10 μM protected cells against oxidative damage. Compounds 3 and 8 were predicted to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) by passive diffusion. In summary, we report for the first time BBB-permeant CA-based multitarget lead compounds that may restore DAergic neurotransmission (dual hMAO-B/MB-COMT inhibition) and prevent oxidative damage. The data represents a groundbreaking advancement towards the discovery of the next generation of new drugs for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Chavarria
- CIQUP-IMS/Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
| | - Sofia Benfeito
- CIQUP-IMS/Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
| | - Pedro Soares
- CIQUP-IMS/Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
| | - Carla Lima
- CIQUP-IMS/Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
| | - Jorge Garrido
- CIQUP-IMS/Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal; Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering (ISEP), Polytechnic of Porto, 4200-072, Porto, Portugal
| | - Paula Serrão
- Department of Biomedicine - Unit of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319, Porto, Portugal; MedInUP - Center for Drug Discovery and Innovative Medicines, University of Porto, 4200-319, Porto, Portugal
| | - Patrício Soares-da-Silva
- Department of Biomedicine - Unit of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319, Porto, Portugal; MedInUP - Center for Drug Discovery and Innovative Medicines, University of Porto, 4200-319, Porto, Portugal
| | - Fernando Remião
- UCIBIO-REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Paulo J Oliveira
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, CIBB-Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology. University of Coimbra, UC Biotech Building, Cantanhede, Portugal
| | - Fernanda Borges
- CIQUP-IMS/Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal.
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Mathukumalli NL, Kandadai MR, Shaik JA, Kanikannan MA, Borgohain R. Serum B12, Homocysteine Levels, and their Effect on Peripheral Neuropathy in Parkinson's Disease: Indian Cohort. Ann Indian Acad Neurol 2020; 23:48-53. [PMID: 32055122 PMCID: PMC7001434 DOI: 10.4103/aian.aian_478_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Cobalamin deficiency, either due to dietary inadequacy or increased consumption attributable to levodopa-mediated metabolic disturbance, and resultant hyperhomocysteinemia may contribute to peripheral neuropathy (PN) in Parkinson's disease (PD). Aim: The aim of the study is to assess the prevalence of Vitamin B12 deficiency, hyperhomocysteinemia in Indian PD patients, and their association with PN. Materials and Methods: Clinical details were collected in 93 patients over a period of 2 years. Seventy controls were included in the study. Serum B12, homocysteine, folate, electroneurography, and autonomic function tests were done. The prevalence of B12 deficiency and hyperhomocysteinemia in PD patients and controls was assessed. The association of B12 and homocysteine levels with patients’ age, disease duration, levodopa equivalent daily dose, cumulative levodopa dose, Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale-III off score, modified Hoehn and Yahr score, and presence or absence of PN was studied. Results: Serum B12, homocysteine levels, prevalence of B12 deficiency, and hyperhomocysteinemia were no different between cases and controls. Seven of 93 (9.68%) PD patients had PN. The median values of serum B12, folate, and homocysteine levels across patients with or without PN could not be compared as only seven of our patients had PN. Conclusion: The prevalence of B12 deficiency, hyperhomocysteinemia, and incidence of PN among our patients is very less when compared to the Western population. The conjecture that PN in PD patients may be secondary to B12 deficiency/hyperhomocysteinemia stands as a speculation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mridula R Kandadai
- Department of Neurology, Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Jabeen A Shaik
- Department of Neurology, Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Meena A Kanikannan
- Department of Neurology, Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Rupam Borgohain
- Department of Neurology, Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
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Katsaiti I, Nixon J. Are There Benefits in Adding Catechol-O Methyltransferase Inhibitors in the Pharmacotherapy of Parkinson's Disease Patients? A Systematic Review. JOURNAL OF PARKINSONS DISEASE 2019; 8:217-231. [PMID: 29614697 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-171225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A qualified consensus suggests that a combination of levodopa with a peripherally acting dopa decarboxylase inhibitor continues to present the gold standard treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD). However, as the disease progresses the therapeutic window of levodopa becomes narrowed. Pharmacological strategies for motor fluctuations are focused on providing less pulsatile and more continuous dopaminergic stimulation. Peripheral catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) inhibition improves the bioavailability of levodopa and results in a prolonged response. OBJECTIVE The primary aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy and safety of the two available COMT inhibitors; entacapone and tolcapone and the recently introduced opicapone. METHODS Electronic databases were systematically searched for original studies published within the last 37 years. In addition, lists of identified studies, reviews and their references were examined. RESULTS Twelve studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria. 3701 patients with PD were included in this systematic review. CONCLUSIONS Adjuvant treatment of PD patients experiencing motor fluctuations with entacapone resulted in improvement of motor function and was well tolerated. Therefore, entacapone presented an acceptable benefit to risk ratio. Tolcapone appeared to result in a greater therapeutic effect. However, this was not consistent across all motor variables and studies, and thus would not support its use, given the current onerous monitoring that is required. Opicapone was not associated with adverse reactions in a phase III trial but did not present a greater efficacy than entacapone, and thus further studies are required in order to illustrate its cost effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Katsaiti
- Current Medical Student, Lancaster Medical School, Lancaster, UK
| | - John Nixon
- Consultant Neurologist, Lancashire Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Preston, UK
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Khan AU, Akram M, Daniyal M, Zainab R. Awareness and current knowledge of Parkinson’s disease: a neurodegenerative disorder. Int J Neurosci 2018; 129:55-93. [DOI: 10.1080/00207454.2018.1486837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Asmat Ullah Khan
- Department of Pharmacology, Laboratory of Neuroanatomy and Neuropsychobiology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School of the University of São Paulo (FMRP-USP), São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Eastern Medicine and Surgery, School of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Poonch Rawalakot, Rawalakot, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Akram
- Department of Eastern Medicine and Surgery, Directorate of Medical Sciences, Old Campus, Allama Iqbal Road, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Daniyal
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation and Development Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
- College of Biology, Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, State Key Laboratory of Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Rida Zainab
- Department of Eastern Medicine and Surgery, Directorate of Medical Sciences, Old Campus, Allama Iqbal Road, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
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Finberg JPM. Inhibitors of MAO-B and COMT: their effects on brain dopamine levels and uses in Parkinson's disease. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2018; 126:433-448. [PMID: 30386930 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-018-1952-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
MAO-B and COMT are both enzymes involved in dopamine breakdown and metabolism. Inhibitors of these enzymes are used in the treatment of Parkinson's disease. This review article describes the scientific background to the localization and function of the enzymes, the physiological changes resulting from their inhibition, and the basic and clinical pharmacology of the various inhibitors and their role in treatment of Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P M Finberg
- Neuroscience Group, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Haifa, Israel.
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Abstract
Movement disorders can be challenging to manage and often use a specific set of medications. Because it is a complex and broad field within neurology, many providers are unfamiliar with the classes of medications. This paper details medications used for specific conditions, explains why these medications are helpful, and shares pearls and pitfalls related to each agent, focusing on parameters such as dose titration, side effect profiles, and specific drug-drug interactions and challenges. We focus on the most commonly encountered movement disorders, including essential tremor, Parkinson's disease, rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder, and restless leg syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Julius
- VA Puget Sound, University of Washington Medical Center, 1660 South Columbian Way, Seattle, WA 98108, USA
| | - Katelan Longfellow
- VA Puget Sound, University of Washington Medical Center, 1660 South Columbian Way, Seattle, WA 98108, USA.
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Bedi G, Shiffrin L, Vadhan NP, Nunes EV, Foltin RW, Bisaga A. Effects of levodopa-carbidopa-entacapone and smoked cocaine on facial affect recognition in cocaine smokers. J Psychopharmacol 2016; 30:370-7. [PMID: 26921145 PMCID: PMC4794345 DOI: 10.1177/0269881115626308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
In addition to difficulties in daily social functioning, regular cocaine users have decrements in social processing (the cognitive and affective processes underlying social behavior) relative to non-users. Little is known, however, about the effects of clinically-relevant pharmacological agents, such as cocaine and potential treatment medications, on social processing in cocaine users. Such drug effects could potentially alleviate or compound baseline social processing decrements in cocaine abusers. Here, we assessed the individual and combined effects of smoked cocaine and a potential treatment medication, levodopa-carbidopa-entacapone (LCE), on facial emotion recognition in cocaine smokers. Healthy non-treatment-seeking cocaine smokers (N = 14; two female) completed this 11-day inpatient within-subjects study. Participants received LCE (titrated to 400mg/100mg/200mg b.i.d.) for five days with the remaining time on placebo. The order of medication administration was counterbalanced. Facial emotion recognition was measured twice during target LCE dosing and twice on placebo: once without cocaine and once after repeated cocaine doses. LCE increased the response threshold for identification of facial fear, biasing responses away from fear identification. Cocaine had no effect on facial emotion recognition. Results highlight the possibility for candidate pharmacotherapies to have unintended impacts on social processing in cocaine users, potentially exacerbating already existing difficulties in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gillinder Bedi
- Division on Substance Abuse, New York State Psychiatric Institute, and Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Laura Shiffrin
- Division on Substance Abuse, New York State Psychiatric Institute, and Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Nehal P. Vadhan
- Department of Psychiatry, Stony Brook University School of Medicine
| | - Edward V. Nunes
- Division on Substance Abuse, New York State Psychiatric Institute, and Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Richard W. Foltin
- Division on Substance Abuse, New York State Psychiatric Institute, and Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Adam Bisaga
- Division on Substance Abuse, New York State Psychiatric Institute, and Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, NY
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Ibrahimagic OC, Smajlovic D, Dostovic Z, Pasic Z, Kunic S, Iljazovic A, Hajdarevic DS. HYPERHOMOCYSTEINEMIA AND ITS TREATMENT IN PATIENTS WITH PARKINSON'S DISEASE. Mater Sociomed 2016; 28:303-306. [PMID: 27698607 PMCID: PMC5034996 DOI: 10.5455/msm.2016.28.303-306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Homocysteine is process-product of methionine demethylation. It has proatherogenic, prothrombotic, prooxidative, proapoptotic, osteoporotic, neurotoxic, neuroinflamatory, and neurodegenerative effects. Hyperhomocysteinemia correlates with C667T MTHFR mutation, decrease of folic acid and vitamin B, as well as prolonged use of certain medications. Materials and Methods: We measured levels of homocysteine in thirty patients (15::15) with “de novo” Parkinson’s disease, with average age 64.17 ± 13.19 (28-82) years (Department of Neurology, University Clinical Center Tuzla). Normal level of homocysteine for women was 3.36-20.44 micromole/l and 5.9-16 micromole/l for men. We followed the effects of medicament approach (folic acid) every six months for next five years. Results: 20% of patients with “de novo” Parkinson’s disease exhibited hyperhomocysteinemia. An average level of homocysteine was 13.85 ± 5.82 micromole/l. Differences due to age and homocysteine levels, regardless of sex, were not concluded. For the next five years intake of folic acid (periodically, 1-2 months, 5 mg per day, orally) was effective to normalized levels of homocysteine in all. Conclusion: Hyperhomocysteinemia is present in every fifth patient with “de novo” Parkinson’s disease. Folic acid is medication of choice in treatment of hyperhomocysteinemia coexisting with Parkinson’s disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omer C Ibrahimagic
- Department of Neurology, University Clinical Center Tuzla, Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Dzevdet Smajlovic
- Department of Neurology, University Clinical Center Tuzla, Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Zikrija Dostovic
- Department of Neurology, University Clinical Center Tuzla, Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Zejneba Pasic
- Department of Neurology, University Clinical Center Tuzla, Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Suljo Kunic
- Department of Neurology, University Clinical Center Tuzla, Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Amra Iljazovic
- Department of Neurology, University Clinical Center Tuzla, Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina
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Gershanik OS. Improving L-dopa therapy: the development of enzyme inhibitors. Mov Disord 2014; 30:103-13. [PMID: 25335824 DOI: 10.1002/mds.26050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Revised: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The introduction of levodopa produced a monumental change in the treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD). Limitations in its bioavailability and tolerability led to the search for drugs that could improve its pharmacokinetics and safety profile. Dopa-decarboxylase inhibitors were the first such drugs that were developed, and their use in combination with L-dopa has become standard practice. Increasing knowledge on the metabolism of L-dopa allowed the identification of additional targets for intervention in an attempt to improve the symptomatic efficacy of L-dopa. Monoamineoxidase inhibitors, enhancing the central bioavailability of dopamine by blocking its metabolism, were the next step, and despite controversies regarding their efficacy, they have remained as valuable adjuncts to l-dopa in the treatment of PD. More recently, the introduction of potent, selective catechol-O-methyl transferase inhibitors have found their place in the therapeutic armamentarium of PD and are prescribed in combination with l-dopa to prolong the duration of its action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar S Gershanik
- Institute of Neuroscience, Favaloro Foundation University Hospital, Solis 461, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Efficacy of levodopa/carbidopa/entacapone versus levodopa/carbidopa in patients with early Parkinson's disease experiencing mild wearing-off: a randomised, double-blind trial. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2013; 121:357-66. [PMID: 24253234 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-013-1114-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2013] [Accepted: 10/29/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
To compare the efficacy and safety of levodopa/carbidopa/entacapone (LCE) with levodopa/carbidopa (LC) on Parkinson's disease (PD) patients with mild, or only minimally disabling motor complications. A prospective 3-month, multicentre, parallel-group, double-blind, and randomised phase IV study was performed. The primary endpoint was to assess the efficacy of LCE compared to LC on ADLs using the UPDRS part II. Secondary endpoints were assessed by the UPDRS (I, III and IV) scores, QUICK and PDQ-39 questionnaires, and patient and investigator clinical global impression (CGI). Ninety-five patients were randomly assigned to treatment with LCE (100/25/200 or 150/37.5/200 mg tablets, n = 46) or LC (100/25 mg tablets, n = 49), at the same levodopa dose that were administered before randomization. Treatment with LCE resulted in significantly greater improvement in UPDRS part II (ADLs) scores compared to treatment with LC (adjusted mean difference between groups of -1.5 points) (p = 0.0288). Amelioration was also observed in UPDRS part III scores (p = 0.010), and CGI (patient and investigator) scores (p = 0.015, and p = 0.028, respectively). LCE and LC were generally well tolerated with 78 % of subjects completing the study. Most AEs (50 % in LCE and 71.4 % in LC) were classified as mild. No serious AEs were related to the treatment. Treatment with LCE results in improved efficacy compared to LC in PD patients with mild, or minimally disabling motor fluctuations, maintaining a good safety and tolerability profile.
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Mínguez-Mínguez S, Solís-García del Pozo J, Jordán J. Rasagiline in Parkinson's disease: A review based on meta-analysis of clinical data. Pharmacol Res 2013; 74:78-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2013.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2013] [Revised: 05/24/2013] [Accepted: 05/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Colamartino M, Padua L, Meneghini C, Leone S, Cornetta T, Testa A, Cozzi R. Protective Effects of L-Dopa and Carbidopa Combined Treatments on Human Catecholaminergic Cells. DNA Cell Biol 2012; 31:1572-9. [DOI: 10.1089/dna.2011.1546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Luca Padua
- Department of Neurosciences, Institute of Neurology, Catholic University, Rome, Italy
- Don Carlo Gnocchi Foundation, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Stefano Leone
- Department of Biology, University “Roma TRE,” Roma, Italy
| | | | - Antonella Testa
- Radiation Biology and Human Health Unit (UT-BIORAD), Research Centre ENEA, Casaccia, Italy
| | - Renata Cozzi
- Department of Biology, University “Roma TRE,” Roma, Italy
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Gonçalves D, Alves G, Soares-da-Silva P, Falcão A. Bioanalytical chromatographic methods for the determination of catechol-O-methyltransferase inhibitors in rodents and human samples: A review. Anal Chim Acta 2012; 710:17-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2011.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2011] [Revised: 10/09/2011] [Accepted: 10/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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