Liu H, He S, Li C, Wang J, Zou Q, Liao Y, Chen R. Tetrandrine alleviates inflammation and neuron apoptosis in experimental traumatic brain injury by regulating the IRE1α/JNK/CHOP signal pathway.
Brain Behav 2022;
12:e2786. [PMID:
36377337 PMCID:
PMC9759135 DOI:
10.1002/brb3.2786]
[Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM
The aim of this study was to investigate the therapeutic roles of Tetrandrine (TET) on traumatic brain injury (TBI) and the underlying mechanism.
METHOD
Traumatic injury model of hippocampal neurons and TBI mouse model were established to evaluate the therapeutic effects. The expression of neuron-specific enolase (NSE), Caspase 3, and Caspase 12 was detected by immunofluorescence. The expression of TNF-α, NF-κB, TRAF1, ERS markers (GADD34 and p-PERK), IRE1α, CHOP, JNK, and p-JNK were evaluated by western blot. Flow cytometry was used to determine the apoptosis of neurons. Brain injury was assessed by Garcia score, cerebral water content, and Evan blue extravasation test. Hematoxylin and eosin staining was used to determine the morphological changes of hippocampal tissue. Apoptosis was assessed by TUNEL staining.
RESULT
In traumatic injury model of hippocampal neurons, TET downregulated NSE, TNF-α, NF-κB, TRAF1, GADD34, p-PERK, IRE1α, CHOP, and p-JNK expression. TET reduced Caspase 3 and Caspase 12 cleavage. Apoptosis rate was inhibited by the introduction of TET. TET improved the Garcia neural score, decreased the cerebral water content and Evans blue extravasation, and reduced NSE, TNF-α, NF-κB, TRAF1, IRE1α, CHOP, and p-JNK expression in mice with TBI, which was significantly reversed by Anisomycin, a JNK selective activator.
CONCLUSION
TET alleviated inflammation and neuron apoptosis in experimental TBI by regulating the IRE1α/JNK/CHOP signal pathway.
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