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Sato M, Kiyota N, Yabana T, Maekawa S, Tsuda S, Omodaka K, Himori N, Yokoyama Y, Nakazawa T. The association between intraocular pressure dynamics during dark-room prone testing and intraocular pressure over a relatively long-term follow-up period in primary open-glaucoma patients. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2024; 262:949-956. [PMID: 37864634 PMCID: PMC10907413 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-023-06257-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/23/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the relationship between the dynamics of intraocular pressure (IOP) during dark-room prone testing (DRPT) and IOP over a relatively long-term follow-up period. METHODS This retrospective study enrolled 84 eyes of 51 primary open-angle glaucoma patients who underwent DRPT for whom at least three IOP measurements made using Goldmann applanation tonometry were available over a maximum follow-up period of two years. We excluded eyes with a history of intraocular surgery or laser treatment and those with changes in topical anti-glaucoma medication during the follow-up period. In DRPT, IOP was measured in the sitting position, and after 60 min in the prone position in a dark room, IOP was measured again. In this study, IOP fluctuation refers to the standard deviation (SD) of IOP, and IOP max indicates the maximum value of IOP during the follow-up. The relationship between these parameters was analyzed with a linear mixed-effects model, adjusting for clinical parameters including age, gender, and axial length. RESULTS IOP increased after DRPT with a mean of 6.13 ± 3.55 mmHg. IOP max was significantly associated with IOP after DRPT (β = 0.38; p < 0.001). IOP fluctuation was significantly associated with IOP change in DRPT (β = 0.29; p = 0.007). CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that short-term and relatively long-term IOP dynamics are associated. Long-term IOP dynamics can be predicted by DRPT to some extent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masataka Sato
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Naoki Kiyota
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Takeshi Yabana
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Shigeto Maekawa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Satoru Tsuda
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Kazuko Omodaka
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Noriko Himori
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Miyagi, Japan
- Department of Aging Vision Healthcare, Tohoku University Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Yu Yokoyama
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Toru Nakazawa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Miyagi, Japan.
- Department of Ophthalmic Imaging and Information Analytics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Miyagi, Japan.
- Department of Retinal Disease Control, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Miyagi, Japan.
- Department of Advanced Ophthalmic Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Miyagi, Japan.
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Wu KY, Mina M, Carbonneau M, Marchand M, Tran SD. Advancements in Wearable and Implantable Intraocular Pressure Biosensors for Ophthalmology: A Comprehensive Review. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:1915. [PMID: 37893352 PMCID: PMC10609220 DOI: 10.3390/mi14101915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
Glaucoma, marked by its intricate association with intraocular pressure (IOP), stands as a predominant cause of non-reversible vision loss. In this review, the physiological relevance of IOP is detailed, alongside its potential pathological consequences. The review further delves into innovative engineering solutions for IOP monitoring, highlighting the latest advancements in wearable and implantable sensors and their potential in enhancing glaucoma management. These technological innovations are interwoven with clinical practice, underscoring their real-world applications, patient-centered strategies, and the prospects for future development in IOP control. By synthesizing theoretical concepts, technological innovations, and practical clinical insights, this review contributes a cohesive and comprehensive perspective on the IOP biosensor's role in glaucoma, serving as a reference for ophthalmological researchers, clinicians, and professionals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Y. Wu
- Department of Surgery, Division of Ophthalmology, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1G 2E8, Canada; (K.Y.W.)
| | - Mina Mina
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Marjorie Carbonneau
- Department of Surgery, Division of Ophthalmology, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1G 2E8, Canada; (K.Y.W.)
| | - Michael Marchand
- Department of Surgery, Division of Ophthalmology, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1G 2E8, Canada; (K.Y.W.)
| | - Simon D. Tran
- Faculty of Dental Medicine and Oral Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 1G1, Canada
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Chu YC, Chang PY, Wang JK, Huang TL, Hsu YR. The IOP lowering effects of "planning" selective laser trabeculoplasty in open angle glaucoma. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:1013260. [PMID: 36275811 PMCID: PMC9582459 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.1013260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To investigate whether the planning of selective laser trabeculoplasty (SLT) influences the intraocular pressure (IOP) in patients with open angle glaucoma (OAG). Methods In this retrospective case-control study conducted on patients with OAG who planned to undergo SLT treatment (SLT group) or a visual field examination (VF group), we collected the demographic data, IOP on the planning day and on the scheduled day of the SLT treatment or VF examination. ΔIOP was defined as the IOP change between the planning day and the scheduled day. We used multivariable regression analyses and linear mixed model to evaluate the association between the abovementioned factors and ΔIOP in the VF group and the treatment eye (SLTt) and fellow eye (SLTf) of the SLT group. Results One hundred and fifty-three eyes of 102 patients with OAG were included, of which 51 patients in the SLT group and 51 patients in the VF group. The ΔIOP was −1.92 ± 2.77 mmHg in the SLTt, −0.65 ± 2.47 mmHg in the SLTf and −0.08 ± 1.73 mmHg in the VF group (P < 0.05). Both multivariable regression analysis between the VF and SLTt group and linear mixed model in the SLT group showed significant negative association between the ΔIOP and SLT arrangement (P < 0.05). There was no significant association between ΔIOP and age, gender, baseline IOP, IOP fluctuation, nor SE. Conclusions The IOP was significantly reduced in patients with OAG after “planning” of SLT treatment, even without actual performing the laser treatment in our retrospective case-control study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ching Chu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Yao Chang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan,Department of Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan,Department of Healthcare Administration, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan,Department of Electrical Engineering, Yuan Ze University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan,*Correspondence: Pei-Yao Chang
| | - Jia-Kang Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan,Department of Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan,Department of Electrical Engineering, Yuan Ze University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan,School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan,Department of Healthcare Administration and Department of Nursing, Oriental Institute of Technology, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Lun Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan,Department of Electrical Engineering, Yuan Ze University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Ray Hsu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan,Department of Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan,Department of Electrical Engineering, Yuan Ze University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
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Gene-Morales J, Gené-Sampedro A, Martín-Portugués A, Bueno-Gimeno I. Do Age and Sex Play a Role in the Intraocular Pressure Changes after Acrobatic Gymnastics? J Clin Med 2021; 10:4700. [PMID: 34682821 PMCID: PMC8541003 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10204700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
To evaluate the effects of an acrobatic gymnastics (AG) training session on intraocular pressure (IOP), a familiarization session was employed to confirm the participant's suitability for the study. Forty-nine gymnasts (63.27% females, 18-40 years old) voluntarily agreed to participate. As age, sex, baseline IOP, and central corneal thickness (CCT) were considered as potential predictors of the IOP variations, in the second session measurements of the above parameters were taken before and after 90 min of AG. A mixed-factorial analysis of variance evaluated differences. Linear regression was conducted to potentially predict the IOP variation with the exercise. After the scheduled exercise, highly significant (p < 0.001, effect size: 0.73) reductions in IOP, but no significant changes in CCT (p = 0.229), were observed. IOP was significantly modified in males, older than 25 years, and subjects with baseline IOP > 14 mmHg (p ≤ 0.001, effect sizes: 0.57-1.02). In contrast, the IOP of females, younger participants, and subjects with baseline IOP ≤ 14 mmHg was not significantly modified (p = 0.114). With the regression analyses, we concluded that both sex and baseline IOP levels were significant predictors of the IOP fluctuation with AG. These findings could be of interest for gymnasts, coaches, ophthalmologists, and/or optometrists in the prevention and control of risk factors associated with glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Gene-Morales
- Research Group Prevention and Health in Exercise and Sport (PHES), University of Valencia, St. Gascó Oliag 3, 46010 Valencia, Spain;
- Research Institute on Traffic and Road Safety (INTRAS), University of Valencia, St. Serpis 29, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Andrés Gené-Sampedro
- Research Institute on Traffic and Road Safety (INTRAS), University of Valencia, St. Serpis 29, 46022 Valencia, Spain
- Department of Optics, Optometry & Vision Science, University of Valencia, St. Dr Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot, Spain;
| | - Alba Martín-Portugués
- Department of Optics, Optometry & Vision Science, University of Valencia, St. Dr Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot, Spain;
| | - Inmaculada Bueno-Gimeno
- Department of Optics, Optometry & Vision Science, University of Valencia, St. Dr Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot, Spain;
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Park I, Park HS, Kim HK, Chung WK, Kim K. Real-time measurement of intraocular pressure variation during automatic intravitreal injections: An ex-vivo experimental study using porcine eyes. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0256344. [PMID: 34437572 PMCID: PMC8389368 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0256344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To measure needle insertion force and change in intraocular pressure (IOP) in real-time during intravitreal injection (IVI). The effects of needle size, insertion speed, and injection rate to IOP change were investigated. METHODS Needle insertion and fluid injection were performed on 90 porcine eyeballs using an automatic IVI device. The IVI conditions were divided according to needle sizes of 27-gauge (G), 30G, and 33G; insertion speeds of 1, 2, and 5 mm/s; and injection rates of 0.01, 0.02, and 0.05 mL/s. Insertion force and IOP were measured in real-time using a force sensor and a pressure transducer. RESULTS The peak IOP was observed when the needle penetrated the sclera; the average IOP elevation was 96.3, 67.1, and 59.4 mmHg for 27G, 30G, and 33G needles, respectively. An increase in insertion speed caused IOP elevation at the moment of penetration, but this effect was reduced as needle size decreased: 109.8-85.9 mmHg in 27G for 5-1 mm/s (p = 0.0149) and 61.8-60.7 mmHg in 33G for 5-1 mm/s (p = 0.8979). Injection speed was also related to IOP elevation during the stage of drug injection: 16.65 and 11.78 mmHg for injection rates of 0.05 and 0.01 mL/s (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION The presented data offers an understanding of IOP changes during each step of IVI. Slow needle insertion can reduce IOP elevation when using a 27G needle. Further, the injection rate must be kept low to avoid IOP elevations during the injection stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikjong Park
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, POSTECH, Pohang, Korea
| | - Han Sang Park
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, Korea
| | - Hong Kyun Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, Korea
| | - Wan Kyun Chung
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, POSTECH, Pohang, Korea
| | - Keehoon Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, POSTECH, Pohang, Korea
- * E-mail:
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Detecting retinal cell stress and apoptosis with DARC: Progression from lab to clinic. Prog Retin Eye Res 2021; 86:100976. [PMID: 34102318 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2021.100976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
DARC (Detection of Apoptosing Retinal Cells) is a retinal imaging technology that has been developed within the last 2 decades from basic laboratory science to Phase 2 clinical trials. It uses ANX776 (fluorescently labelled Annexin A5) to identify stressed and apoptotic cells in the living eye. During its development, DARC has undergone biochemistry optimisation, scale-up and GMP manufacture and extensive preclinical evaluation. Initially tested in preclinical glaucoma and optic neuropathy models, it has also been investigated in Alzheimer, Parkinson's and Diabetic models, and used to assess efficacy of therapies. Progression to clinical trials has not been speedy. Intravenous ANX776 has to date been found to be safe and well-tolerated in 129 patients, including 16 from Phase 1 and 113 from Phase 2. Results on glaucoma and AMD patients have been recently published, and suggest DARC with an AI-aided algorithm can be used to predict disease activity. New analyses of DARC in GA prediction are reported here. Although further studies are needed to validate these findings, it appears there is potential of the technology to be used as a biomarker. Much larger clinical studies will be needed before it can be considered as a diagnostic, although the relatively non-invasive nature of the nasal as opposed to intravenous administration would widen its acceptability in the future as a screening tool. This review describes DARC development and its progression into Phase 2 clinical trials from lab-based research. It discusses hypotheses, potential challenges, and regulatory hurdles in translating technology.
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Relationship Between Contact Lens Sensor Output Parameters and Visual Field Progression in Open-angle Glaucoma: Assessment of a Practical Tool to Guide Clinical Risk-assessment. J Glaucoma 2020; 29:461-466. [PMID: 32224801 DOI: 10.1097/ijg.0000000000001502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE In recent years, new technologies have emerged to better analyze and interpret intraocular pressure (IOP) fluctuations. Among them is the progression report (PR), an algorithm based on continuous contact lens sensor (CLS) readings to estimate the likelihood of fast visual field (VF) glaucomatous progression. The objective of this study is to validate the PR. METHODS In this retrospective study, 30 open-angle glaucoma patients were enrolled. Twenty-four hours IOP-related variations were recorded using a CLS. Recordings were used to generate PR. The likelihood of fast VF progression (<-1 dB/y mean deviation) was estimated by 2 masked assessors based on clinical parameters. At least 3 VF were performed over the 2 years following the initial assessment, to determine actual progression. RESULTS Mean age was 65.9±10.45 years, with a mean baseline mean deviation of -5.4±5.1. After a mean follow-up of 29.5±12.9 months, 26.7% of eyes were assessed as fast progressors (-2.9±1.9 dBs/y). The average risk-score attributed by the PR was 42% [41% (slow) vs. 44% (fast); P=0.035]. Correlations between the 2 assessors were good (r=0.59), and identical to that between PR and the averaged assessors' gradings. Correlations between mean deviation progression rates and PR, Assessor 1 and Assessor 2's gradings were, r=0.57, 0.31, and 0.43, respectively. CONCLUSIONS PR provided comparable predictions of the risk of fast VF progression as did physician estimates based on all available clinical data. With their relationship to the eye's biomechanical properties and the ocular tissues' response to pressure variations, CLS recordings may offer new information that complements conventional examinations.
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The impact of intraocular pressure fluctuations and other factors on conversion of ocular hypertension to primary open-angle glaucoma. Int Ophthalmol 2020; 40:1403-1410. [PMID: 32065355 DOI: 10.1007/s10792-020-01306-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Can a contact lens sensor predict the success of trabectome surgery? Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2020; 258:843-850. [PMID: 31900641 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-019-04576-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE We examined whether a contact lens sensor (CLS) is useful for the postoperative evaluation of trabectome surgery. We investigated the correlations between the outcomes of trabectome surgery and the output of a CLS. METHODS We examined 24 consecutive eyes of patients with pseudo-exfoliation glaucoma. In each eye, the intraocular pressure (IOP) fluctuations over 24 h were measured with the SENSIMED Triggerfish CLS before and at 3 months after the trabectome surgery. We divided the patients into success (n = 12 eyes) and failure (n = 12 eyes) groups; success was defined as a postoperative IOP level ≤ 21 mmHg plus an IOP reduction ≥ 20% relative to the preoperative IOP value with or without anti-glaucoma medications. We investigated CLS parameters that correlate with surgical outcomes by performing a Cox hazard regression analysis. We determined the maximum value, minimum value, and range of IOP fluctuation as CLS parameters. RESULTS The mean follow-up period was 38.0 ± 3.0 months. The success rate was 50%. The postoperative range of IOP fluctuation during the nocturnal period with the CLS was significantly correlated with the surgical results (p = 0.024). CONCLUSIONS A smaller range of IOP fluctuation was significantly correlated with better surgical outcomes. We were able to predict the surgical success after trabectome surgery at 3 months using the CLS. Thus, CLS results could be a new surgical evaluation parameter.
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Tojo N, Hayashi A, Otsuka M. Correlation between 24-h continuous intraocular pressure measurement with a contact lens sensor and visual field progression. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2019; 258:175-182. [DOI: 10.1007/s00417-019-04487-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Influence of Ocular Dimensional Change on 24-Hour Intraocular Pressure Measurement With Contact Lens Sensor. J Glaucoma 2019; 28:808-810. [DOI: 10.1097/ijg.0000000000001318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Twenty-Four-Hour Contact Lens Sensor Monitoring of Aqueous Humor Dynamics in Surgically or Medically Treated Glaucoma Patients. J Ophthalmol 2019; 2019:9890831. [PMID: 30809389 PMCID: PMC6369465 DOI: 10.1155/2019/9890831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim This study assessed the 24 h circadian rhythm of intraocular pressure (IOP) using a contact lens sensor in three groups of patients with open-angle glaucoma. Methods This study was a monocentric, cross-sectional, nonrandomized, prospective, pilot study. Eighty-nine patients were enrolled: 29 patients previously underwent an Ex-PRESS mini glaucoma device procedure (Group 1), 28 patients previously underwent Hydrus microstent implantation (Group 2), and 32 patients were currently being treated medically for primary open-angle glaucoma (Group 3). Circadian rhythm patterns were considered with five circadian indicators: fluctuation ranges, maximum, minimum, acrophase (time of peak value), and bathyphase (time of trough value). A two-tailed Mann–Whitney U-test was used to evaluate differences between groups. Results All subjects exhibited a circadian rhythm and a nocturnal pattern. The signal fluctuation range was significantly smaller in the surgical groups than in the medically treated group (Group 1 vs. Group 3, p=0.003; Group 2 vs. Group 3, p=0.010). Subjects who underwent the Ex-PRESS procedure (Group 1) exhibited significant differences compared with the drug therapy group (Group 3) with regard to the minimum value (p=0.015), acrophase (p=0.009), and bathyphase (p=0.002). The other circadian indicators were not significantly different among groups. Conclusions Patients who underwent IOP-lowering surgery had an intrinsic nyctohemeral rhythm. Both surgical procedures, Ex-PRESS and Hydrus, were associated with smaller signal fluctuations compared with medical treatment.
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Abstract
Elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) is a major risk factor for the development and progression of glaucoma. Previous prospective, randomized, long-term studies have demonstrated the strength of IOP reduction in slowing the progression of disease. It is well known that IOP is not a fixed value but fluctuates considerably over time. Although there have been some studies on IOP fluctuation and the progression of glaucoma, whether IOP fluctuation is an independent risk factor for glaucomatous damage and disease progression remains controversial. In this article, we reviewed the definition of IOP fluctuation, and both the evidence and the speculation for and against the effect of IOP fluctuation on glaucoma progression. Although conclusions seem to vary from study to study, we considered that different studies examined different groups of patients, at different stages of disease, and at different IOP levels. Our conclusion is that these apparently disparate results are not conflicting, but rather can be viewed as complementary. In clinical care, we recommend the consideration of IOP “modulation” rather than just IOP “reduction” when glaucoma patients are treated. Quality-based IOP control may be more effective than quantity-based IOP reduction to prevent or retard disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hyun Kim
- Stein Eye Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Siloam Eye Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Joseph Caprioli
- Stein Eye Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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