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Dağalan Z, Çelikoğlu MH, Çelik S, Koçak R, Nişancı B. Selectfluor and alcohol-mediated synthesis of bicyclic oxyfluorination compounds by Wagner-Meerwein rearrangement. Beilstein J Org Chem 2024; 20:1462-1467. [PMID: 38978745 PMCID: PMC11228819 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.20.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Herein, we report the first environmentally friendly systematic fluoroalkoxylation reactions in bicyclic systems. New oxyfluorination products were obtained with excellent yields (up to 98%) via Wagner-Meerwein rearrangement using benzonorbornadiene and the chiral natural compound (+)-camphene as bicyclic alkenes, selectfluor as an electrophilic fluorine source, and water and various alcohols as nucleophile sources. The structure of bicyclic oxy- and alkoxyfluorine compounds was determined by NMR and QTOF-MS analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziya Dağalan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | | | - Saffet Çelik
- Technology Research and Development Application and Research Center, Trakya University, Edirne, Turkey
| | - Ramazan Koçak
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Amasya University, Amasya, Turkey
| | - Bilal Nişancı
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
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2
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Bisen AC, Srivastava S, Mishra A, Sanap SN, Biswas A, Choudhury AD, Dubey A, Gupta NM, Yadav KS, Mugale MN, Bhatta RS. Pharmaceutical Emulsions: A Viable Approach for Ocular Drug Delivery. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2024; 40:261-280. [PMID: 38654153 DOI: 10.1089/jop.2023.0166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Amol Chhatrapati Bisen
- Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics Division, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Saurabh Srivastava
- Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics Division, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Anjali Mishra
- Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics Division, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sachin Nashik Sanap
- Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics Division, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Arpon Biswas
- Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics Division, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | | | - Ayush Dubey
- Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics Division, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Neeraj Mohan Gupta
- Department of Chemistry, Government P. G. College, Guna, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Karan Singh Yadav
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Division of Toxicology and Experimental Medicine; CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Madhav Nilakanth Mugale
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Division of Toxicology and Experimental Medicine; CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rabi Sankar Bhatta
- Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics Division, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Chao YJ, Hung JH, Lin CP, Kuo HK, Chen SN, Hwang YS, Li KJ, Lin CJ, Hwang DK, Sheu SJ. Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention of Noninfectious Acute Anterior Uveitis with or without Human Leukocyte Antigen B27 in Adults - Expert Consensus in Taiwan. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 2024; 32:226-233. [PMID: 36701640 DOI: 10.1080/09273948.2023.2165113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anterior uveitis is the most common anatomical type of uveitis. Patients with noninfectious anterior uveitis may develop various ocular complications and eventually visual impairment. Appropriately differentiating the etiologies can help clinicians to predict the outcome, arrange clinical follow-up, and decide the treatment or prevention strategy. Adequate treatment and effective prevention strategies can reduce the frequency of recurrence and the risk of developing complications. Human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-B27 is the most common positive finding in patients with noninfectious AAU in many countries including Taiwan. PURPOSE To report a consensus from experienced uveitis specialists and rheumatologists was made in Taiwan. METHODS A panel of nine ophthalmologists from nine different referral centers with expertise in the management of uveitis and an experienced rheumatologist was held on January 16, 2022. A comprehensive literature review was performed. Differential diagnoses for etiologies, general treatments, and prevention strategies were discussed. Each statement in the consensus was made only if more than 70% of the experts agreed. RESULTS A flow chart and seven statements regarding the differential diagnoses for etiologies, treatments and preventions, and co-management with rheumatologists were included in the consensus. CONCLUSIONS This article discusses the general diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of noninfectious acute anterior uveitis, with or without HLA-B27, in adults for general ophthalmologists to improve overall outcomes of these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Jang Chao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Cheng Hsin General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Jia-Horung Hung
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chang-Ping Lin
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Hsi-Kung Kuo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kaohsiung Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan, ROC
| | - San-Ni Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC
- Department of Medication, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yih-Shiou Hwang
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan, ROC
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan City, Taiwan, ROC
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Xiamen Branch, Xiamen, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jen-Ai Hospital Dali Branch, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ko-Jen Li
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Ju Lin
- Department of Ophthalmology, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC
- Department of Optometry, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC
| | - De-Kuang Hwang
- School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Department of Ophthalmology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Shwu-Jiuan Sheu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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Wang D, Park JH, Zheng J, Cai B, Keire DA, Chen K. Multiphase Drug Distribution and Exchange in Oil-in-Water Nanoemulsion Revealed by High-Resolution 19F qNMR. Mol Pharm 2022; 19:2142-2150. [PMID: 35657300 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.2c00025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
An oil-in-water (o/w) nanoemulsion (NE), composed of oil globules, stabilized by a surfactant, and dispersed in an aqueous phase, is increasingly developed in complex drug formulation. Kinetically stable NEs are used to formulate hydrophobic drugs and typically provide higher dosage strengths and better content uniformity. However, little is known accurately about drug distribution in its multiphase solution, especially for the possible drug presence in the surfactant (s) phase, the interface layer between the dispersed oil (o) and the continuous water (w) phases. Here, high-resolution 19F quantitative NMR spectroscopy was applied directly and noninvasively on an o/w NE drug product containing difluprednate (DFPN). The well-resolved 19F peaks of DFPN depended on the shielding molecules in each phase, which revealed mass-balanced DFPN distribution in multiple phases of (w), (s), and (o) of NE globules at a quantity of 1.8 ± 0.1, 35 ± 2, and 59 ± 3% per labeled content, respectively. Furthermore, the dilution-dependent 19F peak line broadening and shift suggested a millisecond dynamic exchange between the NE and the less-noticed smaller but thermodynamically stable microemulsion (ME) globules in NE solution. The high-resolution NMR result revealed that the drug availability could be quickly achieved using an o/w NE formulation because of the drug multiphase distribution and the ME-assisted fast drug exchange among globules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deyun Wang
- Northeast Medical Products Laboratory, Office of Regulatory Science, Office of Regulatory Affairs, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jamaica, New York 11433, United States
| | - Jin H Park
- Division of Therapeutic Performance, Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States
| | - Jiwen Zheng
- Division of Biology, Chemistry and Materials Science, Office of Science and Engineering Laboratories, Center for Devices and Radiological Health, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States
| | - Bing Cai
- Division of Liquid Based Products I, Office of Lifecycle Drug Products, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States
| | - David A Keire
- Office of Testing and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Kang Chen
- Division of Complex Drug Analysis, Office of Testing and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States
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Quantz K, Anderson AL, Harman CD, Noland EL, Del Valle JM, Occelli LM, Burn JB, Petersen-Jones SM, Langlois DK, Pirie CG, Petersen AD, Komáromy AM. Localized alopecia and suppression of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis in dogs following treatment with difluprednate 0.05% ophthalmic emulsion (Durezol®). BMC Vet Res 2021; 17:366. [PMID: 34847929 PMCID: PMC8638448 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-021-03072-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Despite the common use of topical ophthalmic corticosteroids in dogs, detailed reports on systemic and dermatologic adverse effects are limited. Results Nine purpose-bred research Beagles were treated with difluprednate 0.05% ophthalmic emulsion in one or both eyes 2–3 times daily. Some difluprednate treated dogs developed mild to severe alopecia of the periocular region, face, and distal pinna (5/9). The median duration of treatment prior to onset of dermatologic signs for difluprednate treated dogs was 550 days (453–1160 days). Diagnostic testing included complete blood count (CBC) and serum biochemistry, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) stimulation testing combined with endogenous ACTH measurement, and skin biopsy. The CBC and chemistry were within normal limits for all dogs. There were varying degrees of suppression of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis with difluprednate treatment. Dogs with the most profound alopecic changes had less pronounced HPA axis suppression compared to dogs with no integumentary changes. Skin biopsies demonstrated follicular atrophy and follicular keratosis. When topical difluprednate was reduced to unilateral therapy, the hair regrew on the untreated side of the face. In addition to the affected research dogs, a 7-year old female spayed Chihuahua that was being treated as a clinical patient with long-term difluprednate 0.05% ophthalmic emulsion developed generalized hypotrichosis on the head and body and a potbellied appearance. ACTH stimulation testing revealed suppression of the HPA axis with a mild increase in serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and a urine specific gravity of 1.016. The combination of clinical signs and laboratory abnormalities was supportive of iatrogenic hyperadrenocorticism. Conclusions In dogs long-term use of difluprednate ophthalmic emulsion results in HPA axis suppression and in some cases iatrogenic hyperadrenocorticism. A novel pattern of localized alopecia is suspected to be related to dermal absorption and local action due to superior potency and penetration compared to other commonly utilized ophthalmic corticosteroids. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12917-021-03072-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katelin Quantz
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, Veterinary Medical Center, 736 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Amanda L Anderson
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, Veterinary Medical Center, 736 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Christine D Harman
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, Veterinary Medical Center, 736 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Erica L Noland
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | | | - Laurence M Occelli
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, Veterinary Medical Center, 736 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Jessica B Burn
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, Veterinary Medical Center, 736 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Simon M Petersen-Jones
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, Veterinary Medical Center, 736 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Daniel K Langlois
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, Veterinary Medical Center, 736 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Chris G Pirie
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, Veterinary Medical Center, 736 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Annette D Petersen
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, Veterinary Medical Center, 736 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - András M Komáromy
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, Veterinary Medical Center, 736 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
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Said OM, Saleh MGA, Omar AF, Abdou AA, Riad Mostafa AN. Topical Difluprednate for Early Corneal Graft Rejection After Penetrating Keratoplasty. Clin Ophthalmol 2020; 14:3495-3498. [PMID: 33149542 PMCID: PMC7602884 DOI: 10.2147/opth.s267888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To evaluate the safety and efficacy of topical difluprednate ophthalmic emulsion use for prophylaxis of corneal graft rejection in patients undergoing penetrating keratoplasty. Methods This study reviewed the charts of patients undergoing penetrating keratoplasty who were treated with difluprednate (DP) ophthalmic emulsion postoperatively. At each follow-up visit, patients were followed for signs of graft rejection, cataract development, and intraocular pressure rise in addition to routine ocular examination. Results The charts of 36 patients (38 eyes) who underwent penetrating keratoplasty (PKP) (27 eyes) and PKP triple (11 eyes) were reviewed. All eyes were followed up for at least 8 months postoperatively. Five grafts developed rejection and three grafts subsequently failed. Six eyes had an increase of IOP that required use of antiglaucoma drops. Three eyes were switched from difluprednate to prednisolone acetate (PA) after persistent rise of IOP failed to respond to antiglaucoma drops. None of these cases needed glaucoma surgery. Two patients developed cataract during the follow-up period (out of 12 phakic eyes). Conclusion Topical difluprednate is potentially effective and safe in preventing graft rejection after penetrating keratoplasty. Larger prospective clinical trials are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar M Said
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Fayoum University, Fayoum, Egypt
| | - Mohamed G A Saleh
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Ahmed F Omar
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt.,University Hospitals Eye Institute and the Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Ahmed A Abdou
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
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Ponra S, Yang J, Wu H, Rabten W, Andersson PG. Asymmetric synthesis of 1,2-fluorohydrin: iridium catalyzed hydrogenation of fluorinated allylic alcohol. Chem Sci 2020; 11:11189-11194. [PMID: 34094359 PMCID: PMC8162319 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc04032k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We have developed a simple protocol for the preparation of 1,2-fluorohydrin by asymmetric hydrogenation of fluorinated allylic alcohols using an efficient azabicyclo thiazole-phosphine iridium complex. The iridium-catalyzed asymmetric synthesis of chiral 1,2-fluorohydrin molecules was carried out at ambient temperature with operational simplicity, and scalability. This method was compatible with various aromatic, aliphatic, and heterocyclic fluorinated compounds as well as a variety of polyfluorinated compounds, providing the corresponding products in excellent yields and enantioselectivities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudipta Ponra
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Stockholm University Svante Arrhenius väg 16C SE-10691 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Jianping Yang
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Stockholm University Svante Arrhenius väg 16C SE-10691 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Haibo Wu
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Stockholm University Svante Arrhenius väg 16C SE-10691 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Wangchuk Rabten
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Stockholm University Svante Arrhenius väg 16C SE-10691 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Pher G Andersson
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Stockholm University Svante Arrhenius väg 16C SE-10691 Stockholm Sweden
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal Private Bag X54001 Durban 4000 South Africa
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Corticosteroids in ophthalmology: drug delivery innovations, pharmacology, clinical applications, and future perspectives. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2020; 11:866-893. [PMID: 32901367 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-020-00843-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Corticosteroids remain the mainstay of the treatment for various ocular conditions affecting the ocular surface, anterior and posterior segments of the eye due to their anti-inflammatory, anti-oedematous, and anti-neovascularization properties. Prednisolone, prednisolone acetate, dexamethasone, triamcinolone acetonide, fluocinolone acetonide, and loteprednol etabonate are amongst the most widely used ophthalmic corticosteroids. Corticosteroids differ in their activity and potency in the eye due to their inherent pharmacological and pharmaceutical differences. Different routes and regimens are available for ocular administration of corticosteroids. Conventional topical application to the eye is the route of choice when targeting diseases affecting the ocular surface and anterior segment, while periocular, intravitreal, and suprachoroidal injections can be potentially effective for posterior segment diseases. Corticosteroid-induced intraocular pressure elevation and cataract formation remain the most significant local risks following topical as well as systemic corticosteroid administration. Invasive drug administration via intracameral, subconjunctival, and intravitreal injection can enhance ocular bioavailability and minimize dose and dosing frequency of administration, yet may exacerbate ocular side effects of corticosteroids. This review provides a critical appraisal of the ophthalmic uses of corticosteroid, routes of administration, drug delivery fundamentals and novel ocular implantable steroid delivery systems, factors influencing side effects, and future perspectives for ocular corticosteroid therapy.
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9
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Literature review and suggested protocol for prevention and treatment of corneal graft rejection. Eye (Lond) 2019; 34:442-450. [PMID: 31332293 DOI: 10.1038/s41433-019-0517-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Revised: 05/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Effective prophylaxis and treatment of corneal graft rejection are essential to improve outcomes in corneal transplantation. To date, there has been no standardized protocol published that outlines the optimal prophylactic and therapeutic approaches and, furthermore, the published controlled trials on this subject are limited. Likewise, no study has addressed how the level of antigen exposure varies between different types of keratoplasties. The aim of this paper is to provide a simple evidence-based protocol for the prevention and treatment of corneal graft rejection.
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Sedgwick DM, López I, Román R, Kobayashi N, Okoromoba OE, Xu B, Hammond GB, Barrio P, Fustero S. Metal-Free and User-Friendly Regioselective Hydroxyfluorination of Olefins. Org Lett 2018; 20:2338-2341. [PMID: 29624064 PMCID: PMC6237092 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b00681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A simple, user-friendly, metal-free protocol for the regioselective anti-Markovnikov hydrofluorination of olefins using readily available and inexpensive reagents has been developed. This new approach displays a broader scope than previously reported methodologies and has been applied to the late-stage fluorination of a complex molecule, giving rise to a fluorosteroid derivative. The stereochemistry of the process has also been studied in some detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel M. Sedgwick
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Valencia, E-46100 Burjassot, Spain
- Laboratorio de Moléculas Orgánicas, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, E-46012 Valencia, Spain
| | - Inés López
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Valencia, E-46100 Burjassot, Spain
| | - Raquel Román
- Laboratorio de Moléculas Orgánicas, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, E-46012 Valencia, Spain
| | - Nanako Kobayashi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Gakushuin University, 1-5-1 Mejiro, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171-8588, Japan
| | - Otome E. Okoromoba
- Department of Chemistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40292, United States
| | - Bo Xu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology Donghua University Shanghai 201620 (China)
| | - Gerald B. Hammond
- Department of Chemistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40292, United States
| | - Pablo Barrio
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Valencia, E-46100 Burjassot, Spain
| | - Santos Fustero
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Valencia, E-46100 Burjassot, Spain
- Laboratorio de Moléculas Orgánicas, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, E-46012 Valencia, Spain
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11
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Zhu Y, Han J, Wang J, Shibata N, Sodeoka M, Soloshonok VA, Coelho JAS, Toste FD. Modern Approaches for Asymmetric Construction of Carbon-Fluorine Quaternary Stereogenic Centers: Synthetic Challenges and Pharmaceutical Needs. Chem Rev 2018; 118:3887-3964. [PMID: 29608052 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 426] [Impact Index Per Article: 71.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
New methods for preparation of tailor-made fluorine-containing compounds are in extremely high demand in nearly every sector of chemical industry. The asymmetric construction of quaternary C-F stereogenic centers is the most synthetically challenging and, consequently, the least developed area of research. As a reflection of this apparent methodological deficit, pharmaceutical drugs featuring C-F stereogenic centers constitute less than 1% of all fluorine-containing medicines currently on the market or in clinical development. Here we provide a comprehensive review of current research activity in this area, including such general directions as asymmetric electrophilic fluorination via organocatalytic and transition-metal catalyzed reactions, asymmetric elaboration of fluorine-containing substrates via alkylations, Mannich, Michael, and aldol additions, cross-coupling reactions, and biocatalytic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials , Nanjing University , 210093 Nanjing , China
| | - Jianlin Han
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials , Nanjing University , 210093 Nanjing , China
| | - Jiandong Wang
- Department of Nanopharmaceutical Sciences & Department of Frontier Materials , Nagoya Institute of Technology , Gokiso, Showa-ku , Nagoya 466-8555 , Japan
| | - Norio Shibata
- Department of Nanopharmaceutical Sciences & Department of Frontier Materials , Nagoya Institute of Technology , Gokiso, Showa-ku , Nagoya 466-8555 , Japan
| | - Mikiko Sodeoka
- Synthetic Organic Chemistry Laboratory , RIKEN, and RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resourse Science , 2-1 Hirosawa , Wako 351-0198 , Japan
| | - Vadim A Soloshonok
- Department of Organic Chemistry I, Faculty of Chemistry , University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU , 20018 San Sebastian , Spain.,IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science , 48011 Bilbao , Spain
| | - Jaime A S Coelho
- Department of Chemistry , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - F Dean Toste
- Department of Chemistry , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
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12
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Mercado-Sesma A, Contreras-Rubio A, Baiza-Durán L, Olvera-Montaño O, Miranda-Robles M, Bonilla-García J. Bioavailability of generic 0.05% difluprednate emulsion in the aqueous humor, cornea, and conjunctiva of New Zealand rabbits after a single dose compared with commercial difluprednate. J Ophthalmic Inflamm Infect 2017; 7:10. [PMID: 28324274 PMCID: PMC5360744 DOI: 10.1186/s12348-017-0127-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To determine the concentration after a single dose of generic 0.05% difluprednate and commercial difluprednate in the aqueous humor, cornea, and conjunctiva of New Zealand rabbits, a preclinical study in 72 male New Zealand white rabbits was performed. A single dose (50 μL) of two 0.05% difluprednate ophthalmic formulations was instilled in both eyes. Conjunctiva, cornea, and aqueous humor samples were collected at nine time points over 8 h (four animals per time point). The active metabolite of difluprednate, 17-difluoroprednisolone-butyrate (DFB), concentrations was quantified using HPLC. RESULTS Measurable levels of DFB were quantified in all three ocular tissues. After a single instillation, the highest concentration of difluprednate was found between 30 and 60 min in the conjunctiva, cornea, and aqueous humor, respectively. There was no significant difference between both formulations in any tissue at any time point. After 3 h, no metabolites of either emulsion were found in any tissue. CONCLUSIONS Difluprednate penetrates into different ocular tissues. Generic difluprednate has a similar pharmacokinetic profile compared with commercial difluprednate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arieh Mercado-Sesma
- Preclinical Research Department, Laboratorios Sophia S.A de C.V., Zapopan, Jalisco, México. .,Departament of Health-Disease Sciences as Individual Process, Centro Universitario de Tonala. Universidad de Guadalajara, Tonalá, Jalisco, México.
| | | | - Leopoldo Baiza-Durán
- Preclinical Research Department, Laboratorios Sophia S.A de C.V., Zapopan, Jalisco, México
| | - Oscar Olvera-Montaño
- Preclinical Research Department, Laboratorios Sophia S.A de C.V., Zapopan, Jalisco, México
| | - Mónica Miranda-Robles
- Preclinical Research Department, Laboratorios Sophia S.A de C.V., Zapopan, Jalisco, México
| | - José Bonilla-García
- Preclinical Research Department, Laboratorios Sophia S.A de C.V., Zapopan, Jalisco, México
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Management of high-risk corneal transplantation. Surv Ophthalmol 2016; 62:816-827. [PMID: 28012874 DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2016.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Revised: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The cornea is the most commonly transplanted tissue in medicine. The main cause of corneal graft failure is allograft rejection. The incidence of graft rejection depends on the presence of high-risk characteristics, most notably corneal neovascularization. Although corneal grafting has high success rates in the absence of these risk factors, high-risk keratoplasty is associated with low success rates because of a high incidence of immune-mediated graft rejection. To improve the survival of high-risk corneal transplantation, various preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative measures can be considered; however, the key step in the management of these grafts is the long-term use of local and/or systemic immunosuppressive agents. Although a number of immunosuppressive agents have been used for this purpose, the results vary significantly across different studies. This is partly due to the lack of an optimized method for their use, as well as the lack of a precise stratification of the degree of risk in each individual patient. New targeted biologic treatments, as well as tolerance-inducing methods, show promising horizons in the management of high-risk corneal transplantation in near future.
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Garg P, Tuteja N, Qayum S. To Study the Efficacy of Difluprednate Ophthalmic Emulsion and Prednisolone Acetate Ophthalmic Suspension on Post-operative Inflammation in Cataract Surgery. J Clin Diagn Res 2016; 10:NC05-NC08. [PMID: 28208898 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2016/21690.9035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Senile cataract is the most common cause of visual impairment. Removal of cataract and implantation of intraocular lens implantation (IOL) is the main surgical approach for cataract. The major block in quick visual rehabilitation of the patient is post-operative inflammation. To limit post-operative inflammation corticosteroids drugs are used in routine prophylactically. Topical prednisolone acetate 1% and betamethasone 0.1% remain gold standard to control post-operative inflammation but newer drugs like difluprednate, loteprednol are also effective in controlling inflammation. AIM To study the efficacy of difluprednate ophthalmic emulsion and prednisolone acetate ophthalmic suspension on Post-operative inflammation in cataract surgery (clear corneal phacoemulsification with foldable IOL). MATERIALS AND METHODS This study was carried out on 100 patients having visually significant cataract requiring surgery, clear corneal phacoemulsification with foldable intraocular lens implantation was done in all patients. Patients were randomly divided into two groups. In group A topical 1% prednisolone acetate ophthalmic suspension was administered six times a day Post-operatively. In group B 0.05% difluprednate ophthalmic emulsion was administered six times a day post-operatively. Efficacy of drug was evaluated in terms of decrease in ocular pain, anterior chamber reaction in the form of aqueous cells and flare and final visual acuity at 4 weeks. RESULTS In this study, 92% of patients in group A and 90% of patients in group B had BCVA 6/6. None of the patients in group A had ocular pain. In group B, 96% patients had no ocular pain. Remaining 4% had mild discomfort but required no medication. 98% of patients in group A and 100% of patients in group B presented with clearance of aqueous cells at the end of study. Only 2% of patients in group A had showed cell score (±). CONCLUSION Though prednisolone acetate has been the gold standard anti inflammatory agent, 0.05% Difluprednate ophthalmic emulsion is equally effective in treatment of post-operative inflammation. Difluprednate have added an advantage of uniform drug dosage and absence of harmful preservative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Punita Garg
- Associate Professor, Department of Ophthalmology, MMIMSR , Mullana, Ambala, Haryana, India
| | - Nupur Tuteja
- Post Graduate Student, Department of Ophthalmology, MMIMSR , Mullana, Ambala, Haryana, India
| | - Shazia Qayum
- Senior Resident, Department of Ophthalmology, MMIMSR , Mullana, Ambala, Haryana, India
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Kusne Y, Kang P, Fintelmann RE. A retrospective analysis of intraocular pressure changes after cataract surgery with the use of prednisolone acetate 1% versus difluprednate 0.05%. Clin Ophthalmol 2016; 10:2329-2336. [PMID: 27920493 PMCID: PMC5125796 DOI: 10.2147/opth.s121849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To compare the effect of topical prednisolone acetate 1% (PA) used after routine cataract surgery to the effect of difluprednate 0.05% (DFBA) used for the same indication on intraocular pressure (IOP). Methods An electronic query was created to gather information from all cataract surgeries between January 2010 and January 2015 within the electronic health record database at Barnet Dulaney Perkins, a multicenter, multiphysician private practice in Phoenix, Arizona. Information collected included age, sex, diabetes status, glaucoma history, medication regimen (use of PA or DFBA), and IOP before surgery, 5–10 days postoperatively (TP1) and 3–6 weeks postoperatively (TP2). Postoperative IOP measurements were compared to baseline IOP measurement in each patient. Results Regardless of steroid used, all patients in this study experienced an increase in IOP within TP1 and returned to baseline IOP (±2.0 mmHg) by TP2. Patients who received DFBA showed a statistically significant increase in IOP at TP1 compared to those on PA (P<0.001) with the mean IOP an average 0.60 mmHg higher (95% CI =0.3, 0.9). The odds ratio of a clinically significantly increased IOP at TP1 (defined as overall IOP ≥21 mmHg and an increase of ≥10 mmHg) in DFBA-treated patients was 1.84 (95% CI =1.4, 2.6). In patients treated with PA, 3% reached a significantly increased IOP, compared to 4.4% of patients in the DFBA group (P<0.05). Risk factors for increased IOP were identified, and include advanced age (>75) (P<0.005) and a history of glaucoma (P<0.001). Conclusion In postoperative cataract patients, use of DFBA increased the risk of a clinically significant IOP increase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yael Kusne
- University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix
| | - Paul Kang
- University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix
| | - Robert E Fintelmann
- University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix; Barnet Dulaney Perkins Eye Center, Phoenix, AZ, USA
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Asahi MG, Bobarnac Dogaru GL, Onishi SM, Gallemore RP. Strong topical steroid, NSAID, and carbonic anhydrase inhibitor cocktail for treatment of cystoid macular edema. Int Med Case Rep J 2015; 8:305-12. [PMID: 26664246 PMCID: PMC4671768 DOI: 10.2147/imcrj.s92794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To report the combination cocktail of strong steroid, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), and carbonic anhydrase inhibitor drops for treatment of cystoid macular edema. Methods This is a retrospective case series of patients with cystoid macular edema managed with a topical combination of strong steroid (difluprednate), NSAID, and carbonic anhydrase inhibitor drops. The patients were followed with optical coherence tomography and fluorescein angiography. Results In our six cases, resolution of the cystic edema with improvement in visual acuity was achieved with the use of a combination cocktail of drops. Leakage on fluorescein angiography and cystic edema on optical coherence tomography both responded to treatment with the topical cocktail of drops. Conclusion A topical cocktail of strong steroid, NSAID, and carbonic anhydrase inhibitor drops are effective for managing cystoid macular edema. Further studies comparing this combination with more invasive treatments should be undertaken to determine the efficacy of this cocktail over other treatment options.
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Onishi SM, Asahi MG, Chou C, Gallemore RP. Topical difluprednate for the treatment of Harada's disease. Clin Ophthalmol 2015; 9:157-67. [PMID: 25653498 PMCID: PMC4310279 DOI: 10.2147/opth.s72955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To describe the use of topical difluprednate for treatment of patients who presented with Harada’s disease. Methods Retrospective case series of patients managed with topical difluprednate alone at the onset of the diagnosis. The patients were followed with optical coherence tomography (OCT) and fluorescein angiography. Results In our three cases, complete resolution of the exudative detachments with improvement in visual acuity was achieved in each case. Central macular thickness was reduced by a mean of 365±222 μm. Initial loading dose was one drop every hour while awake, followed by a variable tapering regimen. Leakage on fluorescein angiography and exudative detachments on OCT both responded to treatment with difluprednate. In two of the three cases, the patients recovered vision to 20/20, and the third case recovered to 20/25. Steroid-induced glaucoma was observed and managed with one to two glaucoma drops as needed. Conclusion Difluprednate is effective for managing ocular manifestations of Harada’s disease. Further studies of this drug for the management of noninfectious posterior uveitis are warranted.
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Stringer W, Bryant R. Dose uniformity of topical corticosteroid preparations: difluprednate ophthalmic emulsion 0.05% versus branded and generic prednisolone acetate ophthalmic suspension 1%. Clin Ophthalmol 2010; 4:1119-24. [PMID: 20957058 PMCID: PMC2952614 DOI: 10.2147/opth.s12441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To compare the dose uniformity of difluprednate ophthalmic emulsion 0.05% (Durezol®) with both branded and generic prednisolone acetate ophthalmic suspension 1% under different simulated patient usage conditions. Methods Drug concentrations of difluprednate emulsion, branded prednisolone acetate suspension (Pred Forte®) and generic prednisolone acetate suspension following three storage conditions (upright, then shaken; upright, not shaken; inverted, not shaken) were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography assay and results were reported as percent of declared concentration. Two drops were dispensed every four hours four times daily. Results Regardless of bottle orientation and shaking, all difluprednate emulsion concentrations at each time point analyzed were within 15% of declared concentration. Both branded and generic prednisolone acetate suspension concentrations varied substantially throughout the study. For the bottle stored upright and not shaken, 46% of the branded concentrations were not within 15% of declared concentration; for the bottle stored upright and shaken prior to use, 60% failed to meet this criterion. None of the branded concentrations from the inverted and not shaken bottle was within 15% of declared concentration. Generic prednisolone concentrations demonstrated the poorest dose uniformity, with 96% of the concentrations from the inverted and not shaken bottle not within 15% of declared concentration; 94% of the concentrations from the upright and shaken bottle and 87% from the upright and not shaken bottle similarly failed to meet this criterion. Conclusions Dose uniformity of Durezol emulsion was predictable in all simulated patient usage conditions, whereas the drop concentrations of Pred Forte and generic prednisolone acetate suspensions were highly variable throughout the study. Drop concentrations are more predictable with Durezol emulsion than with either prednisolone acetate suspension.
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