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Boltezar L, Strbac D, Pizem J, Hawlina G. Ocular adnexal lymphoma - a retrospective study and review of the literature. Radiol Oncol 2024; 58:416-424. [PMID: 39287167 PMCID: PMC11406907 DOI: 10.2478/raon-2024-0048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 08/12/2024] [Indexed: 09/19/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To review the characteristics of all Slovenian patients with ocular adnexal lymphoma (OAL) in the period of 24 years with the aim of evaluating demographic data, lymphoma location and type, disease stage, treatment modality, local control rate and survival rate. PATIENTS AND METHODS All patients with histologically diagnosed OAL in the main tertiary centre of Slovenia, Eye Hospital, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, who were treated at Institute of Oncology Ljubljana were included in the study. Patients' data were collected from October 1995 through April 2019. RESULTS Seventy-four patients were included in the study having a median age of 68 years at diagnosis. The majority of lymphomas were of B-cell origin (98.6%). The most frequent type was the extranodal marginal zone B-cell lymphoma (MALT) (71.6%). Orbital lymphomas were diagnosed in 56 cases (75.7%) and conjunctival in 18 cases (24.3%). Ocular manifestation was the first sign of the disease in 78.4% of patients and in 67.6% of patients ocular adnexa were the only disease location. Fifty-one patients (68.9%) were treated with radiotherapy, 7 patients (9.4%) with systemic treatment, 5 patients (6.8%) with combined radiotherapy and systemic treatment and in 11 patients, biopsy and active surveillance strategy was applied (14.9%). Local control of the disease was achieved in 96.6% of treated patients. Median overall survival of the whole study group has not been reached yet. Five-year overall survival rate was 80.1% (95% CI 68.1% - 88.5%) and 5-year lymphoma specific survival rate was 87.2% (95% CI 83.2%-91.2%). CONCLUSIONS OALs comprise a group of heterogeneous diseases with variable outcomes depending predominately on the patient's age and lymphoma type, with low grade lymphomas carrying good prognosis even in elderly patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucka Boltezar
- Department of Medical Oncology, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Danijela Strbac
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Department of Radiotherapy, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Joze Pizem
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Gregor Hawlina
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Eye Hospital, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Enwereji N, Falcone M, Ferenczi K. Lymphoma involvement of the eyelid and eye. Clin Dermatol 2024; 42:373-380. [PMID: 38281690 DOI: 10.1016/j.clindermatol.2024.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Lymphomas of the eye and ocular adnexa are rare lymphoproliferative diseases of the ocular and ocular adnexal tissue. The incidence of these diseases has been rapidly increasing over the past few decades. The exact pathogenesis remains unknown, but it is postulated to be multifactorial and includes genetic aberrations, epigenetic and environmental factors, infectious agents, and chronic antigenic stimulation. The majority of ocular and ocular adnexal lymphomas are of B-cell origin, except for eyelid lymphomas, which are more often of T-cell type. Lymphoproliferative diseases of ocular and ocular adnexal structures are either primary, when they arise in the eye, orbit, lacrimal gland, eyelid, and/or conjunctiva, or secondary extranodal manifestation of systemic lymphoma. Diagnosis is challenging and requires a multidisciplinary approach involving ophthalmologists, dermatologists, oncologists, and radiation oncologists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ndidi Enwereji
- Frank H. Netter M.D. School of Medicine, Quinnipiac University, North Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Madina Falcone
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Katalin Ferenczi
- Department of Dermatology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, USA.
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Chung HU, Son JH. Ocular adnexal mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma: a narrative review. JOURNAL OF YEUNGNAM MEDICAL SCIENCE 2022; 39:3-11. [PMID: 34521183 PMCID: PMC8895963 DOI: 10.12701/yujm.2021.01263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Lymphoma is the most common primary tumor of the orbit, accounting for 55% of all orbital malignancies. When divided into histopathological subtypes, extranodal marginal zone lymphoma of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT lymphoma) comprises the largest proportion. Clinical manifestations are unspecific, but in patients with slow-growing painless orbital mass, or red conjunctival lesion suggestive of 'salmon patch', ocular adnexa lymphoma (OAL) should be suspected. Although the pathogenetic mechanism of ocular adnexal MALT lymphoma (OAML) is not yet fully understood, the relationship between OAML and Chlamydia psittaci has been hypothesized recently, similar to that between gastric MALT lymphoma and Helicobacter pylori. This suggests a new treatment option for OAML; bacterial eradication therapy with systemic antibiotics. Several other treatment methods for OAML have been introduced, but no treatment guidelines have been established yet. In this article, we summarize the current knowledge on the clinical features, pathogenesis, diagnostic methods, therapeutic strategies, and prognosis of OAML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Uk Chung
- Yeungnam Eye Center, Yeungnam University Hospital, Daegu, Korea
| | - Jun Hyuk Son
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yeungnam University College of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
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Xu L, Tang X, Jiang N, Zhang S, Cao Y, Sun X. Radiation Therapy Efficacy and Toxicity for Orbital and Ocular Adnexal Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue (OAMALT): A Single-Center, Retrospective Study of 32 Cases. Cancer Manag Res 2021; 13:8017-8024. [PMID: 34707410 PMCID: PMC8544123 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s334396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Lymphomas of the orbit and ocular adnexa are histologically heterogeneous and their incidence rate has been increasing lately. However, because of their rarity and diversity, few cases have been analyzed. This study evaluated patients with orbital and ocular adnexal mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (OAMALT), who received radiotherapy, and categorized their clinical characteristics, treatment outcomes, and complications. Patients and Methods We collected data on clinical presentation, age, sex, imaging, tumor location, treatment methods, pathological diagnosis, cataract incidence, cataract incidence periods, overall survival (OS), and disease-free survival (DFS) from 32 patients with orbital involvement and pathologically confirmed marginal zone B-cell lymphoma of MALT who were treated between 2009 and 2018. Twenty-two patients received 20 Gy/10 Fr using intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) plus 14 Gy/7 Fr using a 6–14-MeV electron beam therapy using a lens-sparing approach. Ten patients received 32 Gy/16 Fr or 34 Gy/17 Fr using IMRT without the lens shield technique. Kaplan–Meier analysis was used to estimate DFS and OS. Results The median follow-up time was 83.4 ± 24.5 months. No patient had local recurrence, although three patients developed distant metastases. The 5-year and 10-year OS rates were both 100%. The 5-year and 10-year DFS rates were 96.7% and 74.2%, respectively. Overall, 11 (32.4%) of the 34 lenses developed cataracts. The estimated 5-year, 7-year, and 10-year cumulative cataract rates were 6.9%, 30.9%, and 60.8%, respectively. The median cumulative cataract incidence period was 107.0 months. Age was the only significant parameter associated with cataract formation. Conclusion A radiation dose of 32–34 Gy yields excellent local control, DFS, and OS for OAMALT. Some patients may have systemic relapse, and better identification of these patients is necessary. Reducing the prescription radiation dose or using better radiation techniques to spare the ipsilateral lens could reduce cataract formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Xu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinyu Tang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Nan Jiang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Sheng Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuandong Cao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinchen Sun
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
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Vela V, Juskevicius D, Gerlach MM, Meyer P, Graber A, Cathomas G, Dirnhofer S, Tzankov A. High throughput sequencing reveals high specificity of TNFAIP3 mutations in ocular adnexal marginal zone B-cell lymphomas. Hematol Oncol 2020; 38:284-292. [PMID: 32012328 DOI: 10.1002/hon.2718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The majority of ocular adnexal (OA) lymphomas (OAL) are extranodal marginal zone lymphomas (MZL). First high throughput sequencing (HTS) studies on OA-MZL showed inconsistent results and the distribution of mutations in reactive lymphoid lesions of this anatomic region has not yet been sufficiently addressed. We characterized OAL and lymphoid lesions of the OA by targeted HTS. The study included 34 OA-MZL, 11 chronic conjunctivitis, five mature small cell B-cell lymphomas spreading to the OA, five diseases with increase of IgG4+ plasma cells, three Burkitt lymphomas (BL), three diffuse large B-cell lymphomas (DLBCL), three mantle cell lymphomas, three idiopathic orbital inflammations/orbital pseudo tumors (PT), and three OA lymphoid hyperplasia. All cases were negative for Chlamydia. The mutational number was highest in BL and lowest in PT. The most commonly (and exclusively) mutated gene in OA-MZL was TNFAIP3 (10 of 34 cases). Altogether, 20 out of 34 patients harbored mutually exclusive mutations of either TNFAIP3, BCL10, MYD88, ATM, BRAF, or NFKBIE, or nonexclusive mutations of IRF8, TNFRSF14, KLHL6, and TBL1XR1, all encoding for NK-κB pathway compounds or regulators. Thirteen patients (38%) had, to a great part, mutually exclusive mutations of chromatin modifier-encoding genes: KMT2D, CREBBP, BCL7A, DNMT3A, EP300, or HIST1H1E. Only four patients harbored co-occurring mutations of genes encoding for NK-κB compounds and chromatin modifiers. Finally, PTEN, KMT2D, PRDM1, and HIST1H2BK mutations were observable in reactive lymphoid lesions too, while such instances were devoid of NF-κB compound mutations and/or mutations of acetyltransferase-encoding genes. In conclusion, 80% of OA-MZL display mutations of either NK-κB compounds or chromatin modifiers. Lymphoid lesions of the OA bearing NF-κB compound mutations and/or mutations of acetyltransferase-encoding genes highly likely represent lymphomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Visar Vela
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Darius Juskevicius
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Magdalena M Gerlach
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Peter Meyer
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Eye Clinic, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Anne Graber
- Cantonal Institute of Pathology, Liestal, Switzerland
| | | | - Stefan Dirnhofer
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Alexandar Tzankov
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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Ong SJ, Jung SM, Lin HC. Conjunctival lymphoma during pregnancy: a case report. BMC Ophthalmol 2017; 17:131. [PMID: 28750630 PMCID: PMC5530954 DOI: 10.1186/s12886-017-0518-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To present a case of conjunctival lymphoma in a young woman complicated by pregnancy. Case presentation A 38-year-old previously healthy woman presented with a 2-year history of progressive right blepharoptosis. Giant papillomatous sessile masses were identified in the upper and lower fornix bilaterally and involved the tarsus of the right upper lid. The remaining ophthalmic examination was unremarkable. Histopathology and immunohistochemistry showed mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma with immunoglobulin kappa monotype. Further workup showed no evidence of systemic lymphoma or orbital involvement. Conclusions Partial regrowth of conjunctival lymphoma occurred 6 months after excision and the MALT lymphoma remained indolent during the course of her pregnancy without radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherine Jue Ong
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Ming Jung
- Department of Pathology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Chiung Lin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and University, #5, Fu-Hsing Street, Kweishan, Taoyuan, 333, Taiwan.
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Prasad GL, Hegde A, Menon G, Mathew M. Primary Orbital Follicular Lymphoma: A Case Report and Review. J Clin Diagn Res 2017; 11:XD01-XD03. [PMID: 28511490 PMCID: PMC5427416 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2017/24674.9400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Orbital Lymphomas (OL) constitute a heterogeneous group of lymphoproliferative disorders of the orbit. They are predominantly of the Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue (MALT) subtype. Radiotherapy is the mainstay of treatment in localized orbital tumours, while chemotherapy is reserved for systemic disease. Authors report a case of a primary orbital lymphoma of follicular subtype (stage 1E) in a 54-year-old female managed by surgery and adjuvant radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Lakshmi Prasad
- Assistant Professor, Department of Neurosurgery, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Ajay Hegde
- Registrar, Department of Neurosurgery, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Girish Menon
- Professor and Head, Department of Neurosurgery, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Mary Mathew
- Professor, Department of Pathology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Karnataka, India
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Özkan MC, Palamar M, Tombuloğlu M, Hekimgil M, Özsan N, Saydam G, Şahin F. Ocular Adnexal Lymphomas: Single-Center Experience. CLINICAL LYMPHOMA MYELOMA & LEUKEMIA 2015; 15 Suppl:S158-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clml.2015.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Tuncer S, Tanyıldız B, Basaran M, Buyukbabani N, Dogan O. Systemic Rituximab Immunotherapy in the Management of Primary Ocular Adnexal Lymphoma: Single Institution Experience. Curr Eye Res 2014; 40:780-5. [PMID: 25247376 DOI: 10.3109/02713683.2014.959605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the efficacy of systemic rituximab immunotherapy in the management of primary ocular adnexal lymphomas (OAL). MATERIALS AND METHODS Clinical records of 10 consecutive patients (11 eyes) with biopsy-proven OAL managed with systemic anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody (rituximab; 375 mg/m(2) intravenously once every three weeks for 6-8 cycles) between June 2008-March 2013 were evaluated retrospectively. Orbital magnetic resonance imaging and positron emission tomography were performed to evaluate any orbital and systemic involvement, respectively. Clinical response was classified as complete or partial. RESULTS The age of patients ranged between 27-85 (median, 55) years. Nine patients (90%) presented with unilateral and one (10%) with bilateral conjunctival involvement. Orbit was affected in 4 patients (40%), one of which had also choroidal involvement (10%). None of the patients had systemic involvement at initial presentation. All patients received an average of 7 cycles (range, 6-8) of systemic immunotherapy. After a median follow-up of 31 months (range, 10-61 months), complete response without recurrence could be achieved in 4 eyes (36%) with rituximab monotherapy. No systemic or ocular side effects were observed in any patient. Additional radiotherapy was required in 6 patients (7 eyes; 64%) with partial response or recurrence. CONCLUSIONS Complete regression of primary OALs without recurrence was observed in about one-third of eyes after systemic rituximab monotherapy. Adjunctive radiotherapy was required in remaining two-thirds of the cases to achieve complete response. Thus, considering the balance between high rate of local control and potential ocular complications of radiotherapy, systemic rituximab can be considered as a first-line therapeutic option in the management of primary OAL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuray Tuncer
- Istanbul University, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology , Ocular Oncology Service, Istanbul , Turkey
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10
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Orbital lymphoma: imaging features and differential diagnosis. Insights Imaging 2012; 3:337-44. [PMID: 22695946 PMCID: PMC3481074 DOI: 10.1007/s13244-012-0156-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2011] [Revised: 02/07/2012] [Accepted: 02/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Patterns of orbital lymphoma at diagnosis and follow-up are described. We also discuss differential diagnosis of orbital masses. Materials and methods This pictorial review contains 19 cases of orbital lymphoma before and after treatment. Superior-lateral quadrant and extra-conal location were observed predominantly. Effective response after treatment was presented on follow-up imaging, although few local relapses were found. Further follow-up showed no changes of residual images. Discussion Location of orbital masses can help in the differential diagnosis. Moreover, imaging features of lymphoma at diagnosis can be useful in planning surgical biopsy. Pattern of follow-up described may be relevant on monitoring imaging. Teaching points • Orbital lymphoma involves mainly superior-lateral quadrant and the orbital structures inside. • Location of retrobulbar mass-like lesions are useful information in the differential diagnosis. • Satisfactory response is detected after treatment, however relapse is noted, so follow-up is needed.
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Collina F, De Chiara A, De Renzo A, De Rosa G, Botti G, Franco R. Chlamydia psittaci in ocular adnexa MALT lymphoma: a possible role in lymphomagenesis and a different geographical distribution. Infect Agent Cancer 2012; 7:8. [PMID: 22472082 PMCID: PMC3355003 DOI: 10.1186/1750-9378-7-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2012] [Accepted: 04/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Ocular adnexa MALT-lymphomas represent approximatively 5-15% of all extranodal lymphomas. Almost 75% of OAMLs are localized in orbital fat, while 25% of cases involves conjunctive. MALT-lymphomas often recognize specific environmental factors responsible of lymphoma development and progression. In particular as Helicobacter pylori in gastric MALT lymphomas, other bacterial infections have been recognized related to MALT lymphomas in specific site. Recently Chlamydia psittaci has been identified in Ocular Adnexa MALT lymphomas, with variable frequence dependently from geographic areas. Thus bacterial infection is responsible of clonal selection on induced MALT with subsequent lymphoma development. Moreover Chlamydia psittaci could promote chromosomal aberration either through genetic instability as a consequence of induced proliferation and probably through DNA oxidative damage. The most common translocation described in MALT lymphomas affects NF-kB pathway with a substantial antiapoptotic effect. Several therapeutic approaches are now available, but the use of antibiotic-therapy in specific cases, although with conflicting results, could improve the treatment of ocular adnexa MALT lymphomas. In this review we analyse the most relevant features of Ocular adnexa MALT lymphomas, underlining specific biological characteristics mainly related to the potential role of Chlamydia psittaci in lymphomagenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Collina
- Pathology Unit, National Cancer Institute "Giovanni Pascale", Naples, Italy.
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Laurenti L, De Padua L, Battendieri R, Tarnani M, Sica S, Blasi MA, Savino G, Leone G. Intralesional administration of rituximab for treatment of CD20 positive orbital lymphoma: safety and efficacy evaluation. Leuk Res 2011; 35:682-4. [PMID: 21334067 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2011.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2011] [Revised: 01/23/2011] [Accepted: 01/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
B-cell lymphomas constitute the most frequent malignant neoplasm of the ocular adnexal, often presenting with localized disease. Five patients with primary localized CD20 positive B cell non Hodgkin ocular adnexal lymphomas received intralesional rituximab at the dose of 5mg once a week for one month, followed by 10mg weekly in case of incomplete response. Four of five patients obtained regression of symptoms and 2 of them showed complete response. No patients experienced side effects besides pain on the site of the injection. Local treatment with Rituximab for OAL is a safe and useful first-line therapeutic option.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Laurenti
- Department of Hematology, Catholic University of the Sacred Hearth, Largo A Gemelli 8, 00168 Rome, Italy.
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Kram DE, Brathwaite CD, Khatib ZA. Bilateral conjunctival extranodal marginal zone B-cell lymphoma. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2010; 55:1414-6. [PMID: 20981695 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.22694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Extranodal marginal zone B-cell lymphomas (EMZLs), while relatively common in adults, are rare entities in the pediatric population. A subclass of the typically aggressive non-Hodgkin lymphomas, the few reported pediatric cases indicate that, as in adults, these tumors tend to be indolent. We present a case of EMZL arising in the conjunctivae in a 9-year-old male with bilateral disease. The patient was treated with surgical excision alone and has remained disease-free 6 years after the operation.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E Kram
- Miami Children's Hospital, Miami, Florida 33155, USA
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