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Tedja MS, Haarman AEG, Meester-Smoor MA, Kaprio J, Mackey DA, Guggenheim JA, Hammond CJ, Verhoeven VJM, Klaver CCW. IMI - Myopia Genetics Report. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2019; 60:M89-M105. [PMID: 30817828 PMCID: PMC6892384 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.18-25965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The knowledge on the genetic background of refractive error and myopia has expanded dramatically in the past few years. This white paper aims to provide a concise summary of current genetic findings and defines the direction where development is needed. We performed an extensive literature search and conducted informal discussions with key stakeholders. Specific topics reviewed included common refractive error, any and high myopia, and myopia related to syndromes. To date, almost 200 genetic loci have been identified for refractive error and myopia, and risk variants mostly carry low risk but are highly prevalent in the general population. Several genes for secondary syndromic myopia overlap with those for common myopia. Polygenic risk scores show overrepresentation of high myopia in the higher deciles of risk. Annotated genes have a wide variety of functions, and all retinal layers appear to be sites of expression. The current genetic findings offer a world of new molecules involved in myopiagenesis. As the missing heritability is still large, further genetic advances are needed. This Committee recommends expanding large-scale, in-depth genetic studies using complementary big data analytics, consideration of gene-environment effects by thorough measurement of environmental exposures, and focus on subgroups with extreme phenotypes and high familial occurrence. Functional characterization of associated variants is simultaneously needed to bridge the knowledge gap between sequence variance and consequence for eye growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milly S. Tedja
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Annechien E. G. Haarman
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Magda A. Meester-Smoor
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jaakko Kaprio
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - David A. Mackey
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Ophthalmology, Menzies Institute of Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Lions Eye Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Jeremy A. Guggenheim
- School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher J. Hammond
- Section of Academic Ophthalmology, School of Life Course Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Virginie J. M. Verhoeven
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Caroline C. W. Klaver
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Ophthalmology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - for the CREAM Consortium
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Ophthalmology, Menzies Institute of Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Lions Eye Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- Section of Academic Ophthalmology, School of Life Course Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Ophthalmology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
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Simpson CL, Musolf AM, Li Q, Portas L, Murgia F, Cordero RY, Cordero JB, Moiz BA, Holzinger ER, Middlebrooks CD, Lewis DD, Bailey-Wilson JE, Stambolian D. Exome genotyping and linkage analysis identifies two novel linked regions and replicates two others for myopia in Ashkenazi Jewish families. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2019; 20:27. [PMID: 30704416 PMCID: PMC6357511 DOI: 10.1186/s12881-019-0752-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Myopia is one of most common eye diseases in the world and affects 1 in 4 Americans. It is a complex disease caused by both environmental and genetics effects; the genetics effects are still not well understood. In this study, we performed genetic linkage analyses on Ashkenazi Jewish families with a strong familial history of myopia to elucidate any potential causal genes. METHODS Sixty-four extended Ashkenazi Jewish families were previously collected from New Jersey. Genotypes from the Illumina ExomePlus array were merged with prior microsatellite linkage data from these families. Additional custom markers were added for candidate regions reported in literature for myopia or refractive error. Myopia was defined as mean spherical equivalent (MSE) of -1D or worse and parametric two-point linkage analyses (using TwoPointLods) and multi-point linkage analyses (using SimWalk2) were performed as well as collapsed haplotype pattern (CHP) analysis in SEQLinkage and association analyses performed with FBAT and rv-TDT. RESULTS Strongest evidence of linkage was on 1p36(two-point LOD = 4.47) a region previously linked to refractive error (MYP14) but not myopia. Another genome-wide significant locus was found on 8q24.22 with a maximum two-point LOD score of 3.75. CHP analysis also detected the signal on 1p36, localized to the LINC00339 gene with a maximum HLOD of 3.47, as well as genome-wide significant signals on 7q36.1 and 11p15, which overlaps with the MYP7 locus. CONCLUSIONS We identified 2 novel linkage peaks for myopia on chromosomes 7 and 8 in these Ashkenazi Jewish families and replicated 2 more loci on chromosomes 1 and 11, one previously reported in refractive error but not myopia in these families and the other locus previously reported in the literature. Strong candidate genes have been identified within these linkage peaks in our families. Targeted sequencing in these regions will be necessary to definitively identify causal variants under these linkage peaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire L Simpson
- Department of Genetics, Genomics and Informatics and Department of Ophthalmology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 71 S. Manassas Room 417, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA.,Computational and Statistical Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, 333 Cassell Dr., Suite 1200, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Anthony M Musolf
- Computational and Statistical Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, 333 Cassell Dr., Suite 1200, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Qing Li
- Computational and Statistical Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, 333 Cassell Dr., Suite 1200, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Laura Portas
- Computational and Statistical Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, 333 Cassell Dr., Suite 1200, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Federico Murgia
- Computational and Statistical Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, 333 Cassell Dr., Suite 1200, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Roberto Y Cordero
- Department of Genetics, Genomics and Informatics and Department of Ophthalmology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 71 S. Manassas Room 417, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA
| | - Jennifer B Cordero
- Department of Genetics, Genomics and Informatics and Department of Ophthalmology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 71 S. Manassas Room 417, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA
| | - Bilal A Moiz
- Computational and Statistical Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, 333 Cassell Dr., Suite 1200, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Emily R Holzinger
- Computational and Statistical Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, 333 Cassell Dr., Suite 1200, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Candace D Middlebrooks
- Computational and Statistical Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, 333 Cassell Dr., Suite 1200, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Deyana D Lewis
- Computational and Statistical Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, 333 Cassell Dr., Suite 1200, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Joan E Bailey-Wilson
- Computational and Statistical Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, 333 Cassell Dr., Suite 1200, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA.
| | - Dwight Stambolian
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania, Rm. 313, Stellar Chance Labs, 422 Curie Blvd, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
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Li J, Zhang Q. Insight into the molecular genetics of myopia. Mol Vis 2017; 23:1048-1080. [PMID: 29386878 PMCID: PMC5757860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Myopia is the most common cause of visual impairment worldwide. Genetic and environmental factors contribute to the development of myopia. Studies on the molecular genetics of myopia are well established and have implicated the important role of genetic factors. With linkage analysis, association studies, sequencing analysis, and experimental myopia studies, many of the loci and genes associated with myopia have been identified. Thus far, there has been no systemic review of the loci and genes related to non-syndromic and syndromic myopia based on the different approaches. Such a systemic review of the molecular genetics of myopia will provide clues to identify additional plausible genes for myopia and help us to understand the molecular mechanisms underlying myopia. This paper reviews recent genetic studies on myopia, summarizes all possible reported genes and loci related to myopia, and suggests implications for future studies on the molecular genetics of myopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiali Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qingjiong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Okui S, Meguro A, Takeuchi M, Yamane T, Okada E, Iijima Y, Mizuki N. Analysis of the association between the LUM rs3759223 variant and high myopia in a Japanese population. Clin Ophthalmol 2016; 10:2157-2163. [PMID: 27826181 PMCID: PMC5096747 DOI: 10.2147/opth.s104761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Many studies have investigated the relationship of the lumican gene (LUM) rs3759223 variant with the risk of high myopia, but the results have been inconsistent and inconclusive. In this study, we investigated whether LUM rs3759223 is associated with high myopia in a Japanese population. Methods We recruited 1,585 Japanese patients with high myopia (spherical equivalent [SE] <−9.00 diopters [D]) and 1,011 Japanese healthy controls (SE ≥−1.00 D). The rs3759223 variant was genotyped using the TaqMan assay, and the allelic and genotypic diversity among cases and controls was analyzed according to the SE level. Results In the allelic tests, the odds ratio (OR) for the T allele of rs3759223 tended to increase with the progression of SE, and the highest OR (1.56) was found in patients with SE <−15 D in both eyes. The OR of the T allele tended to increase with the progression of SE in the additive, dominant, and recessive inheritance models. However, we found no significant associations for any of the alleles or genotype models. Conclusion These data support the possibility that the LUM rs3759223 T allele accelerates the progression of SE in the Japanese population, although no significant associations were observed in this study. Additional genetic studies with larger samples that take into account the degree of SE are needed to clarify the contribution of rs3759223 to the risk of high myopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shintaro Okui
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Akira Meguro
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Masaki Takeuchi
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan; Inflammatory Disease Section, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Takahiro Yamane
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | | | | | - Nobuhisa Mizuki
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
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