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Dowdell A, Marsland M, Faulkner S, Gedye C, Lynam J, Griffin CP, Marsland J, Jiang CC, Hondermarck H. Targeting XBP1 mRNA splicing sensitizes glioblastoma to chemotherapy. FASEB Bioadv 2023; 5:211-220. [PMID: 37151848 PMCID: PMC10158625 DOI: 10.1096/fba.2022-00141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most frequent and deadly primary brain tumor in adults. Temozolomide (TMZ) is the standard systemic therapy in GBM but has limited and restricted efficacy. Better treatments are urgently needed. The role of endoplasmic reticulum stress (ER stress) is increasingly described in GBM pathophysiology. A key molecular mediator of ER stress, the spliced form of the transcription factor x-box binding protein 1 (XBP1s) may constitute a novel therapeutic target; here we report XBP1s expression and biological activity in GBM. Tumor samples from patients with GBM (n = 85) and low-grade glioma (n = 20) were analyzed by immunohistochemistry for XBP1s with digital quantification. XBP1s expression was significantly increased in GBM compared to low-grade gliomas. XBP1s mRNA showed upregulation by qPCR analysis in a panel of patient-derived GBM cell lines. Inhibition of XBP1 splicing using the small molecular inhibitor MKC-3946 significantly reduced GBM cell viability and potentiated the effect of TMZ in GBM cells, particularly in those with methylated O6-methylguanine-DNA methyl transferase gene promoter. GBM cells resistant to TMZ were also responsive to MKC-3946 and the long-term inhibitory effect of MKC-3946 was confirmed by colony formation assay. In conclusion, this data reveals that XBP1s is overexpressed in GBM and contributes to cancer cell growth. XBP1s warrants further investigation as a clinical biomarker and therapeutic target in GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amiee Dowdell
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, College of Health, Medicine and WellbeingUniversity of NewcastleCallaghanNew South WalesAustralia
- Hunter Medical Research InstituteUniversity of NewcastleNew Lambton HeightsNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Mark Marsland
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, College of Health, Medicine and WellbeingUniversity of NewcastleCallaghanNew South WalesAustralia
- Hunter Medical Research InstituteUniversity of NewcastleNew Lambton HeightsNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Sam Faulkner
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, College of Health, Medicine and WellbeingUniversity of NewcastleCallaghanNew South WalesAustralia
- Hunter Medical Research InstituteUniversity of NewcastleNew Lambton HeightsNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Craig Gedye
- Hunter Medical Research InstituteUniversity of NewcastleNew Lambton HeightsNew South WalesAustralia
- School of Medicine and Public Health, College of Health, Medicine and WellbeingUniversity of NewcastleCallaghanNew South WalesAustralia
- Department of Medical OncologyCalvary Mater hospitalNewcastleNew South WalesAustralia
| | - James Lynam
- Hunter Medical Research InstituteUniversity of NewcastleNew Lambton HeightsNew South WalesAustralia
- School of Medicine and Public Health, College of Health, Medicine and WellbeingUniversity of NewcastleCallaghanNew South WalesAustralia
- Department of Medical OncologyCalvary Mater hospitalNewcastleNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Cassandra P. Griffin
- Hunter Medical Research InstituteUniversity of NewcastleNew Lambton HeightsNew South WalesAustralia
- School of Medicine and Public Health, College of Health, Medicine and WellbeingUniversity of NewcastleCallaghanNew South WalesAustralia
- Hunter Cancer Biobank: NSW Regional Biospecimen and Research ServicesUniversity of NewcastleCallaghanNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Joanne Marsland
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, College of Health, Medicine and WellbeingUniversity of NewcastleCallaghanNew South WalesAustralia
- Hunter Medical Research InstituteUniversity of NewcastleNew Lambton HeightsNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Chen Chen Jiang
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, College of Health, Medicine and WellbeingUniversity of NewcastleCallaghanNew South WalesAustralia
- Hunter Medical Research InstituteUniversity of NewcastleNew Lambton HeightsNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Hubert Hondermarck
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, College of Health, Medicine and WellbeingUniversity of NewcastleCallaghanNew South WalesAustralia
- Hunter Medical Research InstituteUniversity of NewcastleNew Lambton HeightsNew South WalesAustralia
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Xu J, Qin S, Yi Y, Gao H, Liu X, Ma F, Guan M. Delving into the Heterogeneity of Different Breast Cancer Subtypes and the Prognostic Models Utilizing scRNA-Seq and Bulk RNA-Seq. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23179936. [PMID: 36077333 PMCID: PMC9456551 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Breast cancer (BC) is the most common malignancy in women with high heterogeneity. The heterogeneity of cancer cells from different BC subtypes has not been thoroughly characterized and there is still no valid biomarker for predicting the prognosis of BC patients in clinical practice. Methods: Cancer cells were identified by calculating single cell copy number variation using the inferCNV algorithm. SCENIC was utilized to infer gene regulatory networks. CellPhoneDB software was used to analyze the intercellular communications in different cell types. Survival analysis, univariate Cox, least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression and multivariate Cox analysis were used to construct subtype specific prognostic models. Results: Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) has a higher proportion of cancer cells than subtypes of HER2+ BC and luminal BC, and the specifically upregulated genes of the TNBC subtype are associated with antioxidant and chemical stress resistance. Key transcription factors (TFs) of tumor cells for three subtypes varied, and most of the TF-target genes are specifically upregulated in corresponding BC subtypes. The intercellular communications mediated by different receptor–ligand pairs lead to an inflammatory response with different degrees in the three BC subtypes. We establish a prognostic model containing 10 genes (risk genes: ATP6AP1, RNF139, BASP1, ESR1 and TSKU; protective genes: RPL31, PAK1, STARD10, TFPI2 and SIAH2) for luminal BC, seven genes (risk genes: ACTR6 and C2orf76; protective genes: DIO2, DCXR, NDUFA8, SULT1A2 and AQP3) for HER2+ BC, and seven genes (risk genes: HPGD, CDC42 and PGK1; protective genes: SMYD3, LMO4, FABP7 and PRKRA) for TNBC. Three prognostic models can distinguish high-risk patients from low-risk patients and accurately predict patient prognosis. Conclusions: Comparative analysis of the three BC subtypes based on cancer cell heterogeneity in this study will be of great clinical significance for the diagnosis, prognosis and targeted therapy for BC patients.
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Aghaei M, Nasimian A, Rahmati M, Kawalec P, Machaj F, Rosik J, Bhushan B, Bathaie SZ, Azarpira N, Los MJ, Samali A, Perrin D, Gordon JW, Ghavami S. The Role of BiP and the IRE1α-XBP1 Axis in Rhabdomyosarcoma Pathology. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13194927. [PMID: 34638414 PMCID: PMC8508025 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13194927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is the most common soft-tissue sarcoma in children, and is associated with a poor prognosis in patients presenting with recurrent or metastatic disease. The unfolded protein response (UPR) plays pivotal roles in tumor development and resistance to therapy, including RMS. METHODS In this study, we used immunohistochemistry and a tissue microarray (TMA) on human RMS and normal skeletal muscle to evaluate the expression of key UPR proteins (GRP78/BiP, IRE1α and cytosolic/nuclear XBP1 (spliced XBP1-sXBP1)) in the four main RMS subtypes: alveolar (ARMS), embryonal (ERMS), pleomorphic (PRMS) and sclerosing/spindle cell (SRMS) RMS. We also investigated the correlation of these proteins with the risk of RMS and several clinicopathological indices, such as lymph node involvement, distant metastasis, tumor stage and tumor scores. RESULTS Our results revealed that the expression of BiP, sXBP1, and IRE1α, but not cytosolic XBP1, are significantly associated with RMS (BiP and sXBP1 p-value = 0.0001, IRE1 p-value = 0.001) in all of the studied types of RMS tumors (n = 192) compared to normal skeletal muscle tissues (n = 16). In addition, significant correlations of BiP with the lymph node score (p = 0.05), and of IRE1α (p value = 0.004), cytosolic XBP1 (p = 0.001) and sXBP1 (p value = 0.001) with the stage score were observed. At the subtype level, BiP and sXBP1 expression were significantly associated with all subtypes of RMS, whereas IRE1α was associated with ARMS, PRMS and ERMS, and cytosolic XBP1 expression was associated with ARMS and SRMS. Importantly, the expression levels of IRE1α and sXBP1 were more pronounced in ARMS than in any of the other subtypes. The results also showed correlations of BiP with the lymph node score in ARMS (p value = 0.05), and of sXBP1 with the tumor score in PRMS (p value = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS In summary, this study demonstrates that the overall UPR is upregulated and, more specifically, that the IRE1/sXBP1 axis is active in RMS. The subtype and stage-specific dependency on the UPR machinery in RMS may open new avenues for the development of novel targeted therapeutic strategies and the identification of specific tumor markers in this rare but deadly childhood and young-adult disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Aghaei
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan 81746-73461, Iran;
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, University of Manitoba College of Medicine, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada; (A.N.); (P.K.); (F.M.); (J.R.); (B.B.)
| | - Ahmad Nasimian
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, University of Manitoba College of Medicine, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada; (A.N.); (P.K.); (F.M.); (J.R.); (B.B.)
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran 14155-331, Iran;
| | - Marveh Rahmati
- Cancer Biology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 14197-33141, Iran;
| | - Philip Kawalec
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, University of Manitoba College of Medicine, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada; (A.N.); (P.K.); (F.M.); (J.R.); (B.B.)
| | - Filip Machaj
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, University of Manitoba College of Medicine, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada; (A.N.); (P.K.); (F.M.); (J.R.); (B.B.)
| | - Jakub Rosik
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, University of Manitoba College of Medicine, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada; (A.N.); (P.K.); (F.M.); (J.R.); (B.B.)
| | - Bhavya Bhushan
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, University of Manitoba College of Medicine, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada; (A.N.); (P.K.); (F.M.); (J.R.); (B.B.)
| | - S. Zahra Bathaie
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran 14155-331, Iran;
- Institute for Natural Products and Medicinal Plants, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran 14155-331, Iran
| | - Negar Azarpira
- Transplant Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 7134814336, Iran;
| | - Marek J. Los
- Biotechnology Center, Silesian University of Technology, 71-344 Gliwice, Poland;
| | - Afshin Samali
- Apoptosis Research Centre, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland, H91 W2TY Galway, Ireland;
| | - David Perrin
- Section of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada;
| | - Joseph W. Gordon
- College of Nursing, Rady Faculty of Health Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada;
| | - Saeid Ghavami
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, University of Manitoba College of Medicine, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada; (A.N.); (P.K.); (F.M.); (J.R.); (B.B.)
- Research Institutes of Oncology and Hematology, Cancer Care Manitoba-University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada
- Biology of Breathing Theme, Children Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada
- Autophagy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 7134845794, Iran
- Faculty of Medicine, Katowice School of Technology, 40-555 Katowice, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-204-272-3061 or +1-204-272-3071
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Unraveling the Molecular Nexus between GPCRs, ERS, and EMT. Mediators Inflamm 2021; 2021:6655417. [PMID: 33746610 PMCID: PMC7943314 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6655417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) represent a large family of transmembrane proteins that transduce an external stimulus into a variety of cellular responses. They play a critical role in various pathological conditions in humans, including cancer, by regulating a number of key processes involved in tumor formation and progression. The epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a fundamental process in promoting cancer cell invasion and tumor dissemination leading to metastasis, an often intractable state of the disease. Uncontrolled proliferation and persistent metabolism of cancer cells also induce oxidative stress, hypoxia, and depletion of growth factors and nutrients. These disturbances lead to the accumulation of misfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and induce a cellular condition called ER stress (ERS) which is counteracted by activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR). Many GPCRs modulate ERS and UPR signaling via ERS sensors, IRE1α, PERK, and ATF6, to support cancer cell survival and inhibit cell death. By regulating downstream signaling pathways such as NF-κB, MAPK/ERK, PI3K/AKT, TGF-β, and Wnt/β-catenin, GPCRs also upregulate mesenchymal transcription factors including Snail, ZEB, and Twist superfamilies which regulate cell polarity, cytoskeleton remodeling, migration, and invasion. Likewise, ERS-induced UPR upregulates gene transcription and expression of proteins related to EMT enhancing tumor aggressiveness. Though GPCRs are attractive therapeutic targets in cancer biology, much less is known about their roles in regulating ERS and EMT. Here, we will discuss the interplay in GPCR-ERS linked to the EMT process of cancer cells, with a particular focus on oncogenes and molecular signaling pathways.
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Jiang X, Li D, Wang G, Liu J, Su X, Yu W, Wang Y, Zhai C, Liu Y, Zhao Z. Thapsigargin promotes colorectal cancer cell migration through upregulation of lncRNA MALAT1. Oncol Rep 2020; 43:1245-1255. [PMID: 32323831 PMCID: PMC7057937 DOI: 10.3892/or.2020.7502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common tumor in the world; however, the role and mechanism of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in CRC metastasis remains largely unclear. Metastasis-associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1 (MALAT1) is a long non-coding RNA (lncRNA), which has previously been associated with CRC metastasis. It has been suggested that ER stress pathways regulate lncRNA expression; however, the effect of ER stress on MALAT1 expression in cancer is unknown. The present study aimed to investigate the relationship between ER stress pathways, MALAT1 expression and cell migration in CRC cells. ER stress was induced by thapsigargin (TG); low dose TG induced the migration of HT29 and HCT116 cells, but not SW1116 and SW620 cells. This effect was associated with increased expression levels of MALAT1, as the knockdown of MALAT1 prevented TG-induced cell migration. TG-induced MALAT1 expression was associated with inositol-requiring enzyme 1 (IRE1) expression and activation of the protein kinase R (PKR)-like ER kinase (PERK) signaling pathway. X-box-binding protein 1 (XBP1) and activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4) binding sites were predicted to be located in the MALAT1 gene promoter regions and the expression of MALAT1 was positively associated with XBP1 and ATF4 expression levels in CRC tissue samples. Thus, these findings indicated that ER stress may promote the migration of CRC cells and contribute to the progression of CRC through the activation of the IRE1/XBP1 and PERK/eIF2α/ATF4 signaling pathways. In conclusion, to the best of our knowledge, this study is the first report that lncRNA MALAT1 expression is regulated by the IRE1/XBP1 pathway in CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Jiang
- Department of General Surgery, Hebei Key Laboratory of Colorectal Cancer Precision Diagnosis and Treatment, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050031, P.R. China
| | - Dongyun Li
- Department of General Surgery, Hebei Key Laboratory of Colorectal Cancer Precision Diagnosis and Treatment, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050031, P.R. China
| | - Guiqi Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Hebei Key Laboratory of Colorectal Cancer Precision Diagnosis and Treatment, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050031, P.R. China
| | - Jue Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Hebei Key Laboratory of Colorectal Cancer Precision Diagnosis and Treatment, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050031, P.R. China
| | - Xingkai Su
- Department of General Surgery, Hebei Key Laboratory of Colorectal Cancer Precision Diagnosis and Treatment, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050031, P.R. China
| | - Weifang Yu
- Department of Endoscopy Center, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050031, P.R. China
| | - Yuanyuan Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Hebei Key Laboratory of Colorectal Cancer Precision Diagnosis and Treatment, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050031, P.R. China
| | - Congjie Zhai
- Department of General Surgery, Hebei Key Laboratory of Colorectal Cancer Precision Diagnosis and Treatment, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050031, P.R. China
| | - Yuegeng Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Hebei Key Laboratory of Colorectal Cancer Precision Diagnosis and Treatment, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050031, P.R. China
| | - Zengren Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, Hebei Key Laboratory of Colorectal Cancer Precision Diagnosis and Treatment, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050031, P.R. China
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Alsheikh Hussein LH, Khalil AM, Alghadi AY, Abu Alhaija AA. Exon1 and -116 C/G Promoter Polymorphism on the X-Box DNA Binding Protein- 1 Gene is not Associated with Breast Cancer among Jordanian Women. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2019; 20:2739-2743. [PMID: 31554371 PMCID: PMC6976836 DOI: 10.31557/apjcp.2019.20.9.2739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Human X -box binding protein 1 (XBP1), a critical gene in the endoplasmic reticulum stress response, is located on chromosome 22q12, which has been linked with the pathogenesis of many diseases, particularly cancers such as breast cancer (BC). Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the XBP1 gene can alter structure and function of the gene. In this study, polymorphism in the promoter region and exon1 of the gene XBP1 and its association with BC in Jordanian women was investigated. Methods: Polymorphism in the promoter and exon1 of XBP1 was analyzed in 100 subjects (controls: n=40; BC patients=60). −116 C/G SNP was genotyped by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)-sequence specific primer technique. The odd ratios (ORs) at 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were computed to assess the strength of this association. Results: The three genotypes of the SNP (GG, GC, CC) and their allelic frequencies have nonsignificant differences between patients and control group. It was noticed that the frequencies of the mutant allele (G) were (75.8% versus 24.2%)) in the patients and control groups, respectively, while those of the normal allele (C) were (67.5% versus 32.5%). XBP1 (-116 G→C) G allele did not show significant association with BC risk (confidence interval = 0.3534- 1.2395, odds ratio = 0.6619, P= 0.197). Moreover, there were no significant mutations in the XBP1 exon1 neither in BC subjects nor control subjects. Conclusions: This is the first study to evaluate the effect of polymorphism in the promoter and exon1 of XBP1 gene in the pathogenesis of BC in Jordanian women. The results do not support a role for polymorphism in development of BC and further studies with a larger sample size and detailed data should be performed in other populations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ahmad M Khalil
- Department of Biological Sciences, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan.
| | - Ahmad Y Alghadi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan.
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Shi W, Chen Z, Li L, Liu H, Zhang R, Cheng Q, Xu D, Wu L. Unravel the molecular mechanism of XBP1 in regulating the biology of cancer cells. J Cancer 2019; 10:2035-2046. [PMID: 31205564 PMCID: PMC6548171 DOI: 10.7150/jca.29421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells are usually exposed to stressful environments, such as hypoxia, nutrient deprivation, and other metabolic dysfunctional regulation, leading to continuous endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. As the most conserved branch among the three un-folded protein response (UPR) pathways, Inositol-requiring enzyme 1α (IRE1α)-X-box-binding protein 1 (XBP1) signaling has been implicated in cancer development and progression. Active XBP1 with transactivation domain functions as a transcription factor to regulate the expression of downstream target genes, including many oncogenic factors. The regulatory activity of XBP1 in cell proliferation, apoptosis, metastasis, and drug resistance promotes cell survival, leading to tumorigenesis and tumor progression. In addition, the XBP1 peptides-based vaccination and/or combination with immune-modulatory drug administration have been developed for effective management for several cancers. Potentially, XBP1 is the biomarker of cancer development and progression and the strategy for clinical cancer management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weimei Shi
- College of Pharmacy, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou China, 341000
| | - Zhixi Chen
- College of Pharmacy, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou China, 341000
| | - Linfu Li
- College of Pharmacy, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou China, 341000
| | - Hai Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou China, 341000
| | - Rui Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou China, 341000
| | - Qilai Cheng
- College of Pharmacy, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou China, 341000
| | - Daohua Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan China, 523808
| | - Longhuo Wu
- College of Pharmacy, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou China, 341000
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