MYO5A inhibition by miR-145 acts as a predictive marker of occult neck lymph node metastasis in human laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma

Unveiling Anoikis-related genes: A breakthrough in the prognosis of bladder cancer

BACKGROUND

Bladder cancer (BLCA) is a prevalent malignancy worldwide. Anoikis remains a new form of cell death. It is necessary to explore Anoikis-related genes in the prognosis of BLCA.

METHODS

We obtained RNA expression profiles from the The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Gene Expression Omnibus databases for dimensionality reduction analysis and isolated epithelial cells, T cells and fibroblasts for copy number variation analysis, pseudotime analysis and transcription factor analysis based on R package. We integrated machine-learning algorithms to develop the artificial intelligence-derived prognostic signature (AIDPS).

RESULTS

The performance of AIDPS with clinical indicators was stable and robust in predicting BLCA and showed better performance in every validation dataset compared to other models. Mendelian randomization analysis was conducted. Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) sites of rs3100578 (HK2) and rs66467677 (HSP90B1) exhibited significant correlation of bladder problem (not cancer) and bladder cancer, whereasSNP sites of rs3100578 (HK2) and rs947939 (BAD) had correlation between bladder stone and bladder cancer. The immune infiltration analysis of the TCGA-BLCA cohort was calculated via the ESTIMATE (i.e. Estimation of STromal and Immune cells in MAlignantTumours using Expression data) algorithm which contains stromal, immune and estimate scores. We also found significant differences in the IC50 values of Bortezomib_1191, Docetaxel_1007, Staurosporine_1034 and Rapamycin_1084 among the high- and low-risk groups.

CONCLUSIONS

In conclusion, these findings indicated Anoikis-related prognostic genes in BLCA and constructed an innovative machine-learning model of AIDPS with high prognostic value for BLCA.

The Potential microRNA Prognostic Signature in HNSCCs: A Systematic Review

Head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCCs) are often diagnosed at advanced stages, incurring significant high mortality and morbidity. Several microRNAs (miRs) have been identified as pivotal players in the onset and advancement of HNSCCs, operating as either oncogenes or tumor suppressors. Distinctive miR patterns identified in tumor samples, as well as in serum, plasma, or saliva, from patients have significant clinical potential for use in the diagnosis and prognosis of HNSCCs and as potential therapeutic targets. The aim of this study was to identify previous systematic reviews with meta-analysis data and clinical trials that showed the most promising miRs in HNSCCs, enclosing them into a biomolecular signature to test the prognostic value on a cohort of HNSCC patients according to The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). Three electronic databases (PubMed, Scopus, and Science Direct) and one registry (the Cochrane Library) were investigated, and a combination of keywords such as "signature microRNA OR miR" AND "HNSCC OR LSCC OR OSCC OR oral cancer" were searched. In total, 15 systematic literature reviews and 76 prognostic clinical reports were identified for the study design and inclusion process. All survival index data were extracted, and the three miRs (miR-21, miR-155, and miR-375) most investigated and presenting the largest number of patients included in the studies were selected in a molecular biosignature. The difference between high and low tissue expression levels of miR-21, miR-155, and miR-375 for OS had an HR = 1.28, with 95% CI: [0.95, 1.72]. In conclusion, the current evidence suggests that miRNAs have potential prognostic value to serve as screening tools for clinical practice in HNSCC follow-up and treatment. Further large-scale cohort studies focusing on these miRNAs are recommended to verify the clinical utility of these markers individually and/or in combination.

The role of miRNAs in laryngeal cancer pathogenesis and therapeutic resistance - A focus on signaling pathways interplay

Laryngeal cancer (LC)is the malignancy of the larynx (voice box). The majority of LC are squamous cell carcinomas. Many risk factors were reported to be associated with LC as tobacco use, obesity, alcohol intake, human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, and asbestos exposure. Besides, epigenetics as non-coding nucleic acids also have a great role in LC. miRNAs are short nucleic acid molecules that can modulate multiple cellular processes by regulating the expression of their genes. Therefore, LC progression, apoptosis evasions, initiation, EMT, and angiogenesis are associated with dysregulated miRNA expressions. miRNAs also could have some vital signaling pathways such as mTOR/P-gp, Wnt/-catenin signaling, JAK/STAT, KRAS, and EGF. Besides, miRNAs also have a role in the modulation of LC response to different therapeutic modalities. In this review, we have provided a comprehensive and updated overview highlighting the microRNAs biogenesis, general biological functions, regulatory mechanisms, and signaling dysfunction in LC carcinogenesis, in addition to their clinical potential for LC diagnosis, prognosis, and chemotherapeutics response implications.

Diagnostic and Prognostic Value of microRNAs in Patients with Laryngeal Cancer: A Systematic Review

Laryngeal squamous cell cancer (LSCC) is one of the most common malignant tumors of the head and neck region, with a poor survival rate (5-year overall survival 50-80%) as a consequence of an advanced-stage diagnosis and high recurrence rate. Tobacco smoking and alcohol abuse are the main risk factors of LSCC development. An early diagnosis of LSCC, a prompt detection of recurrence and a more precise monitoring of the efficacy of different treatment modalities are currently needed to reduce the mortality. Therefore, the identification of effective diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for LSCC is crucial to guide disease management and improve clinical outcomes. In the past years, a dysregulated expression of small non-coding RNAs, including microRNAs (miRNAs), has been reported in many human cancers, including LSCC, and many miRNAs have been explored for their diagnostic and prognostic potential and proposed as biomarkers. We searched electronic databases for original papers that were focused on miRNAs and LSCC, using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) protocol. According to the outcome, 566 articles were initially screened, of which 177 studies were selected and included in the analysis. In this systematic review, we provide an overview of the current literature on the function and the potential diagnostic and prognostic role of tissue and circulating miRNAs in LSCC.

Comprehensive Analysis of SLC17A9 and Its Prognostic Value in Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Background

Solute carrier family 17 member 9 (SLC17A9) encodes a member of a family of transmembrane proteins that are involved in the transport of small molecules. SLC17A9 is involved in the occurrence and development of various cancers, but its biological role in liver hepatocellular carcinoma (LIHC) is unclear.

Methods

The expression level of SLC17A9 was assessed using The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database and immunohistochemistry of tumor tissues and adjacent normal liver tissues. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) and R software package performed diagnosis and prognosis. Gene Ontology/Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes functional enrichment and co-expression of SLC17A9, gene–gene interaction (GGI), and protein–protein interaction (PPI) networks were performed using R, GeneMANIA, and STRING. Western blot, real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR), immunofluorescence, colony formation, wound scratch assay, ATP production assays, and high connotation were applied to determine the effect of SLC17A9 knockdown on HEPG2 (hepatocellular liver carcinoma) cells. TIMER, GEPIA, and TCGA analyzed the relationship between SLC17A9 expression and immune cells, m6A modification, and ferroptosis.

Results

SLC17A9 expression in LIHC tissues was higher than in normal liver tissues (p < 0.001), and SLC17A9 was related to sex, DSS (disease-specific survival), and PFI (progression-free interval) (p = 0.015, 0.006, and 0.023). SLC17A9 expression has diagnostic (AUC: 0.812; CI: 0.770–0.854) and prognostic potential (p = 0.015) in LIHC. Gene Ontology/Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (GO/KEGG) functional enrichment analysis showed that SLC17A9 was closely related to neuronal cell body, presynapse, axonogenesis, PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. GGI showed that SLC17A9 was closely related to MYO5A. PPI showed that SLC17A9 was closely related to SLC18A3. SLC17A9 silencing inhibited HepG2 cells proliferation, migration, colony formation, and reduced their ATP level. SLC17A9 expression level was related to immune cells: B cells (r = 0.094, P = 8.06E-02), CD4⁺ T cells (r = 0.184, P = 5.95E-04), and macrophages (r = 0.137, P = 1.15E-02); m6A modification: HNRNPC (r = 0.220, p < 0.001), METTL3 (r = 0.180, p < 0.001), and WTAP (r = 0.130, p = 0.009); and ferroptosis: HSPA5 (r = 0.240, p < 0.001), SLC7A11 (r = 0.180, p < 0.001), and FANCD2 (r = 0.280, p < 0.001).

Conclusion

Our data show that SLC17A9 may influence LIHC progression. SLC17A9 expression correlates with tumor immune infiltration, m6A modification, and ferroptosis in LIHC and may have diagnostic and prognostic value in LIHC.

Semaphorin-3F/Neuropilin-2 Transcriptional Expression as a Predictive Biomarker of Occult Lymph Node Metastases in HNSCC

The expression of the semaphorin-3F (SEMA3F) and neuropilin-2 (NRP2) is involved in the regulation of lymphangiogenesis. The present study analyzes the relationship between the transcriptional expression of the SEMA3F-NRP2 genes and the presence of occult lymph node metastases in patients with cN0 head and neck squamous cell carcinomas. We analyzed the transcriptional expression of SEMA3F and NRP2 in a cohort of 53 patients with cN0 squamous cell carcinoma treated with an elective neck dissection. Occult lymph node metastases were found in 37.7% of the patients. Patients with occult lymph node metastases (cN0/pN+) had significantly lower SEMA3F expression values than patients without lymph node involvement (cN0/pN0). Considering the expression of the SEMA3F-NRP2 genes, patients were classified into two groups according to the risk of occult nodal metastasis: Group 1 (n = 34), high SEMA3F/low NRP2 expression, with a low risk of occult nodal involvement (14.7% cN0/pN+); Group 2 (n = 19), low SEMA3F or high SEMA3F/high NRP2 expression, with a high risk of occult nodal involvement (78.9% cN0/pN+). Multivariate analysis showed that patients in Group 2 had a 26.2 higher risk of lymph node involvement than patients in Group 1. There was a significant relationship between the transcriptional expression values of the SEMA3F-NRP2 genes and the risk of occult nodal metastases.

Overview on Molecular Biomarkers for Laryngeal Cancer: Looking for New Answers to an Old Problem

Laryngeal squamous cell cancer (LSCC) accounts for almost 25-30% of all head and neck squamous cell cancers and is clustered according to the affected districts, as this determines distinct tendency to recur and metastasize. A major role for numerous genetic alterations in driving the onset and progression of this neoplasm is emerging. However, major efforts are still required for the identification of molecular markers useful for both early diagnosis and prognostic definition of LSCC that is still characterized by significant morbidity and mortality. Non-coding RNAs appear the most promising as they circulate in all the biological fluids allowing liquid biopsy determination, as well as due to their quick and characteristic modulation useful for non-invasive detection and monitoring of cancer. Other critical aspects are related to recent progress in circulating tumor cells and DNA detection, in metastatic status and chemo-refractoriness prediction, and in the functional interaction of LSCC with chronic inflammation and innate immunity. We review all these aspects taking into account the progress of the technologies in the field of next generation sequencing.

Establishing a cancer driver gene signature-based risk model for predicting the prognoses of gastric cancer patients

Despite the high prevalence of gastric cancer (GC), molecular biomarkers that can reliably detect GC are yet to be discovered. The present study aimed to establish a robust gene signature based on cancer driver genes (CDGs) that can predict GC prognosis. Transcriptional profiles and clinical data from GC patients were analyzed using univariate Cox regression analysis and the least absolute shrinkage and selection (LASSO)-penalized Cox regression analysis to select optimal prognosis-related genes for modeling. Time-dependent receiver operating characteristic (ROC) and Kaplan-Meier analyses were done to assess the predictive power of this gene signature. A nomogram model for prediction of survival of GC patients was established using the CDG signature and clinical information, and a seven-CDG signature was identified. Risk scores were calculated using this signature, and patients were subsequently divided into high- and low-risk groups; high-risk patients in the training and validation datasets had poorer prognoses than low-risk patients. Cox regression analysis revealed that the CDG signature is an independent prognostic factor for GC. The signature and other clinical features were used to construct a nomogram for predicting overall GC patient survival. Calibration and decision curve analysis showed that the nomogram accurately predicted survival, highlighting its clinical utility. Thus, we established a novel CDG signature and nomogram for predicting GC prognosis, which may facilitate personalized treatment of GC.

Systematic review and meta-analysis of prognostic microRNA biomarkers for survival outcome in laryngeal squamous cell cancer

Background

Laryngeal carcinoma is a primary malignant tumor originating from the laryngeal mucosa, and its pathogenesis is not fully understood. It is a rare type of cancer that shows a downward trend in the 5-year survival rate. In clinical practice, dysregulated microRNAs are often observed in patients with laryngeal cancer. In recent years, an increasing number of studies have confirmed that the strong biomarker potential of microRNAs. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to identify and highlight multiple microRNAs as biomarkers for disease prognosis in patients with laryngeal cancer.

Methods

We actively searched the systematic reviews in PubMed, Embase, Web of Science and The Cochrane Library to select the studies that met the proposed guidelines. A total of 5307 patients with laryngeal cancer were included in this study to evaluate the association between microRNAs expression levels and patient outcomes. For overall survival in the clinical stage, a hazard ratio (HR) and corresponding 95% confidence interval (CI) are calculated to assess the effect of survival.

Results

A total of 36 studies on microRNAs and laryngeal cancer recovery were included in this meta-analysis. The selected endpoints for these studies included overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS).The comorbidities of overexpression and underexpression of microRNAs were 1.13 (95% CI 1.06–1.20, P < 0.05) and 1.10 (95% CI 1.00–1.20, P < 0.05), respectively.

Conclusion

MiRNA-100, miRNA-155, miRNA-21, miRNA-34a, miRNA-195 and miR-let-7 are expected to be potential noninvasive and simple markers for laryngeal cancer.

LncRNA PART1 Promotes Proliferation and Migration, Is Associated with Cancer Stem Cells, and Alters the miRNA Landscape in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer

Triple-negative breast cancers (TNBCs) are aggressive, lack targeted therapies and are enriched in cancer stem cells (CSCs). Novel therapies which target CSCs within these tumors would likely lead to improved outcomes for TNBC patients. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are potential therapeutic targets for TNBC and CSCs. We demonstrate that lncRNA prostate androgen regulated transcript 1 (PART1) is enriched in TNBCs and in Aldefluor^high CSCs, and is associated with worse outcomes among basal-like breast cancer patients. Although PART1 is androgen inducible in breast cancer cells, analysis of patient tumors indicates its androgen regulation has minimal clinical impact. Knockdown of PART1 in TNBC cell lines and a patient-derived xenograft decreased cell proliferation, migration, tumor growth, and mammosphere formation potential. Transcriptome analyses revealed that the lncRNA affects expression of hundreds of genes (e.g., myosin-Va, MYO5A; zinc fingers and homeoboxes protein 2, ZHX2). MiRNA 4.0 GeneChip and TaqMan assays identified multiple miRNAs that are regulated by cytoplasmic PART1, including miR-190a-3p, miR-937-5p, miR-22-5p, miR-30b-3p, and miR-6870-5p. We confirmed the novel interaction between PART1 and miR-937-5p. In general, miRNAs altered by PART1 were less abundant than PART1, potentially leading to cell line-specific effects in terms miRNA-PART1 interactions and gene regulation. Together, the altered miRNA landscape induced by PART1 explains most of the protein-coding gene regulation changes (e.g., MYO5A) induced by PART1 in TNBC.

Identification of three predictors of gastric cancer progression and prognosis

Abnormal gene expression is an established cause of gastric cancer (GC) initiation and progression. In this study, we aimed to identify several key genes that could be used to effectively predict progression and prognosis in patients with GC. The Cancer Genome Atlas and the Gene Expression Omnibus database were used to identify candidate genes. Fourteen genes were found to associate highly with progress, metastasis, and survival of GC. Five of these genes were overexpressed in tumor tissue compared to adjacent normal tissue. This was confirmed by reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction and western blotting for myosin‐Va (MYO5A), phospholipid transfer protein (PLTP), and tripeptidyl peptidase 1 (TPP1), while the CCK8 assay was used to show that these three genes promote GC cell proliferation. In summary, we demonstrate that MYO5A, PLTP, and TPP1 expression may be suitable markers for the progression and prognosis of GC.

LINC01980 facilitates esophageal squamous cell carcinoma progression via regulation of miR-190a-5p/MYO5A pathway

Understanding the role of Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in tumorigenesis in diverse human malignancies would helpful for targeted therapies, containing esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). However, the specific role and molecular mechanisms of LINC01980 in ESCC remain unclarified. In this study, we investigated the expression level, function role, and molecular mechanisms of LINC01980 in esophageal cancer cells and ESCC tissues. The high expression of LINC01980 was detected in ESCC tissues and cells, and predicted poor prognosis. LINC01980 promoted the cell proliferation, migration, invasion ability and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) progress in ESCC cells. In addition, a negative correlation between LINC01980 and miR-190a-5p or miR-190a-5p and MYO5A was observed in ESCC. We found that miR-190a-5p could directly bind with the mRNA of LINC01980 and MYO5A, and it was detected low expression in ESCC. We further demonstrated that the downregulation of MYO5A caused by overexpressing miR-190a-5p was released via upregulation of LINC01980. Functionally, LINC01980 acted as a competitively endogenous RNA (ceRNA) to impact the expression of MYO5A by sponging miR-190a-5p in ESCC. Therefore, these findings suggest that LINC01980 may act as an oncogenic lncRNA in ESCC and LINC01980/miR-190a-5p/MYO5A pathway contributes to the development of ESCC.

MiR-145 functions as a tumor suppressor in Papillary Thyroid Cancer by inhibiting RAB5C

Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) accounts for the largest proportion of thyroid cancers; and its morbidity rate has dramatically increased in recent decades. However, the pathogenesis mechanisms of PTC are still not clear. This study aimed to reveal that miR-145 acts as an antitumor miRNA in the progression of PTC. In the present study, the expression of miR-145 was analyzed in 57 paired PTC patient samples. The relationship between clinicopathological features and miR-145 expression were also defined. The tumor suppressive function of miR-145 on PTC cell metastasis, proliferation and apoptosis were revealed in vitro. Also, we used dual luciferase reporter assay to define the relationship of miR-145 and RAB5C. RAB5C was reported to participate in cell invasion and cell motility. We found that miR-145 was downregulated in PTCs, which was negatively correlated with PTC progression and metastasis. MiR-145 inhibited PTC migration, proliferation and promoted apoptosis by directly suppresing RAB5C. In conclusion, miR-145 functions as a tumor suppressor in PTC by inhibiting RAB5C. MiR-145 and RAB5C are potential therapeutic targets in therapy of aggressive PTC cases.

MiR-145: a potential biomarker of cancer migration and invasion

MircoRNAs (miRNAs) are a diverse family of highly-conserved small non-coding RNAs, which range from approximately 18 to 25 nucleotides in size. They regulate gene expression transcriptionally or post-transcriptionally via binding to the 3'-untranslated region (3'-UTR) of target message RNAs (mRNAs). MiRNAs have emerged as molecular regulators that participate in physiological and pathological processes of diverse malignancies. Among them, miRNA-145 (miR-145) played a profound role in tumorigenesis and progression of various neoplasms. In this review, we summarized the recent findings regarding miR-145, to elucidate its functional roles in cell invasion and migration of diverse human malignancies, and considered it a potential biomarker for cancer diagnosis, screening, and prognosis.

MicroRNA-145 Involves in the Pathogenesis of Renal Vascular Lesions and May Become a Potential Therapeutic Target in Patients with Juvenile Lupus Nephritis

AIMS

The current study was conducted with the central objective of investigating the expression of microRNA-145 (miR-145) in renal vascular lesions (RVLs) in juvenile lupus nephritis (JLN) and its possible mechanism.

METHODS

The clinical data of 49 JLN patients confirmed by renal biopsy were collected and followed by grouping according to the RVLs score after hematoxylin-eosin staining: mild, moderate, and severe groups. In situ hybridization was used to detect the expression of miR-145 in renal vessels which was then being compared among different RVLs groups. Up-LV-miR-145 and LV-miR-NC lentiviral vectors were constructed and transfected into human vascular smooth muscle cells (HVSMCs), respectively. After HVSMCs were treated with 10.0 µg/L platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-BB for 24 h, the proliferation, migration, and apoptosis of endothelial cells were detected by MTT, Transwell assay, and flow cytometry, respectively. Western blot was used to detect expression of alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SM-actin) and osteopontin (OPN).

RESULTS

The expression of miR-145 in renal vascular cells was statistically significant. The higher the inner membrane ratio, the lesser the miR-145 expression. After treatment with PDGF-BB, expression of miR-145 in HVSMCs decreased, proliferation and migration ability enhanced, apoptosis decreased, α-SM-actin decreased, and OPN increased. The proliferation and migration ability of HVSMCs in the LV-miR-145 group suppressed, apoptosis enhanced, α-SM-actin increased, and OPN decreased.

CONCLUSIONS

Our study revealed that miR-145 expression decreased with the increase of vascular damage. miR-145 can inhibit proliferation, migration, and differentiation phenotypic transformation of HVSMCs induced by PDGF-BB. miR-145 may be involved in the pathogenesis of RVLs and may be a new target for treatment of RVLs in lupus nephritis.

Expression and clinical significance of miRNA-145 and miRNA-218 in laryngeal cancer

Expression of miRNA-145 and miRNA-218 in serum of patients with laryngeal cancer and the relationship between them and the clinicopathological parameters and prognosis were investigated. The clinical medical records of 132 patients with laryngeal cancer, who were admitted to Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital from February 2009 to March 2014, were retrospectively analyzed and comprised the study group. The data of physical examinations of 56 healthy volunteers who took physical examinations in the same hospital comprised the control group. RT-qPCR was used to detect the expression levels of miRNA-145 and miRNA-218 in serum of the patients in the two groups. According to the relative expression levels of miRNA-145 and miRNA-218 in serum of the patients in the study group on the day when they left hospital, the study group was divided into the high expression group (n=73 patients) and the low expression group (n=59 patients). The patients received a 48-month follow-up visit and their survival condition was recorded and the Kaplan-Meier was used to carry out the survival analysis. The expression levels of miRNA-145 and miRNA-218 in serum of the patients in the study group were lower than those in the control group (P<0.05). The median survival time of the patients in the high expression group was 30 months while the median survival time of the patients in the low expression group was 26 months. The expression levels of miRNA-145 and miRNA-218 in serum of patients with laryngeal cancer decreased, the higher the expression levels of miRNA-145 and miRNA-218 in serum of patients with laryngeal cancer were, the better the prognosis was. miRNA-145 and miRNA-218 were used as indicators of assessing the prognosis of patients with laryngeal cancer.

MicroRNA-145 inhibits growth of laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma by targeting the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway

Purpose: In this study, we used a nude mouse model of human laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC) to investigate inhibition of tumor growth by microRNA-145 (miR-145) and the mechanisms underlying this inhibition. Methods: Tumors were established in nude mice by transplantation of the LSCC AMC-HN-8 cell line. Forty-eight nude mice were randomly divided into groups of eight mice each and treated with high (1.0 optical density [OD]) or low (0.5 OD) doses of miR-145, or relevant control treatments. Tumor growth was observed in each group and used to calculate the inhibition rate. Routine pathological and electron microscopic examinations were used to determine tumor apoptosis and proliferation. Changes in levels of miR-145 and PI3K and Akt protein levels were also analyzed. Results: MiR-145 inhibited LSCC growth in a dose-dependent manner, as tumor growth was significantly inhibited in mice injected intratumorally with high-dose miR-145 compared with both the untreated and low-dose miR-145 groups (p<0.05). Pathological examination showed increased tumor necrotic and apoptotic changes in treated mice, which was confirmed by electron microscopy. PI3K and Akt protein expression were significantly lower in tumors treated with high-dose miR-145 group compared with those in the untreated and low-dose miR-145 groups (p<0.05). Conclusions: MiR-145 was associated with inhibited tumor growth in a nude mouse model of LSCC. The underlying mechanism may be inhibition of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway, which regulates tumor growth, invasion, and metastasis and also plays an important role in tumor angiogenesis and proliferation of tumor stem cells. MiR-145 may act as a tumor suppressor gene and is a promising candidate for cancer treatment.