1
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Yang Y, Zhang Y, Cao J, Su Z, Li F, Zhang P, Zhang B, Liu R, Zhang L, Xie J, Li J, Zhang J, Chen X, Hong A. FGFR4 and EZH2 inhibitors synergistically induce hepatocellular carcinoma apoptosis via repressing YAP signaling. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2023; 42:96. [PMID: 37085881 PMCID: PMC10122280 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-023-02659-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common and lethal cancers worldwide, but current treatment options remain limited and cause serious life-threatening side effects. Aberrant FGFR4 signaling has been validated as an oncogenic driver of HCC, and EZH2, the catalytic subunit of the PRC2 complex, is a potential factor that contributes to acquired drug resistance in many tumors, including HCC. However, the functional relationship between these two carcinogenic factors, especially their significance for HCC treatment, remains unclear. In this study, we systematically evaluated the feasibility of a combination therapy targeting FGFR4 and EZH2 for HCC. METHODS RNA sequencing data of patients with Liver hepatocellular carcinoma (LIHC) from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) were analyzed to determine FGFR4 and EZH2 expression and their interaction with prognosis. Moreover, the HCC cell lines, zebrafish/mouse HCC xenografts and zebrafish HCC primary tumors were treated with FGFR4 inhibitor (Roblitinib) and/or EZH2 inhibitor (CPI-169) and then subjected to cell proliferation, viability, apoptosis, and tumor growth analyses to evaluate the feasibility of combination therapy for HCC both in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, RNA-Seq was performed in combination with ChIP-Seq data analysis to investigate the critical mechanism underlying the combination treatment with Roblitinib and CPI-169. RESULTS EZH2 accumulated through the non-canonical NF-kB signaling in response to FGFR4 inhibitor treatment, and the elevated EZH2 levels led to the antagonism of HCC against Roblitinib (FGFR4 inhibitor). Notably, knockdown of EZH2 sensitized HCC cells to Roblitinib, while the combination treatment of Roblitinib and CPI-169 (EZH2 inhibitor) synergistically induced the HCC cell apoptosis in vitro and suppressed the zebrafish/mouse HCC xenografts and zebrafish HCC primary tumors development in vivo. Moreover, Roblitinib and CPI-169 synergistically inhibited HCC development via repressing YAP signaling. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, our study highlighted the potential of the therapeutic combination of FGFR4 and EZH2 inhibitors, which would provide new references for the further development of clinical treatment strategies for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqi Yang
- Institute of Biomedicine & Department of Cell Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Biotechnology Drug & Engineering Technology Research Center, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Ji'nan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Ji'nan University, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Yibo Zhang
- Institute of Biomedicine & Department of Cell Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Biotechnology Drug & Engineering Technology Research Center, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Ji'nan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Jieqiong Cao
- Institute of Biomedicine & Department of Cell Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Biotechnology Drug & Engineering Technology Research Center, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Ji'nan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Ji'nan University, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Zijian Su
- Institute of Biomedicine & Department of Cell Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Biotechnology Drug & Engineering Technology Research Center, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Ji'nan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Fu Li
- Institute of Biomedicine & Department of Cell Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Biotechnology Drug & Engineering Technology Research Center, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Ji'nan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Peiguang Zhang
- Institute of Biomedicine & Department of Cell Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Biotechnology Drug & Engineering Technology Research Center, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Ji'nan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Bihui Zhang
- Institute of Biomedicine & Department of Cell Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Biotechnology Drug & Engineering Technology Research Center, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Ji'nan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Rongzhan Liu
- Institute of Biomedicine & Department of Cell Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Biotechnology Drug & Engineering Technology Research Center, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Ji'nan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Linhao Zhang
- Institute of Biomedicine & Department of Cell Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Biotechnology Drug & Engineering Technology Research Center, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Ji'nan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Junye Xie
- Institute of Biomedicine & Department of Cell Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Biotechnology Drug & Engineering Technology Research Center, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Ji'nan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Jingsheng Li
- Institute of Biomedicine & Department of Cell Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Biotechnology Drug & Engineering Technology Research Center, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Ji'nan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Jinting Zhang
- Institute of Biomedicine & Department of Cell Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Biotechnology Drug & Engineering Technology Research Center, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Ji'nan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Xiaojia Chen
- Institute of Biomedicine & Department of Cell Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Biotechnology Drug & Engineering Technology Research Center, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Ji'nan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Ji'nan University, Guangzhou, 510630, China.
| | - An Hong
- Institute of Biomedicine & Department of Cell Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Biotechnology Drug & Engineering Technology Research Center, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Ji'nan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Ji'nan University, Guangzhou, 510630, China.
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2
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Liao Q, Yang J, Ge S, Chai P, Fan J, Jia R. Novel insights into histone lysine methyltransferases in cancer therapy: From epigenetic regulation to selective drugs. J Pharm Anal 2023; 13:127-141. [PMID: 36908859 PMCID: PMC9999304 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2022.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The reversible and precise temporal and spatial regulation of histone lysine methyltransferases (KMTs) is essential for epigenome homeostasis. The dysregulation of KMTs is associated with tumor initiation, metastasis, chemoresistance, invasiveness, and the immune microenvironment. Therapeutically, their promising effects are being evaluated in diversified preclinical and clinical trials, demonstrating encouraging outcomes in multiple malignancies. In this review, we have updated recent understandings of KMTs' functions and the development of their targeted inhibitors. First, we provide an updated overview of the regulatory roles of several KMT activities in oncogenesis, tumor suppression, and immune regulation. In addition, we summarize the current targeting strategies in different cancer types and multiple ongoing clinical trials of combination therapies with KMT inhibitors. In summary, we endeavor to depict the regulation of KMT-mediated epigenetic landscape and provide potential epigenetic targets in the treatment of cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qili Liao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200001, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, 200001, China
| | - Jie Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200001, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, 200001, China
| | - Shengfang Ge
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200001, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, 200001, China
| | - Peiwei Chai
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200001, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, 200001, China
| | - Jiayan Fan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200001, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, 200001, China
| | - Renbing Jia
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200001, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, 200001, China
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3
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Shu F, Xiao H, Li QN, Ren XS, Liu ZG, Hu BW, Wang HS, Wang H, Jiang GM. Epigenetic and post-translational modifications in autophagy: biological functions and therapeutic targets. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:32. [PMID: 36646695 PMCID: PMC9842768 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-022-01300-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a conserved lysosomal degradation pathway where cellular components are dynamically degraded and re-processed to maintain physical homeostasis. However, the physiological effect of autophagy appears to be multifaced. On the one hand, autophagy functions as a cytoprotective mechanism, protecting against multiple diseases, especially tumor, cardiovascular disorders, and neurodegenerative and infectious disease. Conversely, autophagy may also play a detrimental role via pro-survival effects on cancer cells or cell-killing effects on normal body cells. During disorder onset and progression, the expression levels of autophagy-related regulators and proteins encoded by autophagy-related genes (ATGs) are abnormally regulated, giving rise to imbalanced autophagy flux. However, the detailed mechanisms and molecular events of this process are quite complex. Epigenetic, including DNA methylation, histone modifications and miRNAs, and post-translational modifications, including ubiquitination, phosphorylation and acetylation, precisely manipulate gene expression and protein function, and are strongly correlated with the occurrence and development of multiple diseases. There is substantial evidence that autophagy-relevant regulators and machineries are subjected to epigenetic and post-translational modulation, resulting in alterations in autophagy levels, which subsequently induces disease or affects the therapeutic effectiveness to agents. In this review, we focus on the regulatory mechanisms mediated by epigenetic and post-translational modifications in disease-related autophagy to unveil potential therapeutic targets. In addition, the effect of autophagy on the therapeutic effectiveness of epigenetic drugs or drugs targeting post-translational modification have also been discussed, providing insights into the combination with autophagy activators or inhibitors in the treatment of clinical diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Shu
- grid.452859.70000 0004 6006 3273Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong China
| | - Han Xiao
- grid.452859.70000 0004 6006 3273Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong China
| | - Qiu-Nuo Li
- grid.452859.70000 0004 6006 3273Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong China
| | - Xiao-Shuai Ren
- grid.452859.70000 0004 6006 3273Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong China
| | - Zhi-Gang Liu
- grid.284723.80000 0000 8877 7471Cancer Center, Affiliated Dongguan Hospital, Southern Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong China
| | - Bo-Wen Hu
- grid.452859.70000 0004 6006 3273Department of Urology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong China
| | - Hong-Sheng Wang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China.
| | - Guan-Min Jiang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China.
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4
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He D, Xin T, Pang B, Sun J, Liu ZH, Qin Z, Ji XS, Yang F, Wei YB, Wang ZX, Gao JJ, Pang Q, Liu Q. A novel lncRNA MDHDH suppresses glioblastoma multiforme by acting as a scaffold for MDH2 and PSMA1 to regulate NAD+ metabolism and autophagy. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2022; 41:349. [PMID: 36527092 PMCID: PMC9758949 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-022-02543-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To identify potential targets related to nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) metabolism in gliomas, we used RNA immunoprecipitation to identify a novel long noncoding RNA renamed malate dehydrogenase degradation helper (MDHDH) (NONCODE annotation ID: NONHSAT138800.2, NCBI Reference Sequence: NR_028345), which bound to MDH2 (malate dehydrogenase 2), that is downregulated in glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) and associated with metabolic regulation. However, its underlying mechanisms in the progression of GBM have not been well studied. METHODS To investigate the clinical significance of MDHDH, we analyzed its expression levels in publicly available datasets and collected clinical samples from Shandong Provincial Hospital, affiliated with Shandong University. Functional assays, including FISH/CISH, CCK8, EdU, wound healing, and transwell assays, were used to determine the cellular/subcellular localization, tissue expression profile and anti-oncogenic role of MDHDH. Furthermore, RNA pulldown, mass spectrometry RNA immunoprecipitation, coimmunoprecipitation, JC-1 probe, and cell energy-production assays were used to determine the mechanisms of MDHDH in the development of GBM. Animal experiments were conducted to determine the antitumorigenic role of MDHDH in GBM in vivo. RESULTS In public datasets, MDHDH expression was significantly downregulated in GBM and LGG compared with GTEx normal brain tissues. The results of the tissue microarray showed that the MDHDH expression level negatively correlated with the tumor grade. Altered MDHDH expression led to significant changes in the proliferation, migration and invasion of GBM cells both in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, we found that MDHDH directly bound to MDH2 and PSMA1 (20S proteasomal core subunit alpha-type 1) as a molecular scaffold and accelerated the degradation of MDH2 by promoting the binding of ubiquitinated MDH2 to the proteasome. The degradation of MDH2 subsequently led to changes in the mitochondrial membrane potential and NAD+/NADH ratio, which impeded glycolysis in glioma cells. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, this study broadened our understanding of the functions of lncRNAs in GBM. We demonstrated that the tumor suppressor MDHDH might act as a clinical biomarker and that the overexpression of MDHDH might be a novel synergistic strategy for enhancing metabolism-based, epigenetic-based, and autophagy regulation-based therapies with clinical benefits for glioblastoma multiforme patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong He
- grid.460018.b0000 0004 1769 9639Department of Neurosurgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012 Shandong P.R. China ,grid.410638.80000 0000 8910 6733Department of Neurosurgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250012 Shandong P.R. China ,grid.27255.370000 0004 1761 1174Department of Histology and Embryology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences Shandong University, Jinan, 250012 Shandong P.R. China
| | - Tao Xin
- grid.452422.70000 0004 0604 7301Department of Neurosurgery, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Shandong Medicine and Health Key Laboratory of Neurosurgery, Jinan, 250014 P.R. China ,grid.452422.70000 0004 0604 7301Department of Neurosurgery, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250014 P.R. China
| | - Bo Pang
- grid.460018.b0000 0004 1769 9639Department of Neurosurgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012 Shandong P.R. China
| | - Jun Sun
- grid.460018.b0000 0004 1769 9639Department of Neurosurgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012 Shandong P.R. China ,grid.410638.80000 0000 8910 6733Department of Neurosurgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250012 Shandong P.R. China ,grid.27255.370000 0004 1761 1174Department of Histology and Embryology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences Shandong University, Jinan, 250012 Shandong P.R. China
| | - Zi Hao Liu
- grid.460018.b0000 0004 1769 9639Department of Neurosurgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012 Shandong P.R. China ,grid.410638.80000 0000 8910 6733Department of Neurosurgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250012 Shandong P.R. China ,grid.27255.370000 0004 1761 1174Department of Histology and Embryology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences Shandong University, Jinan, 250012 Shandong P.R. China
| | - Zhen Qin
- grid.479672.9Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250012 Shandong P.R. China
| | - Xiao Shuai Ji
- grid.452422.70000 0004 0604 7301Department of Neurosurgery, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250014 P.R. China
| | - Fan Yang
- grid.460018.b0000 0004 1769 9639Department of Neurosurgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012 Shandong P.R. China ,grid.410638.80000 0000 8910 6733Department of Neurosurgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250012 Shandong P.R. China
| | - Yan Bang Wei
- grid.27255.370000 0004 1761 1174Department of Histology and Embryology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences Shandong University, Jinan, 250012 Shandong P.R. China
| | - Zi Xiao Wang
- grid.27255.370000 0004 1761 1174Department of Histology and Embryology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences Shandong University, Jinan, 250012 Shandong P.R. China
| | - Jia Jia Gao
- grid.452422.70000 0004 0604 7301Department of Neurosurgery, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250014 P.R. China
| | - Qi Pang
- grid.460018.b0000 0004 1769 9639Department of Neurosurgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012 Shandong P.R. China
| | - Qian Liu
- grid.27255.370000 0004 1761 1174Department of Histology and Embryology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences Shandong University, Jinan, 250012 Shandong P.R. China
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5
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Ratz L, Brambillasca C, Bartke L, Huetzen MA, Goergens J, Leidecker O, Jachimowicz RD, van de Ven M, Proost N, Siteur B, de Korte-Grimmerink R, Bouwman P, Pulver EM, de Bruijn R, Isensee J, Hucho T, Pandey G, van Lohuizen M, Mallmann P, Reinhardt HC, Jonkers J, Puppe J. Combined inhibition of EZH2 and ATM is synthetic lethal in BRCA1-deficient breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res 2022; 24:41. [PMID: 35715861 PMCID: PMC9206299 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-022-01534-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The majority of BRCA1-mutant breast cancers are characterized by a triple-negative phenotype and a basal-like molecular subtype, associated with aggressive clinical behavior. Current treatment options are limited, highlighting the need for the development of novel targeted therapies for this tumor subtype. Methods Our group previously showed that EZH2 is functionally relevant in BRCA1-deficient breast tumors and blocking EZH2 enzymatic activity could be a potent treatment strategy. To validate the role of EZH2 as a therapeutic target and to identify new synergistic drug combinations, we performed a high-throughput drug combination screen in various cell lines derived from BRCA1-deficient and -proficient mouse mammary tumors.
Results We identified the combined inhibition of EZH2 and the proximal DNA damage response kinase ATM as a novel synthetic lethality-based therapy for the treatment of BRCA1-deficient breast tumors. We show that the combined treatment with the EZH2 inhibitor GSK126 and the ATM inhibitor AZD1390 led to reduced colony formation, increased genotoxic stress, and apoptosis-mediated cell death in BRCA1-deficient mammary tumor cells in vitro. These findings were corroborated by in vivo experiments showing that simultaneous inhibition of EZH2 and ATM significantly increased anti-tumor activity in mice bearing BRCA1-deficient mammary tumors.
Conclusion Taken together, we identified a synthetic lethal interaction between EZH2 and ATM and propose this synergistic interaction as a novel molecular combination for the treatment of BRCA1-mutant breast cancer. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13058-022-01534-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonie Ratz
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 34, 50931, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Chiara Brambillasca
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Oncode Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Leandra Bartke
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 34, 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Maxim A Huetzen
- Max Planck Research Group Mechanisms of DNA Repair, Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Cologne, Germany.,Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne and Duesseldorf, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Ageing-Associated Diseases, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jonas Goergens
- Max Planck Research Group Mechanisms of DNA Repair, Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Cologne, Germany.,Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne and Duesseldorf, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Ageing-Associated Diseases, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Orsolya Leidecker
- Max Planck Research Group Mechanisms of DNA Repair, Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Cologne, Germany.,Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne and Duesseldorf, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Ageing-Associated Diseases, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Ron D Jachimowicz
- Max Planck Research Group Mechanisms of DNA Repair, Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Cologne, Germany.,Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne and Duesseldorf, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Ageing-Associated Diseases, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Marieke van de Ven
- Oncode Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Mouse Clinic for Cancer and Ageing, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Natalie Proost
- Mouse Clinic for Cancer and Ageing, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bjørn Siteur
- Mouse Clinic for Cancer and Ageing, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Peter Bouwman
- Oncode Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Emilia M Pulver
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Oncode Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Roebi de Bruijn
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Oncode Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Division of Molecular Carcinogenesis, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jörg Isensee
- Translational Pain Research, Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, Faculty of Medicine, University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Tim Hucho
- Translational Pain Research, Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, Faculty of Medicine, University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Gaurav Pandey
- Mouse Clinic for Cancer and Ageing, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Division of Molecular Genetics, Cancer Genomics Centre Netherlands, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten van Lohuizen
- Mouse Clinic for Cancer and Ageing, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Division of Molecular Genetics, Cancer Genomics Centre Netherlands, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Mallmann
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 34, 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Hans Christian Reinhardt
- Department of Hematology and Stem Cell Transplantation, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK Partner Site Essen), Essen, Germany
| | - Jos Jonkers
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Oncode Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Mouse Clinic for Cancer and Ageing, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Julian Puppe
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 34, 50931, Cologne, Germany.
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6
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Wu Q, Xuan YF, Su AL, Bao XB, Miao ZH, Wang YQ. TNKS inhibitors potentiate proliferative inhibition of BET inhibitors via reducing β-Catenin in colorectal cancer cells. Am J Cancer Res 2022; 12:1069-1087. [PMID: 35411247 PMCID: PMC8984892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is an aggressive malignancy with limited options for treatment. Targeting the bromodomain and extra terminal domain (BET) proteins by using BET inhibitors (BETis) could effectively interrupt the interaction with acetylated histones, inhibit genes transcription and have shown a certain effect on CRC inhibition. To improve the efficacy, the inhibitors of Tankyrases, which cause accumulation of AXIN through dePARsylation, in turn facilitate the degradation of β-Catenin and suppress the growth of adenomatous polyposis coli (APC)-mutated CRCs, were tested together with BETi as a combination treatment. We examined the effects of BETi and Tankyrases inhibitor (TNKSi) together on the proliferation, cell cycle and apoptosis of human CRCs cell lines with APC or CTNNB1 mutation, and elucidated the underlying molecular mechanisms affected by the double treatment. The result showed that the TNKSi could sensitize all tested CRC cell lines to BETi, and the synergistic effect was not only seen in cell proliferation inhibition, but also confirmed in decreased colony-forming ability and weaken EdU incorporation compared with monotherapy. Combined treatment resulted in enhanced G1 cell cycle arrest and increased apoptosis. In addition, we found β-Catenin was potentially inhibited by the combination and revealed that both BETi-induced transcriptional inhibition and TNKSi-mediated protein degradation all reduced the β-Catenin accumulation. In all, the synergistic effects suggest that combination of BETi and TNKSi could provide novel treatment opportunities for CRC, but both TNKSi and combination strategy need to be optimized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Cancer Research Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences501 Haike Road, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesNo. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yi-Fei Xuan
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Cancer Research Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences501 Haike Road, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesNo. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ai-Ling Su
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Cancer Research Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences501 Haike Road, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesNo. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xu-Bin Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Cancer Research Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences501 Haike Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Ze-Hong Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Cancer Research Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences501 Haike Road, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesNo. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ying-Qing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Cancer Research Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences501 Haike Road, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesNo. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
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7
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Du J, Xu Q, Zhao H, Jia X, Ba N, Peng F, Zhang Z. PI3K inhibitor 3-MA promotes the antiproliferative activity of esomeprazole in gastric cancer cells by downregulating EGFR via the PI3K/FOXO3a pathway. Pharmacotherapy 2022; 148:112665. [PMID: 35228068 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.112665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Gastric cancer is a common gastrointestinal malignancy worldwide, with a high mortality rate and poor prognosis. Esomeprazole (ESO) has been shown to have anticancer activity by affecting cell growth and autophagy and its mechanism in gastric cancer cells is evident. The PI3K/AKT/FOXO3a pathway is central in cancers. 3-Methyladenine (3-MA), a dual inhibitor of PI3K and autophagy, plays a synergistic role in combination with antitumor agents. In this study, we assessed the role of ESO on the PI3K/AKT/FOXO3a pathway and the beneficial effects of ESO combined with 3-MA in gastric cancer cells. Cell viability, proliferation, invasion, migration, apoptosis, autophagy, and protein expression were detected by CCK-8, EdU, Transwell, flow cytometry, immunofluorescence assay, and western blot. ESO decreased cell viability in a concentration- and time-dependent manner and increased autophagy with upregulation of LC3II and P62. Additionally, ESO inhibited the proliferation, migration, and invasion and induced the apoptosis of gastric cancer cells in a concentration-dependent manner. ESO inhibited PI3K/AKT/FOXO3a signaling and EGFR and SKP2 expression concentration-dependent. 3-MA enhanced the antiproliferative activity of ESO and synergistically inhibited PI3K/FOXO3a signaling and the expression of EGFR but not SKP2. Furthermore, pretreatment with the EGFR inhibitor AG1478 enhanced the antiproliferative activity of ESO in gastric cancer cells. In conclusion, our results suggested that the PI3K inhibitor 3-MA promotes the antiproliferative activity of ESO in gastric cancer cells by synergistically downregulating EGFR via the PI3K/FOXO3a pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinfeng Du
- Department of Oncology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, PR China
| | - Qian Xu
- Department of Oncology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, PR China
| | - Han Zhao
- Department of Oncology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, PR China
| | - Xiyun Jia
- Department of Oncology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, PR China
| | - Nan Ba
- Department of Oncology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, PR China
| | - Fanghui Peng
- Department of Oncology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, PR China
| | - Zisen Zhang
- Department of Oncology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, PR China.
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8
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HUANG N, YU D, WU J, DU X. Diosgenin: an important natural pharmaceutical active ingredient. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1590/fst.94521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nannan HUANG
- Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, China
| | - Dan YU
- Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, China
| | - Junkai WU
- Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, China
| | - Xiaowei DU
- Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, China
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9
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Zhang S, Zhou T, Wang Z, Yi F, Li C, Guo W, Xu H, Cui H, Dong X, Liu J, Song X, Cao L. Post-Translational Modifications of PCNA in Control of DNA Synthesis and DNA Damage Tolerance-the Implications in Carcinogenesis. Int J Biol Sci 2021; 17:4047-4059. [PMID: 34671219 PMCID: PMC8495385 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.64628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The faithful DNA replication is a critical event for cell survival and inheritance. However, exogenous or endogenous sources of damage challenge the accurate synthesis of DNA, which causes DNA lesions. The DNA lesions are obstacles for replication fork progression. However, the prolonged replication fork stalling leads to replication fork collapse, which may cause DNA double-strand breaks (DSB). In order to maintain genomic stability, eukaryotic cells evolve translesion synthesis (TLS) and template switching (TS) to resolve the replication stalling. Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) trimer acts as a slide clamp and encircles DNA to orchestrate DNA synthesis and DNA damage tolerance (DDT). The post-translational modifications (PTMs) of PCNA regulate these functions to ensure the appropriate initiation and termination of replication and DDT. The aberrant regulation of PCNA PTMs will result in DSB, which causes mutagenesis and poor response to chemotherapy. Here, we review the roles of the PCNA PTMs in DNA duplication and DDT. We propose that clarifying the regulation of PCNA PTMs may provide insights into understanding the development of cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyi Zhang
- Institute of Health Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, 110122, PR China
| | - Tingting Zhou
- Institute of Health Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, 110122, PR China
| | - Zhuo Wang
- Institute of Health Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, 110122, PR China
| | - Fei Yi
- Institute of Health Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, 110122, PR China
| | - Chunlu Li
- Institute of Health Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, 110122, PR China
| | - Wendong Guo
- Institute of Health Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, 110122, PR China
| | - Hongde Xu
- Institute of Health Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, 110122, PR China
| | - Hongyan Cui
- Institute of Health Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, 110122, PR China
| | - Xiang Dong
- Institute of Health Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, 110122, PR China
| | - Jingwei Liu
- Institute of Health Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, 110122, PR China
| | - Xiaoyu Song
- Institute of Health Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, 110122, PR China
| | - Liu Cao
- College of Basic Medical Science, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology of Ministry of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, Liaoning Province Collaborative Innovation Center of Aging Related Disease Diagnosis and Treatment and Prevention, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, 110122, PR China
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10
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Pickering OJ, Breininger SP, Underwood TJ, Walters ZS. Histone Modifying Enzymes as Targets for Therapeutic Intervention in Oesophageal Adenocarcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:4084. [PMID: 34439236 PMCID: PMC8392153 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13164084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Oesophageal adenocarcinoma (OAC) has a dismal prognosis, where curable disease occurs in less than 40% of patients, and many of those with incurable disease survive for less than a year from diagnosis. Despite the widespread use of systematic chemotherapy in OAC treatment, many patients receive no benefit. New treatments are urgently needed for OAC patients. There is an emerging interest in epigenetic regulators in cancer pathogenesis, which are now translating into novel cancer therapeutic strategies. Histone-modifying enzymes (HMEs) are key epigenetic regulators responsible for dynamic covalent histone modifications that play roles in both normal and dysregulated cellular processes including tumorigenesis. Several HME inhibitors are in clinical use for haematological malignancies and sarcomas, with numerous on-going clinical trials for their use in solid tumours. This review discusses the current literature surrounding HMEs in OAC pathogenesis and their potential use in targeted therapies for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Zoë S. Walters
- School of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK; (O.J.P.); (S.P.B.); (T.J.U.)
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11
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Li Y, Yang G, Yang C, Tang P, Chen J, Zhang J, Liu J, Ouyang L. Targeting Autophagy-Related Epigenetic Regulators for Cancer Drug Discovery. J Med Chem 2021; 64:11798-11815. [PMID: 34378389 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Existing evidence has demonstrated that epigenetic modifications (including DNA methylation, histone modifications, and microRNAs), which are associated with the occurrence and development of tumors, can directly or indirectly regulate autophagy. In particular, nuclear events induced by several epigenetic regulators can regulate the autophagic process and expression levels of tumor-associated genes, thereby promoting tumor progression. Tumor-associated microRNAs, including oncogenic and tumor-suppressive microRNAs, are of great significance to autophagy during tumor progression. Targeting autophagy with emerging epigenetic drugs is expected to be a promising therapeutic strategy for human tumors. From this perspective, we aim to summarize the role of epigenetic modification in the autophagic process and the underlying molecular mechanisms of tumorigenesis. Furthermore, the regulatory efficacy of epigenetic drugs on the autophagic process in tumors is also summarized. This perspective may provide a theoretical basis for the combined treatment of epigenetic drugs/autophagy mediators in tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Gaoxia Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Chengcan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Pan Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Juncheng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Jifa Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Jie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Liang Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
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12
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Xue S, Ma M, Bei S, Li F, Wu C, Li H, Hu Y, Zhang X, Qian Y, Qin Z, Jiang J, Feng L. Identification and Validation of the Immune Regulator CXCR4 as a Novel Promising Target for Gastric Cancer. Front Immunol 2021; 12:702615. [PMID: 34322132 PMCID: PMC8311657 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.702615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint blockade has attracted a lot of attention in the treatment of human malignant tumors. We are trying to establish a prognostic model of gastric cancer (GC) based on the expression profile of immunoregulatory factor-related genes. Based on the TCGA database, we identified 234 differentially expressed immunoregulatory factors. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) conducted enrichment analysis to clarify the biological functions of differential expression of immunoregulatory factors. STRING database predicted the interaction network between 234 differently expressed immune regulatory factors. The expression of 11 immunoregulatory factors was significantly related to the overall survival of gastric cancer patients. Univariate Cox regression analysis, Kaplan–Meier analysis and multivariate Cox regression analysis found that immunomodulatory factors were involved in the progression of gastric cancer and promising biomarkers for predicting prognosis. Among them, CXCR4 was related to the low survival of GC patients and a key immunomodulatory factor in GC. Based on TCGA data, the high expression of CXCR4 in GC was positively correlated with the advanced stage and grade of gastric cancer and related to poor prognosis. Univariate analysis and multivariate analysis indicated that CXCR4 was an independent prognostic indicator for TCGA gastric cancer patients. In vitro functional studies had shown that CXCR4 promoted the proliferation, migration, and invasion of gastric cancer cells. In summary, this study has determined the prognostic value of 11 immunomodulatory factors in gastric cancer. CXCR4 is an independent prognostic indicator for gastric cancer patients, which may help to improve the individualized prognostic prediction of GC and provide candidates for the diagnosis and treatment of GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Xue
- Endoscopy Center, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ming Ma
- Department of Gastroenterology, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Songhua Bei
- Endoscopy Center, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fan Li
- Endoscopy Center, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chenqu Wu
- Endoscopy Center, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Huanqing Li
- Endoscopy Center, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanling Hu
- Institute of Fudan Minhang Academic Health System, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaohong Zhang
- Endoscopy Center, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - YanQing Qian
- Endoscopy Center, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhe Qin
- Endoscopy Center, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Jiang
- Endoscopy Center, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Feng
- Endoscopy Center, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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13
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Shramova E, Proshkina G, Shipunova V, Ryabova A, Kamyshinsky R, Konevega A, Schulga A, Konovalova E, Telegin G, Deyev S. Dual Targeting of Cancer Cells with DARPin-Based Toxins for Overcoming Tumor Escape. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12103014. [PMID: 33081407 PMCID: PMC7602955 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12103014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Targeted therapy of solid tumors represents a great challenge because of heterogeneity of tumor-associated antigen expression. To overcome this obstacle we propose a dual targeting therapy based on protein preparations capable of recognizing different of tumor-associated antigens on a tumor cell producing a directed cytotoxic effect. The dual specific therapy of breast carcinoma-bearing mice using the designed preparations eliminates both the primary tumor and distant metastases. The mono-targeting therapy aimed at single tumor-associated antigen did not suppress metastases at all. The proposed approach can serve as a potential therapeutic strategy that surpasses mono-specific targeting strategies in the anti-cancer efficacy. Abstract We report here a combined anti-cancer therapy directed toward HER2 and EpCAM, common tumor-associated antigens of breast cancer cells. The combined therapeutic effect is achieved owing to two highly toxic proteins—a low immunogenic variant of Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin A and ribonuclease Barnase from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens. The delivery of toxins to cancer cells was carried out by targeting designed ankyrin repeat proteins (DARPins). We have shown that both target agents efficiently accumulate in the tumor. Simultaneous treatment of breast carcinoma-bearing mice with anti-EpCAM fusion toxin based on LoPE and HER2-specific liposomes loaded with Barnase leads to concurrent elimination of primary tumor and metastases. Monotherapy with anti-HER2- or anti-EpCAM-toxins did not produce a comparable effect on metastases. The proposed approach can be considered as a promising strategy for significant improvement of cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Shramova
- Shemyakin–Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho–Maklaya Street 16/10, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (V.S.); (A.S.); (E.K.); (G.T.); (S.D.)
- Correspondence: (E.S.); (G.P.); Tel.: +7-9169503549 (E.S.); +7-9167997089 (G.P.)
| | - Galina Proshkina
- Shemyakin–Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho–Maklaya Street 16/10, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (V.S.); (A.S.); (E.K.); (G.T.); (S.D.)
- Correspondence: (E.S.); (G.P.); Tel.: +7-9169503549 (E.S.); +7-9167997089 (G.P.)
| | - Victoria Shipunova
- Shemyakin–Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho–Maklaya Street 16/10, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (V.S.); (A.S.); (E.K.); (G.T.); (S.D.)
| | - Anastasia Ryabova
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilova Street 38, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Roman Kamyshinsky
- National Research Center “Kurchatov Institute”, Akademika Kurchatova pl. 1, 123182 Moscow, Russia; (R.K.); (A.K.)
- Shubnikov Institute of Crystallography of Federal Scientific Research Centre ‘Crystallography and Photonics’ of Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninskiy Prospect, 59, 119333 Moscow, Russia
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Institutsky Lane 9, Dolgoprudny, 141701 Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrey Konevega
- National Research Center “Kurchatov Institute”, Akademika Kurchatova pl. 1, 123182 Moscow, Russia; (R.K.); (A.K.)
- Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute Named by B.P. Konstantinov of National Research Centre “Kurchatov Institute”, Orlova Roscha 1, 188300 Gatchina, Russia
- Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, Politehnicheskaya 29, 195251 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Aleksey Schulga
- Shemyakin–Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho–Maklaya Street 16/10, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (V.S.); (A.S.); (E.K.); (G.T.); (S.D.)
| | - Elena Konovalova
- Shemyakin–Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho–Maklaya Street 16/10, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (V.S.); (A.S.); (E.K.); (G.T.); (S.D.)
| | - Georgij Telegin
- Shemyakin–Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho–Maklaya Street 16/10, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (V.S.); (A.S.); (E.K.); (G.T.); (S.D.)
| | - Sergey Deyev
- Shemyakin–Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho–Maklaya Street 16/10, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (V.S.); (A.S.); (E.K.); (G.T.); (S.D.)
- The Institute of Molecular Medicine, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Research Centrum for Oncotheranostics, Research School of Chemistry and Applied Biomedical Sciences, Tomsk Polytechnic University, 634050 Tomsk, Russia
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14
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Eich ML, Athar M, Ferguson JE, Varambally S. EZH2-Targeted Therapies in Cancer: Hype or a Reality. Cancer Res 2020; 80:5449-5458. [PMID: 32978169 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-20-2147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Next-generation genomic sequencing has identified multiple novel molecular alterations in cancer. Since the identification of DNA methylation and histone modification, it has become evident that genes encoding epigenetic modifiers that locally and globally regulate gene expression play a crucial role in normal development and cancer progression. The histone methyltransferase enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) is the enzymatic catalytic subunit of the polycomb-repressive complex 2 (PRC2) that can alter gene expression by trimethylating lysine 27 on histone 3 (H3K27). EZH2 is involved in global transcriptional repression, mainly targeting tumor-suppressor genes. EZH2 is commonly overexpressed in cancer and shows activating mutations in subtypes of lymphoma. Extensive studies have uncovered an important role for EZH2 in cancer progression and have suggested that it may be a useful therapeutic target. In addition, tumors harboring mutations in other epigenetic genes such as ARID1A, KDM6, and BAP1 are highly sensitive to EZH2 inhibition, thus increasing its potential as a therapeutic target. Recent studies also suggest that inhibition of EZH2 enhances the response to tumor immunotherapy. Many small-molecule inhibitors have been developed to target EZH2 or the PRC2 complex, with some of these inhibitors now in early clinical trials reporting clinical responses with acceptable tolerability. In this review, we highlight the recent advances in targeting EZH2, its successes, and potential limitations, and we discuss the future directions of this therapeutic subclass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Lisa Eich
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Mohammad Athar
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - James E Ferguson
- Department of Urology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Sooryanarayana Varambally
- Department of Pathology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama.
- O'Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
- Informatics Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, Department of Pathology, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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15
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Abstract
Enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) is enzymatic catalytic subunit of polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2) that can alter downstream target genes expression by trimethylation of Lys-27 in histone 3 (H3K27me3). EZH2 could also regulate gene expression in ways besides H3K27me3. Functions of EZH2 in cells proliferation, apoptosis, and senescence have been identified. Its important roles in the pathophysiology of cancer are now widely concerned. Therefore, targeting EZH2 for cancer therapy is a hot research topic now and different types of EZH2 inhibitors have been developed. In this review, we summarize the structure and action modes of EZH2, focusing on up-to-date findings regarding the role of EZH2 in cancer initiation, progression, metastasis, metabolism, drug resistance, and immunity regulation. Furtherly, we highlight the advance of targeting EZH2 therapies in experiments and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Duan
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenfang Du
- Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Weijian Guo
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China.
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China.
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16
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Liu S, Rong G, Li X, Geng L, Zeng Z, Jiang D, Yang J, Wei Y. Diosgenin and GSK126 Produce Synergistic Effects on Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition in Gastric Cancer Cells by Mediating EZH2 via the Rho/ROCK Signaling Pathway. Onco Targets Ther 2020; 13:5057-5067. [PMID: 32606728 PMCID: PMC7292386 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s237474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Diosgenin, a natural steroidal saponin isolated from Trigonella foenum-graecum, has been reported to exert anti-cancer effects. Inhibitors of enhancer of zeste homology 2 (EZH2) have been widely used in treatment of cancers. However, the effects of combined treatment with diosgenin and an EZH2 inhibitor on gastric cancer (GC) cells, and the mechanism for those effects are not fully understood. Methods AGS and SGC-7901 gastric cancer cells were treated with diosgenin (0 to 8 μM), followed by treatment with either diosgenin or an EZH2 inhibitor, GSK126 alone. Afterwards, an EZH2 overexpression plasmid and Rho inhibitor, GSK429286A was involved in cells. Cell proliferation, cell cycle distribution, and cell apoptosis, migration, and invasion were examined by CCK-8 assays, flow cytometry, and transwell assays. Western blotting was performed to detect the relative levels of protein expression. Results Treatment with diosgenin alone caused a dose-dependent decrease in the cell viability, and combined treatment with an EZH2 inhibitor plus GSK126 caused a further significant decrease. A further analysis revealed that treatment with either diosgenin or GSK126 alone induced significant increases in G0/G1 cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, and combined treatment with both agents induced further increases in those parameters. In addition, combined treatment with diosgenin and GSK126 synergistically induced even stronger effects on impaired cell proliferation, G0/G1 phase arrest, and cell apoptosis when compared to treatment with either diosgenin or GSK126 treatment alone. At the molecular level, we demonstrated that inhibition of Rho/ROCK signaling by combined treatment with diosgenin and GSK126 could downregulate the expression of epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT)-related molecules. We also found that EZH2 overexpression reversed the anti-tumor effect of diosgenin by inducing cell survival, blocking G1-phase arrest, and promoted EMT. While, these biological properties were further reversed by GSK429286A. Conclusion Collectively, combined treatment with diosgenin and GSK126 produced even more significant effects on GC cell inhibition by targeting EZH2 via Rho/ROCK signaling-mediated EMT, which might be a therapeutic strategy for improving the poor therapeutic outcomes obtained with GSK126 monotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541001, People's Republic of China
| | - Guihong Rong
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541001, People's Republic of China
| | - Xia Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541001, People's Republic of China
| | - Lijun Geng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541001, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhineng Zeng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541001, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongxiang Jiang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541001, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Yang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yesheng Wei
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541001, People's Republic of China
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17
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Epigenetic Control of Autophagy in Cancer Cells: A Key Process for Cancer-Related Phenotypes. Cells 2019; 8:cells8121656. [PMID: 31861179 PMCID: PMC6952790 DOI: 10.3390/cells8121656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Although autophagy is a well-known and extensively described cell pathway, numerous studies have been recently interested in studying the importance of its regulation at different molecular levels, including the translational and post-translational levels. Therefore, this review focuses on the links between autophagy and epigenetics in cancer and summarizes the. following: (i) how ATG genes are regulated by epigenetics, including DNA methylation and post-translational histone modifications; (ii) how epidrugs are able to modulate autophagy in cancer and to alter cancer-related phenotypes (proliferation, migration, invasion, tumorigenesis, etc.) and; (iii) how epigenetic enzymes can also regulate autophagy at the protein level. One noteable observation was that researchers most often reported conclusions about the regulation of the autophagy flux, following the use of epidrugs, based only on the analysis of LC3B-II form in treated cells. However, it is now widely accepted that an increase in LC3B-II form could be the consequence of an induction of the autophagy flux, as well as a block in the autophagosome-lysosome fusion. Therefore, in our review, all the published results describing a link between epidrugs and autophagy were systematically reanalyzed to determine whether autophagy flux was indeed increased, or inhibited, following the use of these potentially new interesting treatments targeting the autophagy process. Altogether, these recent data strongly support the idea that the determination of autophagy status could be crucial for future anticancer therapies. Indeed, the use of a combination of epidrugs and autophagy inhibitors could be beneficial for some cancer patients, whereas, in other cases, an increase of autophagy, which is frequently observed following the use of epidrugs, could lead to increased autophagy cell death.
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Lim SH, Sa JK, Lee DW, Kim J, Kim ST, Park SH, Ku B, Park JO, Park YS, Lim H, Kang WK, Nam DH, Lee J. Systematic Evaluation of Gastric Tumor Cell Index and Two-Drug Combination Therapy via 3-Dimensional High-Throughput Drug Screening. Front Oncol 2019; 9:1327. [PMID: 31850215 PMCID: PMC6896845 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.01327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor heterogeneity greatly limits personalized treatment of cancer. Patient-derived tumor cell (PDC) models precisely recapitulate the molecular properties and biology of the disease, making them effective preclinical tools for assessing anti-cancer drug activities. Accurate estimation of tumor purity is essential for performing high-throughput drug screening (HTS). In the present study, we measured and predicted the tumor population index in PDC models for two-drug combinational strategies using HTS system. Gastric cancer cell-lines and PDCs were subjected to multi-color immunofluorescence analysis against EpCAM and vimentin to evaluate the tumor cell index based on EpCAM expression levels. We generated a tumor purity prediction model using five different gastric cancer cell-lines (AGS, KATO-III, MKN-45, NCI-N87, SNU-216) with fluorescence intensity-based techniques. Afterwards, stage IV gastric cancer PDC models were evaluated using a micropillar/microwell chip-based HTS system. HER2/CCNE1-amplified PDCs were considerably resistant to an HER2 inhibitor, while combinational treatment consisting of an HER2 inhibitor with anti-WEE1 compound substantially suppressed tumor cellular growth. Moreover, PDCs with BRCA1/2 mutations were synergistically sensitive to HER2 and PARP inhibition therapy. Finally, somatic mutations in TP53 and CDKN2A with MYC amplification rendered PDCs susceptible to the drug combination of WEE1 and HER2. Collectively, our systematic method of high-throughput drug sensitivity screening is an integral pre-clinical platform for evaluating potential two-drug combinational approaches for personalized treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Hee Lim
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Soon Chun Hyang University Hospital Bucheon, Bucheon-si, South Korea
| | - Jason K Sa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Dong Woo Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Konyang University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Jusun Kim
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seung Tae Kim
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Se Hoon Park
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Bosung Ku
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Konyang University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Joon Oh Park
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Young Suk Park
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hoyeong Lim
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Won Ki Kang
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Do-Hyun Nam
- Institute for Refractory Cancer Research, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Neurosurgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jeeyun Lee
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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Cancer gene profiling explores the possible precision medicine for diffuse-type gastric adenocarcinoma. Med Oncol 2019; 37:10. [DOI: 10.1007/s12032-019-1327-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Knockdown of ST7-AS1 inhibits migration, invasion, cell cycle progression and induces apoptosis of gastric cancer. Oncol Lett 2019; 19:777-782. [PMID: 31897194 PMCID: PMC6924146 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2019.11145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Role of ST7-AS1 in the malignant progression of gastric cancer (GC) and its molecular mechanisms were investigated. ST7-AS1 level in GC tissues and matched normal tissues was determined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Its level in GC patients presenting different tumor stages and tumor sizes was determined. Subsequently, ST7-AS1 level in epithelial cells of gastric mucosa and GC cell lines was examined. Cellular behavior of GC cells, including viability, apoptosis, migration, invasion and cell cycle, influenced by ST7-AS1 was evaluated. The interaction between ST7-AS1 and EZH2 was assessed by RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP) assay. The involvement of EZH2 in the progression of GC mediated by ST7-AS1 was identified. ST7-AS1 was upregulated in GC tissues and cell lines. Its level was positively correlated to tumor stage and tumor size of GC. Knockdown of ST7-AS1 attenuated proliferative, migratory and invasive abilities, arrested cell cycle progression and induced apoptosis of GC cells. EZH2 was identified to interact with ST7-AS1, which attenuated the regulatory effects of ST7-AS1 on migratory and invasive abilities of GC cells. Upregulated ST7-AS1 in GC accelerated proliferation, migration and invasion, and inhibited apoptosis, thus aggravating the progression of GC.
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Comparative Assessment of Antitumor Effects and Autophagy Induction as a Resistance Mechanism by Cytotoxics and EZH2 Inhibition in INI1-Negative Epithelioid Sarcoma Patient-Derived Xenograft. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11071015. [PMID: 31331120 PMCID: PMC6678245 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11071015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelioid sarcoma (ES) is a rare mesenchymal malignancy marked by SMARCB1/INI1 deficiency. Retrospective clinical data report on the activity of anthracycline- and gemcitabine-based regimens. EZH2 inhibitors are currently being tested in clinical trials. Since comparisons of these agents are unlikely to be prospectively evaluated in the clinics, we took advantage of an INI1-deficient proximal-type ES patient-derived xenograft (PDX ES-1) to comparatively assess its preclinical antitumor activity. Mice were treated with doxorubicin and ifosfamide, singly or in combination, gemcitabine, and the EZH2 inhibitor EPZ-011989. Comparable antitumor activity (max tumor volume inhibition: ~90%) was caused by gemcitabine, EPZ-011989, and the doxorubicin-ifosfamide combination. The integration of RNAseq data, generated on tumors obtained from untreated and EPZ-011989-treated mice, and results from functional studies, carried out on the PDX-derived ES-1 cell line, revealed autophagy induction as a possible survival mechanism in residual tumor cells following EPZ-011989 treatment and identified HMGA2 as a main player in this process. Our data support the clinical use of gemcitabine and the doxorubicin-ifosfamide combination, confirm EZH2 as a therapeutic target in proximal-type ES, and suggest autophagy as a cytoprotective mechanism against EZH2 inhibition.
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