1
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Guo S, Guo Y, Chen Y, Cui S, Zhang C, Chen D. The role of CEMIP in cancers and its transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation. PeerJ 2024; 12:e16930. [PMID: 38390387 PMCID: PMC10883155 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.16930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
CEMIP is a protein known for inducing cell migration and binding to hyaluronic acid. Functioning as a hyaluronidase, CEMIP primarily facilitates the breakdown of the extracellular matrix component, hyaluronic acid, thereby regulating various signaling pathways. Recent evidence has highlighted the significant role of CEMIP in different cancers, associating it with diverse pathological states. While identified as a biomarker for several diseases, CEMIP's mechanism in cancer seems distinct. Accumulating data suggests that CEMIP expression is triggered by chemical modifications to itself and other influencing factors. Transcriptionally, chemical alterations to the CEMIP promoter and involvement of transcription factors such as AP-1, HIF, and NF-κB regulate CEMIP levels. Similarly, specific miRNAs have been found to post-transcriptionally regulate CEMIP. This review provides a comprehensive summary of CEMIP's role in various cancers and explores how both transcriptional and post-transcriptional mechanisms control its expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Guo
- Shandong University of Technology, School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zibo, Shandong, China
| | - Yunfei Guo
- Shandong University of Technology, School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zibo, Shandong, China
| | - Yuanyuan Chen
- Shandong University of Technology, School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zibo, Shandong, China
| | - Shuaishuai Cui
- Shandong University of Technology, School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zibo, Shandong, China
| | - Chunmei Zhang
- Shandong University of Technology, School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zibo, Shandong, China
| | - Dahu Chen
- Shandong University of Technology, School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zibo, Shandong, China
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2
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Takebayashi G, Chiba Y, Wakamatsu K, Murakami R, Miyai Y, Matsumoto K, Uemura N, Yanase K, Shirakami G, Ogino Y, Ueno M. E-Cadherin Is Expressed in Epithelial Cells of the Choroid Plexus in Human and Mouse Brains. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2023; 45:7813-7826. [PMID: 37886936 PMCID: PMC10605538 DOI: 10.3390/cimb45100492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Evidence showing the functional significance of the choroid plexus is accumulating. Epithelial cells with tight and adherens junctions of the choroid plexus play important roles in cerebrospinal fluid production and circadian rhythm formation. Although specific types of cadherin expressed in adherens junctions of choroid plexus epithelium (CPE) have been examined, they remained uncertain. Recent mass spectrometry and immunolocalization analysis revealed that non-epithelial cadherins, P- and N-cadherins, are expressed in the lateral membrane of CPE, whereas E-cadherin expression has not been confirmed in CPE of humans or mice. In this study, we examined E-cadherin expression in CPE of mice and humans by RT-PCR, immunohistochemical-, and Western blotting analyses. We confirmed, by using RT-PCR analysis, the mRNA expression of E-cadherin in the choroid plexus of mice. The immunohistochemical expression of E-cadherin was noted in the lateral membrane of CPE of mice and humans. We further confirmed, in Western blotting, the specific immunoreactivity for E-cadherin. Immunohistochemically, the expression of E- and N-cadherins or vimentin was unevenly distributed in some CPE, whereas that of E- and P-cadherins or β-catenin frequently co-existed in other CPE. These findings indicate that E-cadherin is expressed in the lateral membrane of CPE, possibly correlated with the expression of other cadherins and cytoplasmic proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genta Takebayashi
- Department of Pathology and Host Defense, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Takamatsu 761-0793, Kagawa, Japan; (G.T.); (Y.C.); (K.W.); (R.M.); (Y.M.); (K.M.)
- Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Takamatsu 761-0793, Kagawa, Japan; (N.U.); (K.Y.); (G.S.); (Y.O.)
| | - Yoichi Chiba
- Department of Pathology and Host Defense, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Takamatsu 761-0793, Kagawa, Japan; (G.T.); (Y.C.); (K.W.); (R.M.); (Y.M.); (K.M.)
| | - Keiji Wakamatsu
- Department of Pathology and Host Defense, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Takamatsu 761-0793, Kagawa, Japan; (G.T.); (Y.C.); (K.W.); (R.M.); (Y.M.); (K.M.)
| | - Ryuta Murakami
- Department of Pathology and Host Defense, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Takamatsu 761-0793, Kagawa, Japan; (G.T.); (Y.C.); (K.W.); (R.M.); (Y.M.); (K.M.)
| | - Yumi Miyai
- Department of Pathology and Host Defense, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Takamatsu 761-0793, Kagawa, Japan; (G.T.); (Y.C.); (K.W.); (R.M.); (Y.M.); (K.M.)
| | - Koichi Matsumoto
- Department of Pathology and Host Defense, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Takamatsu 761-0793, Kagawa, Japan; (G.T.); (Y.C.); (K.W.); (R.M.); (Y.M.); (K.M.)
| | - Naoya Uemura
- Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Takamatsu 761-0793, Kagawa, Japan; (N.U.); (K.Y.); (G.S.); (Y.O.)
| | - Ken Yanase
- Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Takamatsu 761-0793, Kagawa, Japan; (N.U.); (K.Y.); (G.S.); (Y.O.)
| | - Gotaro Shirakami
- Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Takamatsu 761-0793, Kagawa, Japan; (N.U.); (K.Y.); (G.S.); (Y.O.)
| | - Yuichi Ogino
- Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Takamatsu 761-0793, Kagawa, Japan; (N.U.); (K.Y.); (G.S.); (Y.O.)
| | - Masaki Ueno
- Department of Pathology and Host Defense, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Takamatsu 761-0793, Kagawa, Japan; (G.T.); (Y.C.); (K.W.); (R.M.); (Y.M.); (K.M.)
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Spataro S, Guerra C, Cavalli A, Sgrignani J, Sleeman J, Poulain L, Boland A, Scapozza L, Moll S, Prunotto M. CEMIP (HYBID, KIAA1199): structure, function and expression in health and disease. FEBS J 2023; 290:3946-3962. [PMID: 35997767 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
CEMIP (cell migration-inducing protein), also known as KIAA1199 or HYBID, is a protein involved in the depolymerisation of hyaluronic acid (HA), a major glycosaminoglycan component of the extracellular matrix. CEMIP was originally described in patients affected by nonsyndromic hearing loss and has subsequently been shown to play a key role in tumour initiation and progression, as well as arthritis, atherosclerosis and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Despite the vast literature associating CEMIP with these diseases, its biology remains elusive. The present review article summarises all the major scientific evidence regarding its structure, function, role and expression, and attempts to cast light on a protein that modulates EMT, fibrosis and tissue inflammation, an unmet key aspect in several inflammatory disease conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Spataro
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Concetta Guerra
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Cavalli
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jacopo Sgrignani
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Jonathan Sleeman
- European Center for Angioscience (ECAS), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- Institute for Biological and Chemical Systems - Biological Information Processing (IBCS - BIP), Karlsruhe Institute for Technology (KIT), Germany
| | - Lina Poulain
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Boland
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Leonardo Scapozza
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Solange Moll
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital of Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Marco Prunotto
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, Switzerland
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Chen L, Shi K, Ditzel N, Qiu W, Figeac F, Nielsen LHD, Tencerova M, Kowal JM, Ding M, Andreasen CM, Andersen TL, Kassem M. KIAA1199 deficiency enhances skeletal stem cell differentiation to osteoblasts and promotes bone regeneration. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2016. [PMID: 37037828 PMCID: PMC10086002 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37651-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Upon transplantation, skeletal stem cells (also known as bone marrow stromal or mesenchymal stem cells) can regulate bone regeneration by producing secreted factors. Here, we identify KIAA1199 as a bone marrow stromal cell-secreted factor in vitro and in vivo. KIAA1199 plasma levels of patients positively correlate with osteoporotic fracture risk and expression levels of KIAA1199 in patient bone marrow stromal cells negatively correlates with their osteogenic differentiation potential. KIAA1199-deficient bone marrow stromal cells exhibit enhanced osteoblast differentiation in vitro and ectopic bone formation in vivo. Consistently, KIAA1199 knockout mice display increased bone mass and biomechanical strength, as well as an increased bone formation rate. They also exhibit accelerated healing of surgically generated bone defects and are protected from ovariectomy-induced bone loss. Mechanistically, KIAA1199 regulates osteogenesis by inhibiting the production of osteopontin by osteoblasts, via integrin-mediated AKT and ERK-MAPK intracellular signaling. Thus, KIAA1199 is a regulator of osteoblast differentiation and bone regeneration and could be targeted for the treatment or management of low bone mass conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Chen
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Endocrine Research Laboratory (KMEB), Odense University Hospital & University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.
- Dept. of Pathology and Physiopathology, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Microenvironmental Regulation, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, China.
| | - Kaikai Shi
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Endocrine Research Laboratory (KMEB), Odense University Hospital & University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Nicholas Ditzel
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Endocrine Research Laboratory (KMEB), Odense University Hospital & University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Weimin Qiu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Endocrine Research Laboratory (KMEB), Odense University Hospital & University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Florence Figeac
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Endocrine Research Laboratory (KMEB), Odense University Hospital & University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Louise Himmelstrup Dreyer Nielsen
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Endocrine Research Laboratory (KMEB), Odense University Hospital & University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Michaela Tencerova
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Endocrine Research Laboratory (KMEB), Odense University Hospital & University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Justyna Magdalena Kowal
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Endocrine Research Laboratory (KMEB), Odense University Hospital & University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Ming Ding
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology, Odense University Hospital & University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | | | | | - Moustapha Kassem
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Endocrine Research Laboratory (KMEB), Odense University Hospital & University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine (ICMM), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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5
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Chen H, Wang Q, Liu J, Chen Y, Zhang Q, Chai L, Wang Y, Li D, Qiu Y, Li M. CEMIP as a prognostic biomarker for cancers: a meta- and bioinformatic analysis. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2022; 22:1107-1115. [PMID: 36631437 DOI: 10.1080/14737159.2022.2168191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cell migration-inducing and hyaluronan-binding protein (CEMIP) is overexpressed in several cancers and is related to prognosis in cancer patients. Here, we conducted a meta-analysis to explore the prognostic effects of CEMIP in cancer patients. METHODS Relevant published studies were systematically searched in four databases. The role of CEMIP was evaluated using pooled hazard ratios (HRs), odd ratios (ORs), and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs). The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) was used to investigate the prognostic value of CEMIP in various cancers. RESULTS 11 literatures with 1355 patients were included in this meta-analysis. The results showed that overexpression of CEMIP was significantly associated with poor OS (HR = 3.03; 95% CI: 2.00-4.59; p < 0.001), DFS (HR = 3.38; 95% CI: 2.41-4.74; p < 0.001). Elevated CEMIP expression is associated with advanced clinical stage, lymph node metastasis, and poor histological grade. In addition, TCGA datasets were used to verify that CEMIP was found highly expressed in multiple cancers and was associated with poorer survival. CONCLUSION The results demonstrated that CEMIP could be a novel prognostic biomarker for cancer patients. However, because the included studies mainly focused on Asian populations, further research is needed to verify its applicability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Chen
- Department of Respiratory & Critical Care Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qingting Wang
- Department of Respiratory & Critical Care Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jin Liu
- Department of Respiratory & Critical Care Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yuqian Chen
- Department of Respiratory & Critical Care Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qianqian Zhang
- Department of Respiratory & Critical Care Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Limin Chai
- Department of Respiratory & Critical Care Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Respiratory & Critical Care Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Danyang Li
- Department of Respiratory & Critical Care Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yuanjie Qiu
- Department of Respiratory & Critical Care Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Manxiang Li
- Department of Respiratory & Critical Care Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
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Domanegg K, Sleeman JP, Schmaus A. CEMIP, a Promising Biomarker That Promotes the Progression and Metastasis of Colorectal and Other Types of Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14205093. [PMID: 36291875 PMCID: PMC9600181 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14205093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary CEMIP (cell migration-inducing and hyaluronan-binding protein) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of numerous diseases, including colorectal and other forms of cancer. The molecular functions of CEMIP are currently under investigation and include the degradation of the extracellular matrix component hyaluronic acid (HA), as well as the regulation of a number of signaling pathways. In this review, we survey our current understanding of how CEMIP contributes to tumor growth and metastasis, focusing particularly on colorectal cancer, for which it serves as a promising biomarker. Abstract Originally discovered as a hypothetical protein with unknown function, CEMIP (cell migration-inducing and hyaluronan-binding protein) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of numerous diseases, including deafness, arthritis, atherosclerosis, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, and cancer. Although a comprehensive definition of its molecular functions is still in progress, major functions ascribed to CEMIP include the depolymerization of the extracellular matrix component hyaluronic acid (HA) and the regulation of a number of signaling pathways. CEMIP is a promising biomarker for colorectal cancer. Its expression is associated with poor prognosis for patients suffering from colorectal and other types of cancer and functionally contributes to tumor progression and metastasis. Here, we review our current understanding of how CEMIP is able to foster the process of tumor growth and metastasis, focusing particularly on colorectal cancer. Studies in cancer cells suggest that CEMIP exerts its pro-tumorigenic and pro-metastatic activities through stimulating migration and invasion, suppressing cell death and promoting survival, degrading HA, regulating pro-metastatic signaling pathways, inducing the epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) program, and contributing to the metabolic reprogramming and pre-metastatic conditioning of future metastatic microenvironments. There is also increasing evidence indicating that CEMIP may be expressed in cells within the tumor microenvironment that promote tumorigenesis and metastasis formation, although this remains in an early stage of investigation. CEMIP expression and activity can be therapeutically targeted at a number of levels, and preliminary findings in animal models show encouraging results in terms of reduced tumor growth and metastasis, as well as combating therapy resistance. Taken together, CEMIP represents an exciting new player in the progression of colorectal and other types of cancer that holds promise as a therapeutic target and biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Domanegg
- European Center for Angioscience (ECAS), Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Jonathan P. Sleeman
- European Center for Angioscience (ECAS), Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems-Biological Information Processing, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Campus Nord, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Correspondence:
| | - Anja Schmaus
- European Center for Angioscience (ECAS), Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems-Biological Information Processing, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Campus Nord, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
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7
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Cheng J, Zhang Y, Wan R, Zhou J, Wu X, Fan Q, He J, Tan W, Deng Y. CEMIP Promotes Osteosarcoma Progression and Metastasis Through Activating Notch Signaling Pathway. Front Oncol 2022; 12:919108. [PMID: 35957875 PMCID: PMC9361750 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.919108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell migration inducing protein (CEMIP) has been linked to carcinogenesis in several types of cancers. However, the role and mechanism of CEMIP in osteosarcoma remain unclear. This study investigated the role of CEMIP in the progression and metastasis of osteosarcoma, CEMIP was found to be overexpressed in osteosarcoma tissues when compared to adjacent non-tumor tissues, and its expression was positively associated with a poor prognosis in osteosarcoma patients. Silencing CEMIP decreased osteosarcoma cells proliferation, migration, and invasion, but enhanced apoptosis in vitro, and suppressed tumor growth and metastasis in vivo. Mechanistically, CEMIP promoted osteosarcoma cells growth and metastasis through activating Notch signaling pathway, silencing CEMIP would reduce the protein expression and activation of Notch/Jagged1/Hes1 signaling pathway in vitro and in vivo, activation of Notch signaling pathway could partially reversed cell proliferation and migration in shCEMIP osteosarcoma cells. In conclusion, our study demonstrated that CEMIP plays a substantial role in the progression of osteosarcoma via Notch signaling pathway, providing a promising therapeutic target in osteosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Cheng
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Rongjun Wan
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jun Zhou
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xin Wu
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Qizhi Fan
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jingpeng He
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wei Tan
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Youwen Deng
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- *Correspondence: Youwen Deng,
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Rawal P, Tripathi D, Nain V, Kaur S. VEGF‑mediated tumour growth and EMT in 2D and 3D cell culture models of hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncol Lett 2022; 24:315. [PMID: 35949600 PMCID: PMC9353766 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2022.13435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effects of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) on tumorigenic properties in two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) cultures of hepatoma cells. The proliferation and invasion of hepatoma cells was assessed using wound healing, chemotaxis Transwell, invasion, tube-forming and hanging drop assays in both 2D and 3D cultures. The expression levels of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and stemness markers were analysed using reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) for mRNA expression and immunofluorescence assay for protein expression. To validate the role of VEGF in tumour growth, a VEGF receptor (VEGFR) inhibitor (sorafenib) was used. The results demonstrated that the hepatoma cells formed 3D spheroids that differed in size and density in the absence and presence of the growth factor, VEGF. In all spheroids, invasion and angiogenesis were more aggressive in 3D cultures in comparison to 2D conditions following treatment with VEGF. Mechanistically, the VEGF-mediated increase in the levels of EMT markers, including Vimentin, N-cadherin 2 (Cadherin 2) and Thy-1 Cell Surface Antigen was observed in the 2D and 3D cultures. Sorafenib treatment for 24 h culminated in a marked reduction in cell migration, cell-cell adhesion, spheroid compaction and EMT gene expression in 3D models as compared to the 2D models. On the whole, the findings of the present study suggested that as compared to the 2D cell cultures, 3D cell cultures model may be used as a more realistic model for the study of tumour growth and invasion in the presence of angiogenic factors, as well as for tumour inhibitor screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preety Rawal
- School of Biotechnology, Gautam Buddha University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201312, India
| | - Dinesh Tripathi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, Delhi 110070, India
| | - Vikrant Nain
- School of Biotechnology, Gautam Buddha University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201312, India
| | - Savneet Kaur
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, Delhi 110070, India
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Deroyer C, Poulet C, Paulissen G, Ciregia F, Malaise O, Plener Z, Cobraiville G, Daniel C, Gillet P, Malaise MG, de Seny D. CEMIP (KIAA1199) regulates inflammation, hyperplasia and fibrosis in osteoarthritis synovial membrane. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:260. [PMID: 35474501 PMCID: PMC9042994 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04282-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) synovial membrane is mainly characterized by low-grade inflammation, hyperplasia with increased cell proliferation and fibrosis. We previously underscored a critical role for CEMIP in fibrosis of OA cartilage. However, its role in OA synovial membrane remains unknown. An in vitro model with fibroblast-like synoviocytes from OA patients and an in vivo model with collagenase-induced OA mice were used to evaluate CEMIP-silencing effects on inflammation, hyperplasia and fibrosis. Our results showed that i. CEMIP expression was increased in human and mouse inflamed synovial membrane; ii. CEMIP regulated the inflammatory response pathway and inflammatory cytokines production in vitro and in vivo; iii. CEMIP induced epithelial to mesenchymal transition pathway and fibrotic markers in vitro and in vivo; iv. CEMIP increased cell proliferation and synovial hyperplasia; v. CEMIP expression was increased by inflammatory cytokines and by TGF-β signaling; vi. anti-fibrotic drugs decreased CEMIP expression. All these findings highlighted the central role of CEMIP in OA synovial membrane development and underscored that targeting CEMIP could be a new therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Deroyer
- Laboratory of Rheumatology, GIGA-Research, CHULiège, ULiège, 4000, Liège, Belgium.
| | - Christophe Poulet
- Laboratory of Rheumatology, GIGA-Research, CHULiège, ULiège, 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Geneviève Paulissen
- Laboratory of Rheumatology, GIGA-Research, CHULiège, ULiège, 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Federica Ciregia
- Laboratory of Rheumatology, GIGA-Research, CHULiège, ULiège, 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Olivier Malaise
- Laboratory of Rheumatology, GIGA-Research, CHULiège, ULiège, 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Zelda Plener
- Laboratory of Rheumatology, GIGA-Research, CHULiège, ULiège, 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Gaël Cobraiville
- Laboratory of Rheumatology, GIGA-Research, CHULiège, ULiège, 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | | | - Philippe Gillet
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, CHULiège, 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Michel G Malaise
- Laboratory of Rheumatology, GIGA-Research, CHULiège, ULiège, 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Dominique de Seny
- Laboratory of Rheumatology, GIGA-Research, CHULiège, ULiège, 4000, Liège, Belgium
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10
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Zhang N, Shao F, Jia W. Upregulation of microfibrillar-associated protein 2 is closely associated with tumor angiogenesis and poor prognosis in hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncol Lett 2021; 22:739. [PMID: 34466151 PMCID: PMC8387853 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2021.13000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormal expression of microfibrillar-associated protein 2 (MFAP2), a key regulator of cellular differentiation, affects the occurrence and progression of tumors. However, the underlying role of MAFP2 in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains unclear. In the present study, patterns of MFAP2 expression in HCC were analyzed using sequencing data from The Cancer Genome Atlas database. Expression profiles of MFAP2, as well as those of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-related proteins, were compared between HCC pathological sections and fresh tissues. Thereafter, associations between patterns of MFAP2 expression and the clinicopathological characteristics of patients, and identified risk factors associated with disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS), were determined. The functions of MFAP2 in the EMT-induced proliferation and migration of MHCC97H cells were investigated using in vitro experiments, and the effects of MFAP2 on vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA)-induced tumor angiogenesis were also investigated. Upregulation of MFAP2 expression was observed in HCC, and was often accompanied by the abnormal expression of EMT-related marker proteins. In addition, analysis of clinical data from 94 patients with tumor tissues revealed a significant positive correlation between MFAP2 expression and low DFS and low OS following surgery. Through in vitro experimentation, silencing MFAP2 expression was shown inhibit EMT, which thereby inhibited cellular proliferation and migration. Moreover, downregulation of MFAP2 inhibited tumor angiogenesis via the inhibition of VEGFA. Taken together, these findings indicate that MFAP2 has the potential to predict the prognosis of patients with HCC. MFAP2 also induces tumor cell proliferation and migration through EMT, and promotes tumor blood vessel formation through VEGFA, suggesting that MFAP2 may be a potential therapeutic target for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nu Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Anhui Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Feng Shao
- Department of General Surgery, Anhui Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Weidong Jia
- Department of General Surgery, Anhui Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
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11
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Ito K, Nishida Y, Ikuta K, Urakawa H, Koike H, Sakai T, Zhang J, Shimoyama Y, Imagama S. Overexpression of KIAA1199, a novel strong hyaluronidase, is a poor prognostic factor in patients with osteosarcoma. J Orthop Surg Res 2021; 16:439. [PMID: 34233709 PMCID: PMC8262042 DOI: 10.1186/s13018-021-02590-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Hyaluronan (HA) has been shown to play important roles in the growth, invasion, and metastasis of malignant tumors. KIAA1199, which has potent HA-degrading activity, has been reported to be expressed in various malignancies and associated with patient prognosis. However, there are no reports on the expression of KIAA1199 in osteosarcoma. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of KIAA1199 and HA expression in osteosarcoma tissues on the prognosis and other clinical characteristics of osteosarcoma patients. Methods From 2003 to 2013, we included 49 patients with osteosarcoma at our institution, whose FFPE (formalin fixed paraffin embedded) tissue was available at the time of biopsy. The expressions of KIAA1199 and HA in each sample were assessed by immunohistochemistry using the primary antibody for KIAA1199 and HA-binding protein (HABP), respectively. For evaluation of the positivity of KIAA1199 staining, we divided the samples into two groups: High group with more than 75% positive staining and Low group with less than 75% positive staining. In the HABP staining, those with more than and less than 60% were assigned to a High group, and Low group respectively. Various clinical features were correlated with staining positivity. Prognostic factors including positivity of the staining were analyzed. Levels of mRNA expression for enzymes related to HA metabolism were assessed in two osteosarcoma cell lines using real-time RT-PCR. Results In KIAA1199 staining, high positivity was significantly correlated with occurrence of distant metastases (P = 0.002). The necrosis rate after preoperative chemotherapy was significantly lower in the High positivity group (59%), compared to that in the Low group (84.8%) (P = 0.003). HABP positivity was not correlated with any demographic variables, although the Low positivity group had a significantly better overall survival than the High group with KIAA1199 and HABP staining (P = 0.026 and P = 0.029, respectively). In multivariable analysis, KIAA1199 (P = 0.036) and HABP staining (P = 0.002), location (P = 0.001), and distant metastasis at initial diagnosis (P < 0.001) were identified as significant prognostic factors. KIAA1199 and hyaluronan synthase mRNA were expressed at different levels in the two osteosarcoma cell lines. Conclusions Our results showed that high expression of KIAA1199 and HA are both poor prognostic factors in osteosarcoma. KIAA1199 may be a useful marker for distant metastasis and chemoresistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kan Ito
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai, Showa, Nagoya, Aichi, 466-8550, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Nishida
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai, Showa, Nagoya, Aichi, 466-8550, Japan. .,Department of Rehabilitation, Nagoya University Hospital, 65 Tsurumai, Showa, Nagoya, Aichi, 466-8550, Japan.
| | - Kunihiro Ikuta
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai, Showa, Nagoya, Aichi, 466-8550, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Urakawa
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai, Showa, Nagoya, Aichi, 466-8550, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Koike
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai, Showa, Nagoya, Aichi, 466-8550, Japan
| | - Tomohisa Sakai
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai, Showa, Nagoya, Aichi, 466-8550, Japan
| | - Jiarui Zhang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai, Showa, Nagoya, Aichi, 466-8550, Japan
| | - Yoshie Shimoyama
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Nagoya University Hospital, 65 Tsurumai, Showa, Nagoya, Aichi, 466-8550, Japan
| | - Shiro Imagama
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai, Showa, Nagoya, Aichi, 466-8550, Japan
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12
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Liu J, Yan W, Han P, Tian D. The emerging role of KIAA1199 in cancer development and therapy. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 138:111507. [PMID: 33773462 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
KIAA1199, also known as CEMIP or HYBID, is an important member of the Human Unidentified Gene-Encoded (HUGE) database. Accumulated evidence has revealed that KIAA1199 is associated with tumor progression and metastasis in numerous malignancies, including colorectal, liver, gastric, pancreatic, breast, lung, prostate, ovarian and papillary thyroid cancers. As an oncogene, it plays crucial role in the proliferation, apoptosis, invasion and migration of various tumor cells. In addition, KIAA1199 is also involved in the regulation of multiple signal pathways such as epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), Wnt/ β-catenin, MEK/ERK and PI3K/Akt. In this review, we summarized up to date advancement on the role of KIAA1199 in human cancer development, progression, and metastasis. We also addressed KIAA1199 as a potential therapeutic target for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingmei Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Wei Yan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Ping Han
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China.
| | - Dean Tian
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China.
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13
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Zhai X, Wang W, Ma Y, Zeng Y, Dou D, Fan H, Song J, Yu X, Xin D, Du G, Jiang Z, Zhang H, Zhang X, Jin B. Serum KIAA1199 is an advanced-stage prognostic biomarker and metastatic oncogene in cholangiocarcinoma. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:23761-23777. [PMID: 33197891 PMCID: PMC7762501 DOI: 10.18632/aging.103964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2019] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cell proliferation and migration are the determinants of malignant tumor progression, and a better understanding of related genes will lead to the identification of new targets aimed at preventing the spread of cancer. Some studies have shown that KIAA1199 (CEMIP) is a transmembrane protein expressed in many types of noncancerous cells and cancer cells. However, the potential role of KIAA1199 in the progression of cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) remains unclear. RESULTS Analysis of cancer-related databases showed that KIAA1199 is overexpressed in CCA. ELISA, immunohistochemistry, Western blotting and qPCR indicated high expression levels of KIAA1199 in serum, CCA tissues and CCA cell lines. In the serum (n = 41) and large sample validation (n = 177) cohorts, higher KIAA1199 expression was associated with shorter overall survival and disease-free survival times. At the cellular level, KIAA1199 overexpression (OE) promoted CCA growth and metastasis. Subcutaneous tumor xenograft experiments showed that KIAA1199 enhances CCA cell proliferation. Additionally, the expression levels of components in the EMT-related TGF-β pathway changed significantly after KIAA1199 upregulation and silencing. CONCLUSION KIAA1199 is a promising new diagnostic molecule and therapeutic target in CCA. The serum KIAA1199 level can be used as a promising clinical tool for predicting the overall postoperative outcomes of patients with CCA. METHODS CCA-related KIAA1199 data were downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) and The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) databases. To assess the prognostic impact of KIAA1199, an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to measure the serum level of KIAA1199 in 41 patients who underwent surgical resection. Immunohistochemical staining, Western blotting and qPCR were used to verify and retrospectively review the expression levels of KIAA1199 in cancer tissue specimens from 177 CCA patients. The effect of KIAA1199 on CCA was evaluated by cell-based functional assays and subcutaneous tumor xenograft experiments. The expression levels of proteins associated with epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and activation of relevant signaling pathways were measured via Western blotting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyu Zhai
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yunlong Ma
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yijia Zeng
- Radiology Department, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Dandan Dou
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Haoning Fan
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianping Song
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xin Yu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Danqing Xin
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Gang Du
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Zhengchen Jiang
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | | | - Bin Jin
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
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14
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Huang M, Liao F, Song Y, Zuo G, Tan G, Chu L, Wang T. Overexpression of KIAA1199 is an independent prognostic marker in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma. PeerJ 2020; 8:e9637. [PMID: 33194340 PMCID: PMC7482636 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background KIAA1199 is a recently identified novel gene that is upregulated in various human cancers with poor survival, but its role and the underlying mechanisms in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC) remain unknown. Here, we collected tissues from 105 cases of LSCC to investigate the relationships between KIAA1199 protein expression and clinical factors. Methods Western blotting and real-time quantitative PCR (RT-PCR) were used for detect the protein and mRNA expression of KIAA1199 in LSCC tissue. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining was used to detect the expression of KIAA1199. Patient clinical information, for instance sex, age, pathological differentiation, clinical region, T stage, N stage, clinical stage, operation type, neck lymph dissection, smoking status, and drinking status were recorded. Kaplan–Meier survival analysis and Cox analysis were applied to identify the relationship between KIAA1199 and LSCC. Results Western blotting results showed KIAA1199 protein was significantly higher in tumor tissues vs. adjacent non-cancerous tissues (0.9385 ± 0.1363 vs. 1.838 ± 0.3209, P = 0.04). The KIAA1199 mRNA expression was considerably higher in tumor tissues (P < 0.001) than in adjacent non-cancerous tissues by RT-PCR. IHC results showed up-regulated KIAA1199 expression was related with some severe clinicopathological parameters: pathologic differentiation (P = 0.002), T stage (P < 0.001), N stage (P < 0.001), clinical stage (P < 0.001), survival time (P = 0.008) and survival status (P < 0.001). Kaplan–Meier survival analysis showed that patients with high KIAA1199 protein expression had poor overall survival (OS) (P < 0.05). Cox analysis suggested that the KIAA1199 protein expression constituted an independent prognostic marker for LSCC patients (P < 0.001). Conclusion Our findings revealed that KIAA1199 protein expression may be used to predict LSCC patient outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meixiang Huang
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Feifei Liao
- Department of Pathology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, Chian
| | - Yexun Song
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Gang Zuo
- Ministry of Education (Central South University), Key Laboratory of Metallogenic Prediction of Nonferrous Metals and Geological Environment Monitoring, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Guolin Tan
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ling Chu
- Department of Pathology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, Chian
| | - Tiansheng Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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15
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Umeda S, Kanda M, Kodera Y. Recent advances in molecular biomarkers for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2019; 19:725-738. [PMID: 31248309 DOI: 10.1080/14737159.2019.1638254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a leading cause of cancer death worldwide and recurrence rate after curative resection remains high. To improve HCC prognosis, novel sensitive biomarkers and targeted molecular therapies are needed. Accumulation of multiple genetic aberrations caused by pathologically derived liver damage results in HCC carcinogenesis. Elucidating the genes associated with tumorigenesis and progression of HCC may lead to the development of early detection and prognosis markers and to the identification of therapeutic targets. Areas covered: We review recently reported (January 2017-March 2019) HCC-associated molecules, including protein-coding genes, microRNAs, long non-coding RNAs, and methylated gene promoters. Expert opinion: The molecules reviewed have the potential to be clinical biomarkers and therapeutic targets for HCC. The accumulation and understanding of genetic and epigenetic data are essential to improve the management of HCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinichi Umeda
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery (Surgery II), Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine , Nagoya , Japan
| | - Mitsuro Kanda
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery (Surgery II), Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine , Nagoya , Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Kodera
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery (Surgery II), Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine , Nagoya , Japan
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