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Ghosh MK, Kumar S, Begam S, Ghosh S, Basu M. GBM immunotherapy: Exploring molecular and clinical frontiers. Life Sci 2024; 356:123018. [PMID: 39214286 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2024.123018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2024] [Revised: 08/21/2024] [Accepted: 08/25/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
GBM is the most common, aggressive, and intracranial primary brain tumor; it originates from the glial progenitor cells, has poor overall survival (OS), and has limited treatment options. In this decade, GBM immunotherapy is in trend and preferred over several conventional therapies, due to their better patient survival outcome. This review explores the clinical trials of several immunotherapeutic approaches (immune checkpoint blockers (ICBs), CAR T-cell therapy, cancer vaccines, and adoptive cell therapy) with their efficacy and safety. Despite significant progress, several challenges (viz., immunosuppressive microenvironment, heterogeneity, and blood-brain barrier (BBB)) were experienced that hamper their immunotherapeutic potential. Furthermore, these challenges were clinically studied to be resolved by multiple combinatorial approaches, discussed in the later part of the review. Thus, this review suggests the clinical use and potential of immunotherapy in GBM and provides the holistic recent knowledge and future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mrinal K Ghosh
- Cancer Biology and Inflammatory Disorder Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology (CSIR-IICB), TRUE Campus, CN-6, Sector-V, Salt Lake, Kolkata 700091, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002, India.
| | - Sunny Kumar
- Cancer Biology and Inflammatory Disorder Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology (CSIR-IICB), TRUE Campus, CN-6, Sector-V, Salt Lake, Kolkata 700091, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002, India
| | - Sabana Begam
- Cancer Biology and Inflammatory Disorder Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology (CSIR-IICB), TRUE Campus, CN-6, Sector-V, Salt Lake, Kolkata 700091, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002, India
| | - Sayani Ghosh
- Cancer Biology and Inflammatory Disorder Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology (CSIR-IICB), TRUE Campus, CN-6, Sector-V, Salt Lake, Kolkata 700091, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002, India
| | - Malini Basu
- Department of Microbiology, Dhruba Chand Halder College, Dakshin Barasat, South 24 Parganas, PIN-743372, India
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Li X, Gou W, Zhang X. Neuroinflammation in Glioblastoma: Progress and Perspectives. Brain Sci 2024; 14:687. [PMID: 39061427 PMCID: PMC11274945 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci14070687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2024] [Revised: 06/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma is the most common and malignant primary brain tumor, with high morbidity and mortality. Despite an aggressive, multimodal treatment regimen, including surgical resection followed by chemotherapy and radiotherapy, the prognosis of glioblastoma patients remains poor. One formidable challenge to advancing glioblastoma therapy is the complexity of the tumor microenvironment. The tumor microenvironment of glioblastoma is a highly dynamic and heterogeneous system that consists of not only cancerous cells but also various resident or infiltrating inflammatory cells. These inflammatory cells not only provide a unique tumor environment for glioblastoma cells to develop and grow but also play important roles in regulating tumor aggressiveness and treatment resistance. Targeting the tumor microenvironment, especially neuroinflammation, has increasingly been recognized as a novel therapeutic approach in glioblastoma. In this review, we discuss the components of the tumor microenvironment in glioblastoma, focusing on neuroinflammation. We discuss the interactions between different tumor microenvironment components as well as their functions in regulating glioblastoma pathogenesis and progression. We will also discuss the anti-tumor microenvironment interventions that can be employed as potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Xiaoqin Zhang
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
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3
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Obrador E, Moreno-Murciano P, Oriol-Caballo M, López-Blanch R, Pineda B, Gutiérrez-Arroyo JL, Loras A, Gonzalez-Bonet LG, Martinez-Cadenas C, Estrela JM, Marqués-Torrejón MÁ. Glioblastoma Therapy: Past, Present and Future. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2529. [PMID: 38473776 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GB) stands out as the most prevalent and lethal form of brain cancer. Although great efforts have been made by clinicians and researchers, no significant improvement in survival has been achieved since the Stupp protocol became the standard of care (SOC) in 2005. Despite multimodality treatments, recurrence is almost universal with survival rates under 2 years after diagnosis. Here, we discuss the recent progress in our understanding of GB pathophysiology, in particular, the importance of glioma stem cells (GSCs), the tumor microenvironment conditions, and epigenetic mechanisms involved in GB growth, aggressiveness and recurrence. The discussion on therapeutic strategies first covers the SOC treatment and targeted therapies that have been shown to interfere with different signaling pathways (pRB/CDK4/RB1/P16ink4, TP53/MDM2/P14arf, PI3k/Akt-PTEN, RAS/RAF/MEK, PARP) involved in GB tumorigenesis, pathophysiology, and treatment resistance acquisition. Below, we analyze several immunotherapeutic approaches (i.e., checkpoint inhibitors, vaccines, CAR-modified NK or T cells, oncolytic virotherapy) that have been used in an attempt to enhance the immune response against GB, and thereby avoid recidivism or increase survival of GB patients. Finally, we present treatment attempts made using nanotherapies (nanometric structures having active anti-GB agents such as antibodies, chemotherapeutic/anti-angiogenic drugs or sensitizers, radionuclides, and molecules that target GB cellular receptors or open the blood-brain barrier) and non-ionizing energies (laser interstitial thermal therapy, high/low intensity focused ultrasounds, photodynamic/sonodynamic therapies and electroporation). The aim of this review is to discuss the advances and limitations of the current therapies and to present novel approaches that are under development or following clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Obrador
- Scientia BioTech S.L., 46002 Valencia, Spain
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | | | - María Oriol-Caballo
- Scientia BioTech S.L., 46002 Valencia, Spain
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Rafael López-Blanch
- Scientia BioTech S.L., 46002 Valencia, Spain
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Begoña Pineda
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Alba Loras
- Department of Medicine, Jaume I University of Castellon, 12071 Castellon, Spain
| | - Luis G Gonzalez-Bonet
- Department of Neurosurgery, Castellon General University Hospital, 12004 Castellon, Spain
| | | | - José M Estrela
- Scientia BioTech S.L., 46002 Valencia, Spain
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Spain
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Qian D, Liu Y, Zheng J, Cai J. Dendritic cell therapy for neurospoagioma: Immunomodulation mediated by tumor vaccine. Cell Death Discov 2024; 10:11. [PMID: 38184649 PMCID: PMC10771477 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-023-01782-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Revised: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Neurospagioma, arising from different glial cells such as astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and ependymal cells, stands as the prevalent intracranial tumor within the central nervous system. Among its variants, glioblastoma (GBM) represents the most aggressive form, characterized by a notably high occurrence rate and a discouragingly low survival prognosis. The formidable challenge posed by glioblastoma underscores its critical importance as a life-threatening ailment. Currently, clinical approaches often involve surgical excision along with a combination of radiotherapy and chemotherapy. However, these treatments frequently result in a notable recurrence rate, accompanied by substantial adverse effects that significantly compromise the overall prognosis. Hence, there is a crucial need to investigate novel and dependable treatment strategies. Dendritic cells (DCs), being specialized antigen-presenting cells (APCs), hold a significant position in both innate and adaptive immune responses. Presently, DC vaccines have gained widespread application in the treatment of various tumors, including neurospoagioma. In this review, we summarize the immunomodulatory effects and related mechanisms of DC vaccines in neurospoagioma as well as the progress of clinical trials to propose possible challenges of DC vaccines and new development directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da Qian
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery-Hand Surgery, Changshu Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, Changshu No.1 People's Hospital, Changshu, 215500, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Yuxiang Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 150086, Harbin, China
| | - Jie Zheng
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery-Hand Surgery, Changshu Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, Changshu No.1 People's Hospital, Changshu, 215500, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jinquan Cai
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 150086, Harbin, China.
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Schatz J, Ladinig A, Fietkau R, Putz F, Gaipl US, Frey B, Derer A. Normofractionated irradiation and not temozolomide modulates the immunogenic and oncogenic phenotype of human glioblastoma cell lines. Strahlenther Onkol 2023; 199:1140-1151. [PMID: 36480032 PMCID: PMC10673751 DOI: 10.1007/s00066-022-02028-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most aggressive primary brain tumor, with an overall poor prognosis after diagnosis. Conventional treatment includes resection, chemotherapy with temozolomide (TMZ), and concomitant radiotherapy (RT). The recent success of immunotherapy approaches in other tumor entities, particularly with immune checkpoint inhibitors, could not be clinically transferred to GBM treatment so far. Therefore, preclinical analyses of the expression of both immune-suppressive and immune-stimulatory checkpoint molecules following treatment of human glioblastoma cells with RT and/or temozolomide is needed to design feasible radio(chemo)immunotherapy trials for GBM in the future. METHODS Five human glioblastoma cell lines (H4, HROG-06, U118, U138, U251) were analyzed regarding their clonogenic survival and cell death forms after chemotherapy (CT) with TMZ and/or normofractionated RT (5 × 2 Gy) via multicolor flow cytometry. Further, the tumor cell surface expression of immune-activating (OX40L, CD137L, CD70, and ICOSL) and immune-suppressive (PD-L1, PD-L2, HVEM) checkpoint molecules and of an oncogenic molecule (EGFR) were measured via multicolor flow cytometry after CT and RT alone or after RCT. RESULTS Normofractionated RT and not TMZ was the trigger of induction of predominantly necrosis in the glioblastoma cells. Notably, clonogenicity did not correlate with cell death induction by RT. The basal expression level of immune-suppressive PD-L1, PD-L2, and HVEM varied in the analyzed glioblastoma cells. RT, but not TMZ, resulted in a significant upregulation of PD-L1 and PD-L2 in all tumor cells investigated. Also, the expression of HVEM was increased after RT in most of the GBM cell lines. In contrast, normofractionated RT individually modulated expression of the stimulating immune checkpoint molecules CD70, CD137L, OX40L, and ICOSL1. The oncogenic factor EGFR was significantly increased by irradiation in all examined cell lines, albeit to a different extent. None of the investigated molecules were downregulated after the treatments. CONCLUSION Normofractionated radiotherapy modulates the immunogenic as well as the oncogenic phenotype of glioblastoma cells, partly individually. Therefore, not only PD-L1 and PD-L2, but also other immunogenic molecules expressed on the surface of glioblastoma cells could serve as targets for immune checkpoint blockade in combination with RT in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Schatz
- Translational Radiobiology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Universitätsstr. 27, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Alexandra Ladinig
- Translational Radiobiology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Universitätsstr. 27, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Rainer Fietkau
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Florian Putz
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Udo S Gaipl
- Translational Radiobiology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Universitätsstr. 27, 91054, Erlangen, Germany.
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany.
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN, Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Benjamin Frey
- Translational Radiobiology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Universitätsstr. 27, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Anja Derer
- Translational Radiobiology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Universitätsstr. 27, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN, Erlangen, Germany
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Subtirelu RC, Teichner EM, Ashok A, Parikh C, Talasila S, Matache IM, Alnemri AG, Anderson V, Shahid O, Mannam S, Lee A, Werner T, Revheim ME, Alavi A. Advancements in dendritic cell vaccination: enhancing efficacy and optimizing combinatorial strategies for the treatment of glioblastoma. Front Neurol 2023; 14:1271822. [PMID: 38020665 PMCID: PMC10644823 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1271822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastomas (GBM) are highly invasive, malignant primary brain tumors. The overall prognosis is poor, and management of GBMs remains a formidable challenge, necessitating novel therapeutic strategies such as dendritic cell vaccinations (DCVs). While many early clinical trials demonstrate an induction of an antitumoral immune response, outcomes are mixed and dependent on numerous factors that vary between trials. Optimization of DCVs is essential; the selection of GBM-specific antigens and the utilization of 18F-fludeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography (FDG-PET) may add significant value and ultimately improve outcomes for patients undergoing treatment for glioblastoma. This review provides an overview of the mechanism of DCV, assesses previous clinical trials, and discusses future strategies for the integration of DCV into glioblastoma treatment protocols. To conclude, the review discusses challenges associated with the use of DCVs and highlights the potential of integrating DCV with standard therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert C. Subtirelu
- Department of Radiology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Eric M. Teichner
- Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Arjun Ashok
- Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Chitra Parikh
- Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Sahithi Talasila
- Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Irina-Mihaela Matache
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ahab G. Alnemri
- Department of Radiology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Victoria Anderson
- Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Osmaan Shahid
- Department of Radiology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Sricharvi Mannam
- Department of Radiology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Andrew Lee
- Department of Radiology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Thomas Werner
- Department of Radiology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Mona-Elisabeth Revheim
- Division of Technology and Innovation, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Abass Alavi
- Department of Radiology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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Gatto L, Franceschi E, Tosoni A, Di Nunno V, Bartolini S, Brandes AA. Glioblastoma treatment slowly moves toward change: novel druggable targets and translational horizons in 2022. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2023; 18:269-286. [PMID: 36718723 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2023.2174097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common primary brain tumor in adults. GBM treatment options have been the same for the past 30 years and have only modestly extended survival, despite aggressive multimodal treatments. The progressively better knowledge of GBM biology and a comprehensive analysis of its genomic profile have elucidated GBM heterogeneity, contributing to a more effective molecular classification and to the development of innovative targeted therapeutic approaches. AREAS COVERED This article reports all the noteworthy innovations for immunotherapy and targeted therapy, providing insights into the current advances in trial designs, including combination therapies with immuno-oncology agents and target combinations. EXPERT OPINION GBM molecular heterogeneity and brain anatomical characteristics critically restrain drug effectiveness. Nevertheless, stimulating insights for future research and drug development come from innovative treatment strategies for GBM, such as multi-specific 'off-the-shelf' CAR-T therapy, oncolytic viral therapy and autologous dendritic cell vaccination. Disappointing results from targeted therapies-clinical trials are mainly due to complex interferences between signaling pathways and biological processes leading to drug resistance: hence, it is imperative in the future to develop combinatorial approaches and multimodal therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Gatto
- Department of Oncology, AUSL Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Enrico Franceschi
- Nervous System Medical Oncology Department, IRCCS Istituto Delle Scienze Neurologiche Di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Alicia Tosoni
- Nervous System Medical Oncology Department, IRCCS Istituto Delle Scienze Neurologiche Di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Stefania Bartolini
- Nervous System Medical Oncology Department, IRCCS Istituto Delle Scienze Neurologiche Di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Alba Ariela Brandes
- Nervous System Medical Oncology Department, IRCCS Istituto Delle Scienze Neurologiche Di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Ye Y, Zhong W, Qian J, Zhang J, Xu T, Han R, Han J, Wang C, Song L, Zeng X, Wang H. Comprehensive analysis of the prognosis and immune infiltrates for the BET protein family reveals the significance of BRD4 in glioblastoma multiforme. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1042490. [PMID: 36711038 PMCID: PMC9878708 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1042490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common and invasive primary central nervous system tumor. The prognosis after surgery, radiation and chemotherapy is very poor. Bromodomain (BRD) proteins have been identified in oncogenic rearrangements, and play a key role in the development of multiple cancers. However, the relationship between BET proteins and prognosis of GBM are still worth exploring, and the distinct functions of BET proteins and tumor immunology in GBM have not been fully elucidated. Therefore, it is particularly important to develop effective biomarkers to predict the prognosis of GBM patients. Methods: Metascape, David, Kaplan-Meier Plotter, Oncomine, GEPIA, TCGA, TIMER, and LinkedOmics databases were used to assess the expression and prognosis for BET proteins in GBM. ROC analysis of risk model was established to identify the correlation between BET genes and overall survival in GBM patients. TIMER and GEPIA databases were used to comprehensively investigate the correlation between BET genes and tumor immune infiltration cells. Moreover, the image of immunohistochemistry staining of BET proteins in normal tissue and tumor tissue were retrived from the HPA database. In addition, differential analysis and pathway enrichment analysis of BRD4 gene expression profile were also carried out. Finally, immune-fluorescence and Western blot were used to clarify the expression of BRD4 in GBM cells. Results: Bioinformatics analysis showed that the expression levels of BET genes in GBM may play an important role in oncogenesis. Specifically, bioinformatic and immunohistochemistry analysis showed that BRD4 protein was more highly expressed in tumor tissues than that in normal tissues. The high expression of BRD4 was associated with poor prognosis in GBM. The expression of BET genes were closely related to the immune checkpoint in GBM. The correlation effect of BRD4 was significantly higher than other BET genes, which represented negative correlation with immune checkpoint. The expression of BRD4 was positively associated with tumor purity, and negatively associated with immune infiltration abundance of macrophage, neutrophil and CD8+ T-cell, respectively. Cox analysis showed that the model had good survival prediction and prognosis discrimination ability. In addition, the expression levels of BRD4 protein was significantly higher in U-251 MG cells than that in normal cells, which was consistent with the results of bioinformatics data. Conclusion: This study implied that BRD4 could be hopeful prognostic biomarker in GBM. The increased expression of BRD4 may act as a molecular marker to identify GBM patients with high-risk subgroups. BRD4 may be a valuable prognostic biomarker, and a potential target of precision therapy against GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yintao Ye
- Department of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjins Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunology and Biotherapy, Tianjin, China
| | - Wei Zhong
- Department of quality, Tianjin Plastics Research Institute Co., Ltd, Tianjin, China
| | - Junqiang Qian
- Department of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjins Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunology and Biotherapy, Tianjin, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjins Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunology and Biotherapy, Tianjin, China
| | - Tingting Xu
- Department of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjins Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunology and Biotherapy, Tianjin, China
| | - Ruyi Han
- Department of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjins Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunology and Biotherapy, Tianjin, China
| | - Jiangeng Han
- Department of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjins Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunology and Biotherapy, Tianjin, China
| | - Chunwei Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjins Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunology and Biotherapy, Tianjin, China
| | - Lichao Song
- Department of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjins Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunology and Biotherapy, Tianjin, China
| | - Xianwei Zeng
- Geriatric Health Engineering Research Center, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China,Rehabilitation hospital affiliated to National Research Center for Rehabilitation Technical Aids, Beijing, China
| | - Hong Wang
- Geriatric Health Engineering Research Center, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China,*Correspondence: Hong Wang,
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Zhou J, Li L, Jia M, Liao Q, Peng G, Luo G, Zhou Y. Dendritic cell vaccines improve the glioma microenvironment: Influence, challenges, and future directions. Cancer Med 2022; 12:7207-7221. [PMID: 36464889 PMCID: PMC10067114 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.5511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Gliomas, especially the glioblastomas, are one of the most aggressive intracranial tumors with poor prognosis. This might be explained by the heterogeneity of tumor cells and the inhibitory immunological microenvironment. Dendritic cells (DCs), as the most potent in vivo functional antigen-presenting cells, link innate immunity with adaptive immunity. However, their function is suppressed in gliomas. Therefore, overcoming the dysfunction of DCs in the TME might be critical to treat gliomas. METHOD In this paper we proposed the specificity of the glioma microenvironment, analyzed the pathways leading to the dysfunction of DCs in tumor microenvironment of patients with glioma, summarized influence of DC-based immunotherapy on the tumor microenvironment and proposed new development directions and possible challenges of DC vaccines. RESULT DC vaccines can improve the immunosuppressive microenvironment of glioma patients. It will bring good treatment prospects to patients. We also proposed new development directions and possible challenges of DC vaccines, thus providing an integrated understanding of efficacy on DC vaccines for glioma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhou
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine Central South University Changsha Hunan China
- Cancer Research Institute, Basic School of Medicine Central South University Changsha Hunan China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine Central South University Changsha Hunan China
| | - Luohong Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine Central South University Changsha Hunan China
- Cancer Research Institute, Basic School of Medicine Central South University Changsha Hunan China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine Central South University Changsha Hunan China
| | - Minqi Jia
- Department of Radiation Oncology Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute Beijing China
| | - Qianjin Liao
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine Central South University Changsha Hunan China
| | - Guiping Peng
- Xiangya School of Medicine Central South University Changsha China
| | - Gengqiu Luo
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Basic School of Medicine Central South University Changsha Hunan China
| | - Yanhong Zhou
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine Central South University Changsha Hunan China
- Cancer Research Institute, Basic School of Medicine Central South University Changsha Hunan China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine Central South University Changsha Hunan China
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Foo CY, Munir N, Kumaria A, Akhtar Q, Bullock CJ, Narayanan A, Fu RZ. Medical Device Advances in the Treatment of Glioblastoma. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:5341. [PMID: 36358762 PMCID: PMC9656148 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14215341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite decades of research and the growing emergence of new treatment modalities, Glioblastoma (GBM) frustratingly remains an incurable brain cancer with largely stagnant 5-year survival outcomes of around 5%. Historically, a significant challenge has been the effective delivery of anti-cancer treatment. This review aims to summarize key innovations in the field of medical devices, developed either to improve the delivery of existing treatments, for example that of chemo-radiotherapy, or provide novel treatments using devices, such as sonodynamic therapy, thermotherapy and electric field therapy. It will highlight current as well as emerging device technologies, non-invasive versus invasive approaches, and by doing so provide a detailed summary of evidence from clinical studies and trials undertaken to date. Potential limitations and current challenges are discussed whilst also highlighting the exciting potential of this developing field. It is hoped that this review will serve as a useful primer for clinicians, scientists, and engineers in the field, united by a shared goal to translate medical device innovations to help improve treatment outcomes for patients with this devastating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cher Ying Foo
- Imperial College School of Medicine, Imperial College London, Fulham Palace Rd., London W6 8RF, UK
| | - Nimrah Munir
- QV Bioelectronics Ltd., 1F70 Mereside, Alderley Park, Nether Alderley, Cheshire SK10 4TG, UK
| | - Ashwin Kumaria
- Department of Neurosurgery, Queen’s Medical Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Qasim Akhtar
- QV Bioelectronics Ltd., 1F70 Mereside, Alderley Park, Nether Alderley, Cheshire SK10 4TG, UK
| | - Christopher J. Bullock
- QV Bioelectronics Ltd., 1F70 Mereside, Alderley Park, Nether Alderley, Cheshire SK10 4TG, UK
| | - Ashwin Narayanan
- QV Bioelectronics Ltd., 1F70 Mereside, Alderley Park, Nether Alderley, Cheshire SK10 4TG, UK
| | - Richard Z. Fu
- QV Bioelectronics Ltd., 1F70 Mereside, Alderley Park, Nether Alderley, Cheshire SK10 4TG, UK
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Michael, Smith Building, Dover St., Manchester M13 9PT, UK
- Department of Neurosurgery, Manchester Centre for Clinical Neurosciences, Salford Care Organisation, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford Royal, Stott Lane, Salford M6 8HD, UK
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Current Opportunities for Targeting Dysregulated Neurodevelopmental Signaling Pathways in Glioblastoma. Cells 2022; 11:cells11162530. [PMID: 36010607 PMCID: PMC9406959 DOI: 10.3390/cells11162530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common and highly lethal type of brain tumor, with poor survival despite advances in understanding its complexity. After current standard therapeutic treatment, including tumor resection, radiotherapy and concomitant chemotherapy with temozolomide, the median overall survival of patients with this type of tumor is less than 15 months. Thus, there is an urgent need for new insights into GBM molecular characteristics and progress in targeted therapy in order to improve clinical outcomes. The literature data revealed that a number of different signaling pathways are dysregulated in GBM. In this review, we intended to summarize and discuss current literature data and therapeutic modalities focused on targeting dysregulated signaling pathways in GBM. A better understanding of opportunities for targeting signaling pathways that influences malignant behavior of GBM cells might open the way for the development of novel GBM-targeted therapies.
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Wu Y, Peng Z, Wang H, Xiang W. Identifying the Hub Genes of Glioma Peritumoral Brain Edema Using Bioinformatical Methods. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12060805. [PMID: 35741689 PMCID: PMC9221376 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12060805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioma peritumoral brain edema (GPTBE) is a frequent complication in patients with glioma. The severity of peritumoral edema endangers patients’ life and prognosis. However, there are still questions concerning the process of GPTBE formation and evolution. In this study, the patients were split into two groups based on edema scoring findings in the cancer imaging archive (TCIA) comprising 186 TCGA-LGG patients. Using mRNA sequencing data, differential gene (DEG) expression analysis was performed, comparing the two groups to find the key genes affecting GPTBE. A functional enrichment analysis of differentially expressed genes was performed. Then, a protein–protein interaction (PPI) network was established, and important genes were screened. Gene set variation analysis (GSVA) scores were calculated for major gene sets and comparatively correlated with immune cell infiltration. Overall survival (OS) was analyzed using the Kaplan–Meier curve. A total of 59 DEGs were found, with 10 of them appearing as important genes. DEGs were shown to be closely linked to inflammatory reactions. According to the network score, IL10 was in the middle of the network. The presence of the IL10 protein in glioma tissues was verified using the human protein atlas (HPA). Furthermore, the gene sets’ GSVA scores were favorably linked with immune infiltration, particularly, with macrophages. The high-edema group had higher GSVA scores than the low-edema group. Finally, Kaplan–Meier analysis revealed no differences in OS between the two groups, and eight genes were found to be related to prognosis, whereas two genes were not. GPTBE is linked to the expression of inflammatory genes.
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